可视喉镜在新生儿手术气管插管中的应用

目的探讨可视喉镜在新生儿手术气管插管中的应用。方法选择2013-07—2013-12间行新生儿手术50例为研究对象,随机分为可视喉镜组(A组)25例和直接喉镜组(B组)25例,比较两组新生儿气管插管时声门暴露时间,完成气管插管的时间,插管一次成功率和新生儿插管前3 min、插管时及插管后3 min的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)的变化及插管相关不良反应。结果 A组与B组相比,A组声门暴露时间,完成气管插管的时间均明显缩短,A组插管一次成功率96%,B组插管一次成功率80%,差异有统计学意义。两组新生儿插管前和插管后3 min的MAP和HR比较,差异无统计学意义。但与B组相比,插管时A组新生儿MAP和HR明显降低,差异有统计学意义。A组新生儿插管时不良反应明显低于B组,差异有统计学意义。结论可视喉镜可提高新生儿手术气管插管时成功率,缩短声门暴露时间,气管插管的时间,降低插管不良反应,提高新生儿手术麻醉安全性。     

UE可视喉镜在急诊剖宫产患儿床边气管插管术中的应用

目的比较UE可视喉镜与直接喉镜在急诊剖宫产床边患儿气管插管术中的临床效果,探讨UE可视喉镜在患儿气管插管术中的应用价值。方法选取我院2017年1月至2019年4月收治的急诊剖宫产床边有气管插管适应证的患儿40例,男17例,女23例,胎龄33～41周,BMI 11～15 kg/m~2,ASAⅢ或Ⅳ级。随机分为两组:UE可视喉镜组(U组)和Miller直接喉镜组(M组),每组20例。U组采用UE VL300SS型号可视喉镜和普通管芯辅助进行气管插管术,M组采用Miller直接喉镜,通过听诊两肺和监测P_(ET)CO_2确定气管导管的正确位置。记录声门暴露时间、完成插管时间。记录声门暴露等级、一次插管成功例数。记录牙龈出血、皮肤损伤和食管插管等并发症发生情况。结果 U组声门暴露时间明显短于M组,声门暴露Ⅰ级比例和一次插管成功率明显高于M组(P0.05)。两组完成插管时间以及牙龈出血、皮肤损伤和食管插管发生率差异无统计学意义。结论 UE可视喉镜应用于急诊剖宫产床边患儿气管插管术中,能够缩短声门暴露时间,同时提高声门暴露等级,提高一次插管成功率,减少不良反应,提高气管插管安全性。     

HC视频喉镜与Macintosh喉镜引导气管插管效果的比较

目的 比较HC视频喉镜与Macintosh喉镜引导气管插管的效果.方法 择期全麻患者60例,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,性别不限,年龄18 ～ 64岁,体重指数19 ～ 27 kg/m2,Mallampati分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为2组(n=30):HC视频喉镜组(H组)和Macintosh喉镜组(M组).麻醉诱导后分别用HC视频喉镜和Macintosh喉镜引导经口气管插管.记录两组患者声门暴露时间、气管插管时间、Cormack-Lehane分级(用于计算声门暴露满意率)、环状软骨按压情况,观察气管插管并发症的发生情况.结果 与M组比较,H组声门暴露满意率升高,环状软骨按压次数降低(P＜0.05).两组患者声门暴露时间、气管插管时间和气管插管并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 HC视频喉镜引导气管插管的效果优于Macintosh喉镜.     

