Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, with or without the diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex (ARC), have an increased incidence of tuberculosis, especially of an extrapulmonary nature. The condition is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The reported incidence of the combination of tuberculosis and AIDS varies between 4% and 10% of AIDS patients, with a higher incidence noted in the male, inner-city, intravenous-drug-abuser population. Clinical findings may reflect the site of infection, but are often nondiagnostic. Diagnosis often requires biopsy for histopathologic evaluation and tissue culture to document the presence of granulomas and mycobacterial organisms. Universal body fluid precautions among these patients are mandatory, and respiratory isolation should be maintained during diagnostic evaluation and early treatment. These patients usually respond to standard antituberculosis therapy. Physicians should maintain a high index of suspicion of tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection. Conversely, the diagnosis of HIV infection should be considered in patients with unusual manifestations of tuberculosis. Because tuberculosis is one of the few potentially curable infections in the AIDS patient, recognition of its presence is crucial.     

Bronchoalveolar lavage cell analysis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus related diseases

The value of differential cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients who were serologically positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was studied in 30 patients with classified into four groups according to the severity of illness: (1) seven subjects with the AIDS related complex without clinical or radiological evidence of pulmonary infection; (2) eight patients with the AIDS related complex and pulmonary tuberculosis; (3) eight patients with AIDS and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia; and (4) seven patients with AIDS, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and severe respiratory failure. All four groups had a similar percentage of lymphocytes, significantly higher than that of a control group of 15 healthy volunteers. A significant increase in the percentage of neutrophils was observed in groups 2, 3, and 4. The lavage fluid differential cell count does not therefore appear to help in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary infections in HIV positive patients. The abnormal percentage of lymphocytes observed in some patients with the AIDS related complex without clinical evidence of pulmonary infection suggests that lung injury may exist before clinical or radiological abnormalities develop. This might be related to an immunological mechanism or might be caused by an undetected subclinical infection.     

Tuberculosis and HIV: estimates of the overlap in England and Wales.

BACKGROUND: A study was designed to determine the extent of the interaction between tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection in England and Wales. METHODS: Data were obtained from the United Kingdom national AIDS surveillance and the Medical Research Council tuberculosis notification surveys in England and Wales (1983 and 1988). The proportion of patients reported with AIDS known to have had tuberculosis and the proportion of patients notified with tuberculosis known to have HIV infection were estimated. RESULTS: Of the 4360 patients with AIDS reported by 30 June 1991, 200 (4.6%) were in patients reported to have had tuberculosis. Only one of the 3002 patients (0.03%) reported in the 1983 survey of tuberculosis notifications in England and Wales was known to be infected with HIV compared with nine of 2163 patients (0.42%) in the 1988 survey. CONCLUSION: Although the reported number of cases of HIV infection with tuberculosis in this country is increasing it remains small. Complete reporting of cases of AIDS and notification of cases of tuberculosis are essential to enable the two infections to be monitored as the HIV epidemic develops. Special studies, such as those reported here, will need to be undertaken regularly to assess the future extent of the interaction.     

Spindle cell pseudotumor due to Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Positive staining of mycobacteria for cytoskeleton filaments.

A rare spindle-cell pseudotumor caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) that mimics a mesenchymal tumor, was recently reported (7,14). We report on three such pseudotumors in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), two involving lymph nodes and one involving the bone marrow. In the course of investigating the first-encountered example of this tumor for evidence of smooth-muscle origin of the spindle cells, it was noted that these cells stained positively for desmin by immunoperoxidase techniques (IPX), as did a variety of other cytoskeleton filaments of all sizes. Electron microscopic examination of one of these lesions revealed spindle cells containing lysosomes and large numbers of microorganisms compatible with MAI but no filaments or organelles suggestive of smooth-muscle cells. Further studies revealed that the typical lesions produced by MAI in patients with AIDS, namely aggregates of histiocytes or individual histiocytes laden with organisms, rather than the expansile spindle-cell pseudotumor, also strain strongly for cytoskeleton filaments, as do M. tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae. Awareness of the existence of this unusual manifestation of MAI infection in AIDS patients and its desmin positivity can avoid misdiagnosis of a primary or metastatic smooth-muscle neoplasm. The cell of origin appears to be the histiocyte.     

