可乐定治疗共患注意缺陷多动障碍的抽动障碍患儿的临床疗效

目的:探讨可乐定治疗共患注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)的抽动障碍(tic disorder,TD)患儿的临床疗效。方法:对符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)中TD和ADHD标准的儿童予系统的可乐定治疗,逐渐调整至目标剂量,并维持治疗12周。以耶鲁综合抽动严重程度量表(YGTSS)评定抽动症状;根据家长填写的ADHD评定量表(ADHD-RS-IV)评定注意缺陷多动症状;并观察药物不良反应。结果:本研究完成系统可乐定滴定并维持治疗12周的共患ADHD的TD患儿40例,男36例,女4例;年龄6.50～14.50(9.84±2.90)岁。完成剂量滴定患儿的目标剂量5μg/(kg.d),最大剂量不超过0.2 mg/d。治疗后抽动总分(9.78±7.76)分,运动抽动分(7.52±4.85)分,发声抽动分(2.26±3.27)分,功能受损程度评分(8.50±5.70)分;治疗前抽动总分(21.34±8.66)分,运动抽动分(15.41±4.68)分,发声抽动分(5.93±7.10)分,功能受损程度评分(21.16±11.76)分。治疗后运动抽动及发声抽动的数量、频度、强度和复杂性均较治疗前显著减少(P<0.05)。治疗后ADHD总分(12.63±9.07)分,注意缺陷评分(7.43±4.74)分,多动-冲动评分3.0分;治疗前ADHD总分(31.05±8.51)分,注意缺陷评分(17.55±3.08)分,多动-冲动评分13.0分。治疗后家长ADHD症状评定量表总分及分量表分较治疗前均显著下降(P<0.05)。结论:可乐定治疗共患ADHD的TD患儿的运动抽动、发声抽动、注意力缺陷、多动-冲动均有明显疗效,能改善患儿生活质量。     

滋肾调肝法治疗注意缺陷多动障碍共患抽动障碍46例临床观察

目的:观察滋肾调肝方治疗注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)共患抽动障碍(TD)的临床疗效.方法:将66例ADHD共患TD患儿随机分为试验组和对照组进行治疗,试验组服用滋肾调肝方,对照组服用静灵口服液,2组均治疗12周.通过对治疗前后ADHD观察表和耶鲁综合抽动严重程度量表中核心症状项目的减分率来评价疗效.结果:试验组总有效率为87.0%,对照组总有效率为80.0%,2组总有效率比较,差异无统计意义(P>0.05).2组抽动疗效比较,试验组总有效率为91.3%,对照组总有效率为80.0%,2组间差异有统计意义(P<0.05).2组注意缺陷、多动、冲动疗效比较,差异无统计意义(P>0.05).结论:滋肾调肝方治疗ADHD共患TD具有确切的疗效,且在改善抽动症状方面优于静灵口服液.     

盐酸哌甲酯控释片治疗注意缺陷多动障碍不同临床亚型患儿疗效的对比研究

目的 比较盐酸哌甲酯控释片(专注达)治疗注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的不同临床亚型儿童的疗效.方法 采用自身前后对照试验设计.按照ADHD的DSM-Ⅳ诊断标准,分别收集注意缺陷为主型(IT)患儿、冲动为主型(HT)患儿以及混合型(CT)患儿各20例,分成三组,分别接受治疗各7天,并于治疗期末评定主要疗效评定指标:家长评定的Conners量表、教师评定的Conners量表.次要疗效指标:儿童行为量表.结果 疗效:哌甲酯控释片治疗7天后,不同临床亚型患儿的主要疗效评定指标和次要疗效指标均出现明显改善,其中注意缺陷为主型(IT)患儿在学习问题、不注意-被动以及注意力的改善程度等方面明显优于其他两组儿童(P＜0.05);冲动-多动为主型(HT)患儿在品行问题、心身障碍、冲动-多动以及多动指数的改善明显优于其他两组儿童(P＜0.05),同时对于CBCL中的交往不良、多动、攻击性和违纪的改善也明显优于其他两组儿童(P＜0.05);混合型主要在多动指数和焦虑方面呈现较大改善.结论 盐酸哌甲酯控释片对于不同亚型的注意力缺陷多动障碍儿童的疗效存在差异.     

