儿童脊髓髓内胶质瘤的显微外科治疗

目的 总结儿童脊髓髓内胶质瘤显微神经外科治疗的经验.方法 1999-2005年共手术治疗儿童脊髓髓内胶质瘤52例,男30例,女22例,年龄2～14岁(平均7.8岁),病程2个月-3年;肿瘤直径占脊髓横断面的60%～90%,长度跨越4～11个椎体;临床表现按McCormick神经功能分级:Ⅰ级8例,Ⅱ级35例,Ⅲ级7例,Ⅳ级2例.早期采用传统椎板切除术、后期采用整块切除棘突及椎板后再回植重建的方法进入椎管,在显微镜下沿脊髓后正中裂切开脊髓显露肿瘤并分块切除.结果 星形细胞瘤35例(67%),其中全切26例(74%),部分切除9例(26%);室管膜瘤15例(29%),均全部切除;节细胞瘤2例(4%),其中1例全切,1例部分切除.术后近期症状较术前加重或出现新神经损害症状者29例(56%),症状改善或无变化者23例(44%);随访6个月-6年,38例恢复正常生活或学习,10例可自理生活,4例不能自理生活.肿瘤复发2例.患儿功能预后与术前神经功能分级密切相关,术前神经损害症状越轻,术后恢复越好.结论 显微神经外科手术切除脊髓髓内胶质瘤是目前最有效的治疗措施,最佳手术时机是在患儿尚未发生严重神经损害症状之前.     

显微手术治疗脊髓髓内胶质瘤23例

目的:分析23例脊髓髓内胶质瘤显微手术治疗经验,评价其疗效和预后。方法:对9年来经显微手术治疗的23例脊髓髓内胶质瘤患者的肿瘤病理类型、肿瘤部位、临床症状、体征、辅助检查和临床疗效进行回顾性分析研究。结果:本组13例星形细胞瘤(56.5%)及10例室管膜瘤(43.5%),均于显微镜下肉眼全切除,全组无围手术期死亡。16例随访2个月至7.6年[平均(38±11)个月]。末次随访结束时(失访者按出院前的神经功能评定):肌力改善16例(69.6%)、不变2例(8.7%)、加重2例(8.7%)及死亡3例(13.0%)。随访中复发5例。结论:脊髓髓内胶质瘤宜早诊断并尽早接受手术治疗。显微神经外科技术可提高肿瘤全切,改善脊髓髓内胶质瘤的预后。星形细胞瘤应及时进行术后放疗和化疗。     

神经电生理监测在脊髓髓内肿瘤显微切除术中的应用

目的探讨神经电生理监测在脊髓髓内肿瘤显微切除术的应用价值。方法回顾性分析12例脊髓髓内肿瘤的临床资料。均行显微切除术,术中以体感诱发电位和肌电图监测辅助肿瘤切除。结果肿瘤全切除8例,大部分切除1例,部分切除3例。术后病理诊断：室管膜瘤5例,星形细胞瘤5例,脂肪瘤1例,蛛网膜囊肿1例。随访6~17个月,神经功能障碍不同程度恢复11例,术后神经功能障碍1例。结论显微手术是脊髓髓内肿瘤的有效治疗措施,术中辅以神经电生理监测可提高肿瘤切除率及手术安全性,最大程度保护神经功能,改善病人预后。     

显微外科手术切除脊髓髓内肿瘤36例

目的　探讨显微神经外科技术在脊髓髓内肿瘤切除中的应用。方法　对 3 6例脊髓髓内肿瘤行显微神经外科切除术 ,观察手术前后症状及体征变化 ,评价对脊髓功能的影响。结果　 3 6例脊髓髓内肿瘤全切除 1 7例 ,次全切除 1 5例 ,部分切除 4例。 3 0例随访 6个月至 3年 ,恢复工作和学习 1 2例 ,生活自理 1 4例 ,生活需照顾 4例。结论　显微神经外科技术明显提高脊髓髓内肿瘤的切除率 ,改善生活质量 ,是髓内肿瘤治疗的主要手段     