Management of empyema thoracis at Lusaka, Zambia.

Of the 39 consecutive patients with empyema thoracis managed by one of the five general surgical units at Lusaka, Zambia, 26 suffered from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and 19 were diagnosed as suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis within 3 years of developing empyema thoracis. Thirty patients were between 16 and 40 years of age; of these, 22 suffered from acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and all 19 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis belonged to this age group. Of the four patients with empyema thoracis in the age group of 0-5 years, two were suffering from AIDS. The majority of cases of empyema thoracis associated with AIDS present insidiously and, because of late presentation, rib resection is necessary. After surgery these patients were managed at home with the help of a home care team, thus reducing the burden on hospital resources. The morbidity and mortality rates in these patients are higher than in those in whom empyema thoracis is not associated with AIDS.     

AIDS and the lung. Introduction.

Damage to the immune system induced by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) leads to a spectrum of opportunistic infections of which the lung is the most common site. In Europe and North America, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is the presenting symptom in 64% of cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and occurs at some point in 80% of AIDS victims. This infection is less common in Africa, where tuberculosis is the predominant opportunistic infection. Other AIDS-related lung infections that are gaining in prevalence include pneumonia due to pyogenic bacteria, pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis. In addition, there is evidence that the lung may be extensively involved in Kaposi's sarcoma. Given the importance of the lung as a site for AIDS-related opportunistic infections, respiratory physicians will be required to become more involved in the diagnosis and management of AIDS cases.     

Human immunodeficiency virus and osteoarticular tuberculosis

The human immunodeficiency virus pandemic has contributed to a marked increase in patients infected with tuberculosis. In parts of SubSaharan Africa, osteoarticular tuberculosis has increased fourfold in the past decade and approximately 60% of the patients are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. The human immunodeficiency virus has complicated the diagnostic process and treatment. Tuberculosis will respond to chemotherapy in patients who are positive for the human immunodeficiency virus but adverse drug reactions are common. Careful assessment is necessary if surgery is contemplated because of the high risk of infection and poor wound healing in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease. In patients with osteoarticular tuberculosis who are positive for human immunodeficiency virus, the prognosis will depend on the stage that the human immunodeficiency virus infection has reached by the time of presentation.     

Isolation of mycobacteria from patients seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in south east England: 1984-92.

BACKGROUND--Tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections are well recognised complications of HIV infection and surveillance is thus required. METHODS--All mycobacteria isolated from HIV positive subjects and referred to the Public Health Laboratory Service South East Regional Tuberculosis Centre (SERTC) from the first such case in 1984 until the end of 1992 were reviewed. RESULTS--A total of 803 mycobacteria isolated from 727 HIV positive subjects were referred to the SERTC during the study period. A single species was isolated from 660 patients: 150 members of the tuberculosis complex (146 M tuberculosis, two M bovis, and two M africanum), 356 M avium-intracellulare (MAI), and 154 other environmental mycobacteria. More than one mycobacterium was isolated from 67 patients. In 12 cases M tuberculosis and MAI were isolated from the same patient, almost always in that sequence, with an interval of 8-41 months between isolations. Most of the 407 isolates of MAI (74%) were considered to be clinically significant and often caused disseminated disease. In other cases single isolates of MAI were obtained from sputum or faeces and occasionally such isolates preceded disseminated disease by several months. Only 33 (14%) of the 229 isolates of environmental mycobacteria other than MAI were considered clinically significant. CONCLUSIONS--HIV related mycobacterial disease is increasing in incidence in south east England. Further studies are required to determine the significance of single isolates of MAI and other environmental mycobacteria as a guide to the need for preventive chemotherapy or immunotherapy.     