盐酸哌甲酯控释片治疗儿童注意力缺陷与多动障碍

中枢神经兴奋剂哌甲酯用于治疗儿童注意力缺陷与多动障碍(ADHD)已近半个世纪,但哌甲酯半衰期(t1/2)短,疗效持续时间短,需要一日服药2～3次才能全天控制ADHD症状。Concerta是在药动学／药效学研究的基础上开发的一种哌甲酯控释片,其独特的控释技术能够保证一日1次服药,即可快速起效,持续12小时控制ADHD症状,是哌甲酯的一次剂型革命。     

哌甲酯治疗汉族儿童注意缺陷多动障碍疗效与GRIN2B基因多态性的关系

目的:探讨N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体2B亚单位基因(GRIN2B)rs1806201位点和rs1805247位点多态性与哌甲酯治疗汉族注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)患儿疗效的关系。方法:2017年1月至2019年1月驻马店市中心医院收治的100例ADHD患儿作为研究对象,进行2~4周的哌甲酯开放剂量治疗,获得最佳治疗反应。采用注意缺陷多动障碍诊断量表父母版(ADHDDS-P)评估ADHD症状。根据治疗前后量表评分,将疗效分为缓解、有效和无效。用TaqMan SNP基因分型技术检测GRIN2B基因rs1806201位点和rs1805247位点多态性。结果:100例患儿治疗后缓解40例,有效25例,无效35例。GRIN2B基因rs1806201位点TT型和CT型患儿治疗效果优于CC型患儿(P<0.05)。而rs1805247位点不同基因型患儿治疗效果的比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。rs1806201位点TT和CT基因型患儿治疗后ADHDDS-P量表注意力缺陷评分、多动冲动评分和总分的减分值均高于CC型患儿(P<0.05),而rs1805247位点不同基因型患儿ADHDDS-P量表减分值比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:GRIN2B基因rs1806201位点多态性与哌甲酯治疗效果有关,而GRIN2B基因rs1805247位点多态性与哌甲酯治疗效果无关。GRIN2B基因rs1806201位点TT型和CT型ADHD患儿对哌甲酯的药物反应优于CC基因型患儿。     

哌甲酯与托莫西汀在注意缺陷多动障碍患儿治疗中的疗效及安全性分析

目的：探究哌甲酯与托莫西汀在注意缺陷多动障碍患儿治疗中的疗效及安全性。方法：遴选福州儿童医院2019年6月至2021年3月期间收治的90例注意缺陷多动障碍患儿视为探究对象，以随机数字法将其划分成为相等例数(n=45)的对照组、观察组，对照组以单一哌甲酯治疗，观察组以哌甲酯联合托莫西汀治疗，对比两组患者的观察指标：疗效、药物不良反应发生率、Conners儿童行为问卷评分。结果：治疗前两组患者的Conners儿童行为问卷评分无显著差异(P>0.05),治疗后，观察组患儿的Conners儿童行为问卷评分较对照组低(P<0.05);观察组患儿的药物不良反应发生率与对照组相比无显著差异(χ²=0.345,P=0.557);观察组患儿的疗效97.78%较对照组80.00%更高(χ²=7.200,P=0.007)。结论：注意缺陷多动障碍患儿予以哌甲酯联合托莫西汀治疗可提升疗效，纠正患儿的不良行为。     