Tosight视频喉镜在Klippel-Feil综合征患儿气管插管中的应用

目的探讨Tosight视频喉镜在Klippel-Feil综合征(KFS)患儿气管插管中的应用效果。方法 20例KFS患儿,年龄4~12岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,随机均分为两组:Tosight可视喉镜组(T组)和Macintosh喉镜组(M组)。记录喉镜下喉部显露分级(Cormack-Lehane分级)、气管插管时间、气管插管次数、插管成功率和并发症发生情况。结果 T组全部完成气管插管,M组完成6例气管插管。T组气管插管时间明显短于、插管次数明显少于M组(P0.05)。两组患儿均无严重并发症发生。结论 Tosight视频喉镜用于KFS患儿气管插管操作简单,声门暴露清晰,插管成功率高,插管时间短,优于Macintosh喉镜。     

Truview喉镜气管插管在婴儿应用的安全性和可行性

目的观察Truview喉镜气管插管在婴儿应用的安全性和可行性。方法选择62例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级患儿,年龄3～12月,拟在经口气管插管全身麻醉下实施择期整形外科手术,随机分为Truview喉镜组(T组)和Macintosh喉镜组(M组),每组31例。记录插管时声门暴露分级、麻醉诱导前、诱导后、气管插管后即刻及气管插管后1、2、3、4和5min的HR和SpO2;记录暴露声门时间、气管插管时间及气管插管的并发症。结果与M组比较,T组喉镜暴露声门程度差异无统计学意义,但暴露声门时间及气管插管时间相对延长(P0.05);两组患儿气管插管时HR均有增快(P0.05),但两组间HR和SpO2差异无统计学意义;插管时及拔管后两组均未见明显并发症。结论 Truview喉镜可以安全地应用于婴儿气管插管,但暴露声门和气管插管耗时相对延长。     

可视硬性喉镜在牙槽突裂患儿气管插管中的应用

目的 探讨可视硬性喉镜在牙槽突裂患儿气管插管中的应用效果。方法 选择2020年1月至2021年10月拟在全麻气管插管下行牙槽突裂骨移植术的患儿80例,男67例,女13例,年龄8～14岁,BMI<25 kg/m²,ASAⅠ级。根据病种连续住院单双号将患儿分为两组：可视喉镜组和可视硬性喉镜组,每组40例。可视喉镜组使用可视喉镜进行气管插管,可视硬性喉镜组使用可视硬性喉镜进行气管插管。记录麻醉诱导前30 min、麻醉诱导后即刻、气管插管即刻、气管插管后3 min的HR和MAP。记录气管插管时间、首次气管插管成功例数、气管插管次数。记录气管插管工具卡裂隙、牙齿松动、口腔软组织损伤及声音嘶哑等气管插管相关并发症发生情况。结果 与可视喉镜组比较,可视硬性喉镜组气管插管即刻HR明显减慢(P<0.05)、MAP明显降低(P<0.05),气管插管时间明显缩短(P<0.05),首次气管插管成功率明显升高(P<0.05),气管插管次数明显减少(P<0.05)。结论 可视硬性喉镜用于牙槽突裂患儿气管插管可以稳定血流动力学,缩短插管时间,提高首次插管成功...     

HC视频喉镜联合纤支镜引导双腔气管插管的临床应用性研究

目的评估HC视频喉镜联合纤支镜用于双腔支气管(DLT)插管的临床效果及其安全性。方法选择ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级择期需DLT插管后行胸科手术的患者80例。随机分为两组(n=40):视频喉镜组(A组)和直接喉镜组(B组)。A组选用HC视频喉镜行DLT插管到声门下,之后用纤支镜引导行支气管插管。B组选用直接喉镜行DLT支气管插管,然后用纤支镜定位。记录声门显露情况、声门显露时间、声门显露后DLT至声门下时间、支气管插管一次成功率、气道损伤情况。结果与B组相比,A组声门一次性显露成功率增高,声门显露时间和声门显露后DLT至声门下时间缩短,环状软骨按压率降低,支气管插管一次成功率升高,气道损伤减少(P<0.05)。结论 HC视频喉镜联合纤支镜引导DLT插管难度降低,患者不良反应减少,可以安全地应用于DLT插管。     