Incidence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related disorders at laparotomy in patients with AIDS

BACKGROUND: Patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) present for surgical management of abdominal conditions that are complications of advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or that are caused by other disease not related to AIDS. This study compared the clinical details and postoperative outcomes of patients with AIDS-related diseases found at laparotomy with those of patients with non-AIDS-related disorders. METHODS: The medical records of 30 consecutive patients with AIDS who underwent laparotomy were examined retrospectively. RESULTS: Fourteen patients had AIDS-related pathologies found at laparotomy, 13 had disease processes that were not AIDS related and three had no abnormal findings at laparotomy. Patients with AIDS-related conditions at laparotomy had lower mean body-weight, serum albumin concentration and CD4 lymphocyte count, and required a longer hospital admission than those who had non-AIDS-related disease. The duration of HIV infection and the number of complications and deaths were similar in the two groups. Complications occurred in 21 patients and there were five deaths (30-day mortality rate 17 per cent). CONCLUSION: AIDS-related pathologies are commonly found at laparotomy in patients with HIV/AIDS. An AIDS-related diagnosis does not confer a greater risk of complication or postoperative death than other conditions.     

人类免疫缺陷病毒/获得性免疫缺陷综合征患者骨科手术部位感染的影响因素

目的研究人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）/获得性免疫缺陷综合征（AIDS）患者骨科手术后发生手术部位感染（SSI）的危险因素以及预防策略。 方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2018年1月于首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院住院行骨科手术的HIV/AIDS患者共79例，根据是否发生手术部位感染将其分为手术切口感染组（21例）和非感染组（58例）。分析两组患者SSI发生率，筛选SSI影响因素，并经Logistic回归分析确定独立危险因素。 结果79例行骨科手术的HIV/AIDS患者中发生SSI者共21例（26.58%），其中13例为切口浅部感染，5例为深部感染，3例为腔隙感染。感染组和非感染组患者年龄基础疾病（糖尿病）、合并疾病（结核）、术前HIV RNA载量、术后1周红细胞沉降率（ESR）、术后1周C-反应蛋白（CRP）、手术时程、住院时间、腰部及下肢手术部位、BMI指数、CD4⁺ T计数、CD8⁺ T计数、CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T、白细胞（WBC）和血红蛋白（HGB）差异均有统计学意义（P均< 0.05）。将临床中及以往文献报道的SSI相关因素均纳入多因素Logistic回归分析，结果显示：年龄、ALB、BMI、CD4⁺ T计数、HGB、WBC、合并疾病（结核）、手术类型、手术部位、手术时程、切口类型、麻醉类型和术中出血量均为HIV/AIDS患者骨科相关手术部位感染的独立危险因素（P均< 0.05）。 结论行骨科手术的HIV/AIDS患者为SSI高危人群，应针对其危险因素采取有效措施干预，积极治疗基础疾病，纠正贫血、低蛋白血症，合理围手术期用药包括高效联合抗反转录病毒治疗（HAART）进行免疫重建、应用抗菌药物以预防性抗感染治疗；尽量控制术中出血量，减少手术时间，术中严格执行无菌操作，尽可能降低手术切口感染。     

Cardiac Surgery in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Indications and Results

Ten patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections underwent cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass. All were in Centers for Disease Control (CDC) group II. The cardiac involvement was either urgent or severely symptomatic in all cases. One patient died due to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) unrelated cause. No complications were encountered in this series. Eight of the nine survivors were available for follow-up. Three of these eight patients progressed to AIDS (CDC group IV) and subsequently died. Five patients are alive and in CDC group II. Prognosis of the HIV infection and the natural history of the cardiac disease are the two main elements to be considered whenever cardiac surgery is required.     

Lung function abnormalities in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus with and without overt pneumonitis.