盐酸哌甲酯控释片治疗注意缺陷多动障碍不同亚型疗效比较

[摘要]目的：比较盐酸哌甲酯控释片（专注达）治疗注意缺陷为主型、冲动-多动为主型以及混合型注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）患儿的疗效。方法：选取2017年7月至2018年8月我院诊治的ADHD患儿100例,根据DSM-Ⅳ中ADHD诊断标准分为三组,分别为ADHD-I组（注意缺陷为主型）33例、ADHD-HI组（冲动-多动为主型）33例和ADHD-C组（混合型）34例。三组患儿均采用盐酸哌甲酯控释片治疗,18 mg/d,疗程为6周。采用SNAP-Ⅳ父母评定量表及Conners父母症状评价量表评价疗效,观察并比较三组患儿的治疗效果及不良反应情况。结果：治疗后三组患儿在SNAP-Ⅳ和Conners量表中各指标均得到显著改善,且ADHD-HI组患儿改善幅度大于ADHD-I组和ADHD-C组（P均<0.05）,而ADHD-I组和ADHD-C组改善幅度比较差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。ADHD-HI组患儿总有效率84.85%（28/33）,较ADHD-I组的66.67%（22/33）和ADHD-C组的73.53%（25/34）高（P均<0.05）。三组不良反应发生率的比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：盐酸哌甲酯控释片治疗ADHD患儿有显著疗效,但不同亚型间的疗效存在差异。     

国内盐酸哌甲酯控释片治疗儿童注意缺陷多动障碍的Meta分析

目的应用Meta分析评价国内盐酸哌甲酯控释片(专注达)与传统药物治疗18岁以下儿童注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的临床疗效。方法通过中国学术期刊网全文数据库(CNKI,1979-2008)、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBMdisc,1978-2008)和国家科技图书文献中心等,检索国内有关盐酸哌甲酯控释片治疗儿童ADHD的随机临床对照试验,由两位评价者进行质量评价,并对符合纳入标准的临床试验研究进行Meta分析。结果共查阅到国内相关临床研究13篇,最终进入评价的临床研究4篇,患儿174例。合并分析表明,盐酸哌甲酯控释片与传统治疗药物比较,可显著降低患儿ADHD-RS量表的评分(P<0.01),平均减分值之差(95%CI)为[-7.85(-9.07,-6.64)]。结论从现有的临床证据看,盐酸哌甲酯控释片在改善18岁以下ADHD患儿的核心症状方面疗效显著。但由于样本数较少,该药与传统治疗药物的疗效对比仍需大规模、高质量、随访结局统一的临床试验进一步验证。     

托莫西汀治疗儿童注意缺陷多动障碍疗效观察

目的:探讨托莫西汀(ATX)对门诊符合DSM-IV诊断标准的注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)患儿的有效性及安全性。方法:采用开放性研究方法,对温州市第七人民医院儿童青少年心理门诊诊断为ADHD的患儿共48例口服托莫西汀0.8 mg/(kg·d)治疗8周,采用ADHDRS-IV-Parent:Inv、CGI-ADHD-S、Conners多动指数量表进行临床疗效评定,采用TESS量表对药物不良反应进行临床监测。结果:ADHDRS-IV-Parent:Inv总体有效率77.08%(37/48);治疗前CGI-ADHD-S(5.19±0.71)分、Conners多动总分(26.2±3.1)分、行为总分(39.1±5.2)分,治疗8周后CGI-ADHD-S(2.98±0.89)分、Conners多动总分(12.3±2.9)分、行为总分(18.2±4.6)分,治疗前后比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);其主要的不良反应为食欲下降、上腹痛、恶心呕吐、头晕、心悸等。结论:ATX对ADHD患儿的注意缺陷、多动、冲动症状均有较好的疗效,而且安全性好。     