可视喉罩与可视喉镜用于困难气管插管的比较

目的 比较可视喉罩和可视喉镜用于困难气管插管患者的效果。

方法 选择气管插管全麻手术患者90例,男27例,女63例,年龄18～64岁,BMI<30 kg/m²,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,根据术前简化气道风险指数（SARI）筛选困难气管插管患者（SARI评分≥3分）。采用随机数字表法将患者分为两组：可视喉罩组（S组）和可视喉镜组（C组）,每组45例。S组使用可视喉罩引导气管插管,C组使用可视喉镜完成气管插管。记录声门暴露分级、声门暴露时间、气管插管时间、总插管时间、插管成功例数,插管前、插管即刻、插管后3 min和拔管前、拔管即刻、拔管后3 min的HR和MAP、术后插管并发症（声音嘶哑、咽喉痛）的发生情况。

结果 与C组比较,S组声门暴露时间［Ｓ组（18.2±7.6）s vs C组（14.1±2.8）s］明显延长（P＜0.05）,S组插管即刻和拔管即刻HR明显减慢,MAP明显降低（P＜0.05）。两组声门暴露分级、气管插管时间、总插管时间、插管成功率和术后插管并发症发生率差异无统计学意义。

结论 在困难气管插管的患者中,使用可视喉罩与可视喉镜均能快速有效地完成气管插管,与可视喉镜比较,使用可视喉罩声门暴露时间延长,插管与拔管即刻血流动力学波动幅度较小。     

健忘镇痛慢诱导联合HC可视喉镜在支撑喉镜短小手术中的应用

目的探讨健忘镇痛慢诱导联合HC可视喉镜在支撑喉镜短小手术中的临床应用。方法择期行支撑喉镜下短小手术的患者60例,年龄20~65岁,体重42~85kg,随机分为慢诱导组和对照组,每组30例。慢诱导组为健忘镇痛慢诱导后应用HC可视喉镜行经鼻气管插管,对照组为常规静脉快速诱导后应用Macintosh普通喉镜行经鼻气管插管。记录麻醉诱导前(T0)、插管前(T1)、插管即刻(T2)、插管后3 min(T3)以及支撑喉镜置入前(T4)、置入即刻(T5)、置入后3 min(T6)的MAP和HR。同时记录声门暴露分级(Cormark-Lehane分级)、喉外部压迫操作、Magil插管钳辅助、喉镜上沾血以及麻醉苏醒情况和不良反应。结果与T0时比较,T1时对照组MAP明显降低,HR明显减慢(P0.05),T2、T3、T5、T6时,对照组MAP明显升高,HR明显增快(P0.05)。与对照组比较,慢诱导组声门暴露Ⅰ级例数明显增多,插管时间更短,首次插管成功率明显增高,喉外部压迫操作、Magil插管钳辅助的发生率较少,且应用瑞芬太尼的总剂量明显减少(P0.05)。对照组术毕麻醉恢复时间、拔管时间较慢诱导组明显延长,而慢诱导组的躁动评分、术后3hVAS评分及不良反应明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论健忘镇痛慢诱导联合HC可视喉镜用于支撑喉镜手术插管方法简单迅速,麻醉诱导期和术中血流动力学平稳,术后苏醒迅速完全,镇痛满意,减少了术后躁动。     

视频喉镜在气管插管术中的临床应用

目的 观察视频喉镜在气管插管术中的临床应用效果.方法 120例成年患者随机均分为三组:A组,用视频喉镜加普通喉镜插管;B组,用视频喉镜插管;C组,用普通喉镜插管.常规诱导,由熟练麻醉医师操作,观察可视声门程度、插管所用时间、插管次数、HR、MAP、SpO2的变化及失败例次.结果 可视声门程度、插管所用时间A组与B、C组比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).插管次数各组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).HR、MAP、SpO2三组间及每组插管时、插管后与诱导前比较差异无统计学意义.结论 用视频喉镜加普通喉镜插管,比单用视频喉镜或单用普通喉镜插管,能提高声门可视程度,缩短插管所用时间,减少插管次数,降低插管失败比例.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.