显微外科手术治疗脊髓髓内肿瘤21例分析

目的探讨显微神经外科手术切除脊髓髓内肿瘤的方法、技巧和疗效。方法回顾分析经显微外科手术治疗的21例脊髓髓内肿瘤患者的临床资料。7例部分切除,14例镜下全切除,术中有20例应用术中神经电生理监测。结果病理类型为室管膜瘤11例,星形细胞瘤7例,畸胎瘤、血管网状细胞瘤多发性原始神经外胚叶肿瘤各1例。患者平均随访时间42.8个月,随访期内1例肿瘤复发并死亡。术后神经功能障碍情况：16例较术前不同程度缓解,3例无变化,1例加重。结论术中针对不同肿瘤采用不同手术策略和技巧、应用术中神经电生理监测是保证疗效、减少并发症的关键。     

神经电生理监测下显微手术切除脊髓髓内肿瘤

目的 探讨在神经电生理监测下显微手术切除脊髓髓内肿瘤的效果。方法 回顾性分析2009年12月至2015年2月收治的102例髓内肿瘤患者临床资料。采用后正中入路手术切除肿瘤,所有手术均在神经电生理监测下进行。结果 肿瘤全切52例（50.98%）,大部分切除48例（47.06%）,部分切除2例（1.96%）。术后2周神经功能障碍改善16例（15.69%）,无变化20例（19.61%）,加重66例（64.7%）。98例随访3个月~2年,神经功能较术前改善94例（92.16%）,其中完全正常者67例（65.69%）;症状仍未恢复到术前4例（3.92%）,肿瘤复发4例（3.92%）。结论 采用显微手术切除髓内肿瘤是治疗该病的有效方法,术中神经电生理监测有助于手术的安全进行。     

脊髓髓内肿瘤的显微手术治疗

目的介绍脊髓髓内肿瘤的显微手术治疗经验。方法显微手术治疗脊髓髓内肿瘤40例,随访术后神经功能状态,并对髓内肿瘤显微手术治疗的手术时机、手术技巧、脊柱稳定性及术后是否放疗等问题进行探讨。结果肿瘤全切除率75%,其中室管膜瘤全切除率94.8%,星形细胞瘤全切除率14%。出院时神经功能障碍加重14例,改善或稳定26例。结论及时采用显微外科技术切除肿瘤是提高脊髓髓内肿瘤病人生存质量的主要治疗手段。     

神经电生理监测和超声技术在脊髓髓内肿瘤显微手术中的应用

目的探讨神经电生理监测及超声技术在脊髓髓内肿瘤显微切除术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析10例脊髓髓内肿瘤病人的临床资料。均行肿瘤显微切除术,术中以体感诱发电位、自发肌电图监测和超声定位辅助肿瘤切除。结果肿瘤全切除8例,大部分切除2例。术后病理诊断:室管膜瘤6例,星形细胞瘤1例,少枝胶质细胞瘤1例,神经鞘瘤1例,蛛网膜囊肿1例。出院时神经功能改善或稳定9例,加重1例;无死亡病例。结论显微手术是治疗脊髓髓内肿瘤的有效措施,术中辅助神经电生理监测及超声技术可提高肿瘤切除率,最大程度保护神经功能,改善病人预后。     

脊髓髓内星形细胞瘤的显微外科治疗

目的总结脊髓髓内星形细胞瘤的手术经验。方法回顾性分析59例脊髓髓内星形细胞瘤的临床资料,包括影像特征、手术技术、术中电生理监护、病理类型、术后并发症、疗效预后等。均行显微手术,术后辅以放疗。采用McCormick分级和MRI影像评估手术疗效。结果肿瘤全切除8例,近全切除26例,部分切除14例,活检11例。随访3个月~2年,术后近期临床神经功能改善32例,无变化23例,加重4例。肿瘤复发13例,其中胶质母细胞瘤11例,间变型星形细胞瘤2例。结论有明确边界的低级别星形细胞瘤首选显微手术治疗,尽可能全切除肿瘤;为保留脊髓功能,对边界不清的高度恶性胶质瘤可行部分切除或活检,以明确诊断和减压为原则。     

显微手术治疗脊髓髓内肿瘤

目的探讨显微手术治疗脊髓髓内肿瘤的效果。方法我科2002年至2006年采用显微手术治疗脊髓髓内肿瘤15例,其中室管膜瘤8例,星形细胞瘤5例,海绵状血管瘤2例。结果肿瘤全切除11例,大部分切除4例(均为星形细胞瘤)。出院时10例症状有不同程度改善,4例无变化,1例术后加重,无手术死亡病例。结论把握适当的手术时机,结合术前影像学检查结果,术中在显微镜下仔细分辨肿瘤与脊髓的分界面,这些都将有助于提高显微手术治疗脊髓髓内肿瘤的临床疗效。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.