脑电生物反馈治疗儿童注意缺陷多动障碍的跟踪研究

目的 与利他林时照,了解脑电生物反馈治疗儿童多动症的远期疗效.方法 将180例儿妻多动症(ADHD)患儿随机分成反馈组和利他林组各90例,分别给予脑电生物反馈及利他林治疗,用Conners量表、韦氏儿童智力测试和TOVA量表分别于治疗前、治疗中、治疗后及治疗结束后6个月、12个月时进行跟踪评定.结果 治疗后两组conners量表行为因子、学习因子、多动因子及多动指数分均低于治疗前(P＜0.01).12个月随访时,反馈组上述因子评分仍显著低于治疗前(P＜0.01),而利他林组上述因子评分与治疗前没有明显差别.韦氏儿童智力测验c因子分比较,两组治疗后与治疗前比较都有明显升高(P＜0.01).12个月随访时,反馈组c因子分仍显著高于治疗前(P＜0.01);利他林组则无明显差别(P＞0.05).TOVA4项操作评分12个月随访时,反馈组与治疗前相比均有显著性下降(P＜0.01),利他林组与治疗前相比下降不明显(P＞0.05).结论 脑电生物反馈治疗ADHD与利他林近期疗效相当,但远期疗效优于利他林.     

Treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: safety considerations.

Despite a large body of evidence for both the validity of the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the efficacy of its treatment with medication, there is an equally long history of controversy. This article focuses on presenting safety information for medications approved by the US FDA for the treatment of individuals with ADHD. Stimulant medications are generally safe and effective. The common adverse effects of stimulant medications, including appetite suppression and insomnia, are usually of mild severity and manageable without stopping the medication. The more severe adverse effects such as tics or bizarre behaviours occur with low frequency and usually resolve when the medication is stopped. The possible impact on growth requires careful monitoring. Several rare but potentially severe adverse effects including sudden cardiac death and cancer following long-term treatment have been reported; however, these effects have not been adequately demonstrated to be of significant concern at this time. Atomoxetine also has a mild adverse effect profile in terms of severity and frequency although the numbers of studies and years of clinical experience is considerably less with this drug than for the stimulant medications. When the risks are juxtaposed to the clear efficacy in significantly reducing dysfunctional symptoms of ADHD, benefit-risk analyses support the continued use of these pharmacological treatments for patients with ADHD.     

Efficacy and tolerability of pharmacotherapies for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults

This review examines the evidence regarding the efficacy and tolerability of long- and short-acting stimulant medications, as well as the non-stimulant medications atomoxetine and bupropion in the treatment of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Effect sizes in adults appear to be of almost the same magnitude as in school-age children when robust doses are used. There are adequate data demonstrating short-term efficacy and safety of medication in ADHD during adulthood but long-term studies are lacking, particularly in view of concerns regarding cardiovascular adverse events. There is some evidence that stimulant medication can improve driving performance in adults with ADHD. The extent to which medication may improve academic, occupational and social functioning in adults with ADHD is unclear, and future research should investigate these outcomes. Medication treatment of adults with ADHD in sports is controversial. Both stimulant and non-stimulant medications seem to be well tolerated. Monitoring of pulse and blood pressure is recommended with these drugs because of their cardiovascular effects. There have been extremely rare case reports of sudden death in adults and children treated with stimulants and atomoxetine, but it is difficult to clearly establish causality. In view of reports of treatment-related suicide-related behaviour with atomoxetine, it is recommended that adults should be observed for agitation, irritability, suicidal thinking, self-harming or unusual behaviour, particularly in the first months of treatment, or after a change of dose. ADHD in adults continues to remain an under-recognized disorder in many parts of the world and there is a lack of specialist clinics for assessment and treatment of adult ADHD. Studies to date have failed to show efficacy of medications in the treatment of ADHD in the substance misuse population. There is little evidence so far to suggest an increased misuse of stimulants or diversion amongst substance misusers; however, data are insufficient to draw firm conclusions. Further work is necessary to evaluate effective treatments in subgroups such as the substance misuse population, those with multiple co-morbidities and different ADHD subtypes.     