Pulmonary function was measured in 169 male patients seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The transfer factor for carbon monoxide (TLCO) in symptom free patients and patients with persistent generalised lymphadenopathy was normal (greater than 83% of predicted values). Patients with the AIDS related complex, non-pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma, and non-pulmonary non-Kaposi sarcoma AIDS (that is, opportunist infections affecting other organs) had lower mean values for TLCO (77%, 70%, and 70% of predicted respectively). These values were significantly lower than values for symptom free patients. Lower mean values of 50% and 63% predicted TLCO were observed in patients during the acute and recovery phases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. TLCO was also low in patients with lung mycobacterial infection and in a patient with lung Kaposi sarcoma. Forced expiratory volume in one second, peak expiratory flow, and maximal expiratory flow at 50% of vital capacity were significantly reduced only in patients with acute pneumocystis pneumonia. This study shows that abnormalities in the results of pulmonary function tests, particularly TLCO, although greatest in patients with pulmonary complications of AIDS, are also present in patients with AIDS but without other evidence of pulmonary disease, and in patients with the AIDS related complex. The predictive and prognostic implications of these findings require further investigation.     

Identification of HIV patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis using urine based polymerase chain reaction assay

BACKGROUND: Despite the increased dissemination of tuberculosis among HIV infected patients, the diagnosis is difficult to establish. Traditional microbiological methods lack satisfactory sensitivity. We have developed a highly sensitive and specific nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) capable of detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in urine specimens and have used this test to examine urine specimens from HIV patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. METHODS: Urine specimens from 13 HIV infected patients with microbiologically proven active pulmonary tuberculosis, 10 AIDS patients with non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection (documented by blood culture), 53 AIDS patients with no evidence of mycobacterial disease, and 80 healthy subjects (25 with positive skin test to purified protein derivative) were tested for M tuberculosis using PCR, acid fast staining (AFS), and culture. RESULTS: Of the urine specimens from patients with active tuberculosis, all tested positive by PCR, two by culture, and none by AFS. No reactivity was observed in urine specimens from patients with non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection. Of the 53 AIDS patients without mycobacterial infection, one had a positive urine PCR. Normal subjects were all negative. CONCLUSIONS: Urine based nested PCR for M tuberculosis may be a useful test for identifying HIV patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.     

HIV/AIDS合并肺结核患者抗结核分枝杆菌治疗肝毒性的危险因素

目的探讨人类免疫缺陷病毒感染/获得性免疫缺乏综合征（HIV/AIDS）合并肺结核患者抗结核分枝杆菌治疗肝毒性的危险因素。 方法收集201年8月至2015年5月西安市第八医院收治的321例HIV/AIDS合并肺结核患者的全血及临床资料,并于患者抗结核分枝杆菌治疗后随访4个月。检测患者N-乙酰化转移酶2（NAT2）基因型。Logistic回归分析患者抗结核分枝杆菌治疗肝毒性的影响因素。 结果321例HIV/AIDS合并肺结核患者失访96例,剩余225例患者中73例（32.4%）发生药物性肝毒性（肝毒性组）,152例（67.6%）未发生药物性肝毒性（无肝毒性组）。两组患者身体质量指数（BMI）（χ² = 0.830、P = 0.003）、NAT2基因型（χ² = 7.361、P = 0.025）、CD4细胞计数（χ² = 4.380、P = 0.036）以及氟康唑治疗患者数（χ² = 9.924、P = 0.002）差异均具有统计学意义。BMI、NAT2基因型和氟康唑治疗均为患者抗结核分枝杆菌治疗肝毒性的独立危险因素（P均< 0.05）。 结论低BMI、慢乙酰型NAT2基因型HIV/AIDS合并肺结核患者抗结核分枝杆菌治疗易发生肝毒性,建议慎重同时使用抗结核分枝杆菌治疗药物和氟康唑。     

Patterns of presentation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children to the paediatric surgeon