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder: controversies of diagnosis and safety of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment

Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a condition that presents with a variety of behavioral and social problems. The objective of this review was to examine the evidence concerning the controversies surrounding the diagnosis of ADHD and the safety of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment. A MEDLINE search was conducted using MeSH terms ADHD, children, treatments or behavioral therapy. The search was limited to January 1990 to present, randomized clinical trials, retrospective studies and English. Fifty-seven articles were selected for review. Controversies exist regarding the diagnosis: variations exist by gender, across countries and by method of diagnosis. These issues are currently unresolved. The interventions with the most data concerning their safety and efficacy in children were stimulant medications. Children with ADHD who took stimulant medications showed the greatest improvement in behavior when compared to other interventions such as behavior therapy or family counseling. Limitations of behavior therapy included that it is often a difficult process to continue on an ongoing basis and only a portion of the therapy stimulated the child's natural reward system. However, a combination of both stimulant medication and behavior therapy demonstrated synergistic efficacy. Care must be taken to insure that issues of gender and race, as well as the adverse effects of treatment options, are adequately taken into account by the treating clinician.     

Do stimulants improve functioning in adults with ADHD?: A review of the literature

ADHD is prevalent in adulthood and stimulant pharmacotherapy is the primary treatment for uncomplicated presentations. ADHD is associated with significant functional impairment in major life roles. Measurement of the efficacy of stimulant treatment for adult ADHD therefore should include assessment of improvement in role function. A literature search was conducted to identify studies that measured change in function with stimulant treatment in adult ADHD using measures other than global clinical impression or global assessment of function ratings. Five studies were identified that met our search criteria. Evidence of functional improvement with stimulant treatment was found with the following validated self-report measures of functional wellbeing employed across these studies: the Medical Outcome Study 36-item Short Form Health Survey; ADHD Impact Module for Adults; Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction scale—Short Form; Sheehan Disability Scale, and Social Adjustment Scale—Self-Report. We conclude that investigations using self-report scales provide evidence that stimulant treatment translates into measurable improvement in daily function for adults with ADHD. Further investigation could better characterize the mediators and moderators of individual improvement, an important step towards the personalization of treatment for ADHD in adulthood.     

Clonidine extended-release: in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Clonidine, an α(2)-adrenergic agonist, is approved in the US as an extended-release (XR) tablet for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents (aged 6-17 years). In two, randomized, double-blind, multicenter, phase III trials of 8 weeks' duration, clonidine XR improved the symptoms of ADHD in children and adolescents. Significantly greater reductions from baseline in ADHD rating scale IV (ADHD-RS-IV) total scores at week 5 (primary endpoint) were achieved by recipients of clonidine XR 0.2 and 0.4?mg/day monotherapy than by recipients of placebo. When added to patients' normal stimulant regimen, significantly greater reductions from baseline in ADHD-RS-IV total scores at week 5 (primary endpoint) were achieved with a flexible dose of clonidine XR 0.1-0.4?mg/day than with placebo. Symptomatic improvement of ADHD was achieved following 2 weeks' treatment with clonidine XR. In both trials, significantly greater reductions from baseline in ADHD-RS-IV total scores were apparent at week 2 onwards for recipients of clonidine XR than for recipients of placebo. Clonidine XR was generally well tolerated as monotherapy and as adjunctive therapy with stimulant regimens in clinical trials in children and adolescents.     

Cerebellar Morphology and the Effects of Stimulant Medications in Youths with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder

The cerebellum is emerging as a key anatomical structure underlying normal attentional and cognitive control mechanisms. Dysregulation within cerebellar circuits may contribute to the core symptoms of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In the present study we aimed to characterize surface morphological features of the cerebellum in ADHD and healthy comparison youths. Further, we studied the association of cerebellar morphology with the severity of ADHD symptoms and the effects of stimulant treatment. We examined 46 youths with ADHD and 59 comparison youths 8–18 years of age in a cross-sectional, case–control study using magnetic resonance imaging. Measures of cerebellar surface morphology were the primary outcome. Relative to comparison participants, youths with ADHD exhibited smaller regional volumes corresponding to the lateral surface of the left anterior and the right posterior cerebellar hemispheres. Stimulant medication was associated with larger regional volumes over the left cerebellar surface, whereas more severe ADHD symptoms were associated with smaller regional volumes in the vermis. We used optimized measures of morphology to detect alterations in cerebellar anatomy specific to ADHD, dimensions of symptomology, and stimulant treatment. Duration of treatment correlated positively with volumes of specific cerebellar subregions, supporting a model whereby compensatory morphological changes support the effects of stimulant treatment.     

Long-term efficacy and safety of treatment with stimulants and atomoxetine in adult ADHD: A review of controlled and naturalistic studies

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common disorder of childhood that often persists into adulthood. Although stimulant medications are recommended as the first-line treatment for ADHD because of their documented short-term effects in children and adults, less is known about their effects on long-term outcome in adults. Here we review the long-term efficacy and safety of the stimulant drugs methylphenidate and amphetamine, as well as the related compound atomoxetine. We performed a systematic review to identify direct and indirect effects of stimulant therapy on long-term outcome in adults. Five randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and 10 open-label extension studies of initial short-term RCTs, with total follow-up of at least 24 weeks, were identified. All these RCTs found that medication was significantly more efficacious than placebo in treating ADHD in adults, and the extension studies showed that this favorable effect of medication was maintained during the open-label follow-up period. However, since the maximum duration of these pharmacological trials was 4 years, we also reviewed 18 defined naturalistic longitudinal and cross-sectional studies, to provide more information about longer term functional outcomes, side effects and complications. These observational studies also showed positive correlations between early recognition of the disorder, stimulant treatment during childhood and favorable long-term outcome in adult ADHD patients. In conclusion, stimulant therapy of ADHD has long-term beneficial effects and is well tolerated. However, more longitudinal studies of long duration should be performed. In addition, the ethical issues involved in performing double blind RCTs of many years duration should be further explored.     

Understanding the Effects of Stimulant Medications on Cognition in Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Decade of Progress

The use of stimulant drugs for the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most widespread pharmacological interventions in child psychiatry and behavioral pediatrics. This treatment is well grounded on controlled studies showing efficacy of low oral doses of methylphenidate and amphetamine in reducing the behavioral symptoms of the disorder as reported by parents and teachers, both for the cognitive (inattention and impulsivity) and non-cognitive (hyperactivity) domains. Our main aim is to review the objectively measured cognitive effects that accompany the subjectively assessed clinical responses to stimulant medications. Recently, methods from the cognitive neurosciences have been used to provide information about brain processes that underlie the cognitive deficits of ADHD and the cognitive effects of stimulant medications. We will review some key findings from the recent literature, and then offer interpretations of the progress that has been made over the past decade in understanding the cognitive effects of stimulant medication on individuals with ADHD.     

托吡酯联合静灵口服液治疗抽动障碍患儿效果分析

目的：探讨托吡酯联合静灵口服液治疗抽动障碍患儿的效果。方法选取2011年1月至2012年12月温州医科大学附属慈溪医院抽动障碍患儿90例,按照入院顺序将其分为对照组和治疗组,各45例。对照组采用托吡酯进行治疗,治疗组在对照组的基础上加用静灵口服液。采用耶鲁评分表（ YGTSS）和注意力缺陷多动障碍量表（ ADHD）评价2组治疗效果。结果治疗组患儿治疗后运动抽动、发声抽动、功能受损程度、抽动总分评分均低于对照组,组间差异均有统计学意义[（8．6±2．8）分比（11．4±3．6）分、（3．0±1．3）分比（4．6±2．9）分、（8±3）分比（11±5）分、（10±4）分比（13±4）分,均P＜0．01];注意力缺陷、多动冲动、ADHD总分评分均低于对照组[（9±3）分比（12±5）分、（4．2±1．9）分比（6．8±2．7）分、（14±5）分比（18±7）分,均P＜0．01];治疗组总有效率为88．9％（40/45）,明显高于对照组的66．7％（30/45）,组间差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论托吡酯联合静灵口服液治疗抽动障碍患儿可明显降低YGTSS和ADHD评分,疗效优于单用托吡酯。