PURPOSE/METHODS: Review of the records of infants and children admitted with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection was undertaken to determine the mode and pattern of presentation at the Paediatric Surgical Unit, King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban. RESULTS: Over the 2-year period-December 1994 to December 1996-63 patients with recognised HIV infection presented to the surgical unit. Seventeen were known to have acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Infection was the most common presenting problem (n = 37). In this group, 14 had abscesses, cellulitis, or osteitis. 18 had perineal sepsis-11 had acquired rectovaginal fistulae, two had fistulae-in-ano, one a perianal abscess, two had perineal condylomata, and two had rape-related injuries and sepsis. Three children presented with overwhelming sepsis, one neonate presented with haemorrhagic colitis caused by cytomegalovirus, and one older child presented with oesophageal candidiasis. Generalised lymphadenopathy was the presenting complaint in 14 children. Biopsy results showed nonspecific reactive changes in six children, HIV-reactive changes in five, and tuberculosis in three patients. Ten children presented with non-HIV-related problems; nine were neonates with congenital anomalies. An older child presented with a coin impacted in his oesophagus. Two children presented with tumours-one had a Kaposi sarcoma and one had a Wilms' tumour. CONCLUSIONS: Twenty-six percent had clinical manifestation of AIDS, 19% presented with lesions diagnostic of HIV infection, 22% presented with signs or symptoms that were suggestive of the disease, and 33% were asymptomatic of HIV infection.     

Tuberculous orchiepididymitis as clinical onset of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection

The emergence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome has changed the natural history of tuberculosis which has now become the second most common infection associated to human immunodeficiency virus infection. It is only rarely that a tuberculous infection has an urogenital location, and extrapulmonary locations are generally related to severe immunosuppression. This paper presents one case of tuberculous orchitis that presented as the clinical onset of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Discussion of the clinical evolution and the therapeutic approach that consisted in orchiectomy associated to treatment with tuberculostatics.     

Complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in HIV and AIDS patients

We retrospectively evaluated the results of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with and without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).One thousand one hundred twenty-seven consecutive patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy by our surgical group. Eighteen of these patients were known to be infected with the HIV virus; 6 were asymptomatic and 12 had AIDS. We reviewed the medical records of all HIV-positive individuals with regard to morbidity, mortality, and postoperative outcome following laparoscopic cholecystectomy.In the six HIV-patients without AIDS, five (83%) had improvement of symptoms postoperatively. There was one minor complication (17%). In contrast, only one of the 12 patients with AIDS had postoperative improvement of symptoms and eight (66%) had complications after surgery. There were four deaths (33%) within 30 days of surgery in this group.Only a small percentage of AIDS patients benefit from laparoscopic cholecystectomy. There is a significantly morbidity and mortality following this procedure in this group. Strategies to improve outcome are presented.     

Disseminated kidney tuberculosis complicating autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a case report

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is rare, and its diagnosis and treatment are difficult because numerous cysts are exposed to infection and antibiotics do not easily penetrate infected cysts. Here, we report the case of a 43-year-old Japanese man with disseminated urogenital tuberculosis (TB) and ADPKD without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Delayed diagnosis and ineffective anti-TB chemotherapy worsened his condition. Finally, he underwent bilateral nephrectomy but experienced postoperative complications. In conclusion, kidney TB should be recognized as a cause of renal infection in ADPKD, and surgical treatment should be instituted without delay. The importance of early diagnosis and treatment cannot be overemphasized to prevent kidney TB deterioration.     

Increased frequency of infection after open reduction of fractures in patients who are seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus

In a prospective study of 214 patients who had elective extensive operations for fractures, we compared the relative frequencies of postoperative infections in the seventeen patients who were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus and had associated clinical symptoms, in the twenty-six patients who were seropositive and had no associated clinical symptoms, and in the 171 patients who were seronegative. The relative frequency of postoperative infection was significantly higher in patients who were seropositive and had associated clinical symptoms (four of seventeen) than in patients who were seronegative (eight of 171) (Fisher exact test, p = 0.01). In all patients who were seropositive and had a postoperative bacterial infection, treatment with antibiotics was effective. The results of this study suggest that people who are seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus and have associated symptoms are at increased risk for postoperative infection.     

Esophageal perforation in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is frequently found in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and can result in diffuse lymphadenopathy from disseminated disease. A case is presented of esophageal erosion and perforation secondary to mediastinal lymph node enlargement from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a patient positive for human immunodeficiency virus. Emergent surgical intervention required resection of the perforated esophagus, end-cervical esophagostomy, gastrostomy, and feeding jejunostomy. Long-term prognosis is poor owing to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, therefore, reconstruction at a later date is uncertain.