Radiation doses to patients from extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

The aim of this study was to determine the radiation doses to patients during extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and compare them with the available bibliographical data. In this method localization of the renal stones is attained by the use of fluoroscopy, and thus ESWL is included among those medical practices associated with patient radiation exposure. The entrance surface dose was measured using 3-4 thermoluminescent dosimeters positioned on the patients' backs at the entrance surfaces of the two x-ray beams for 50 ESWL procedures. Fluoroscopy time and number of spot films were also recorded. The average entrance surface dose at the patient's side with the renal stone was estimated to be 76.5 mGy for the oblique x-ray beam and 44.5 mGy for the PA x-ray beam. The mean fluoroscopy time was 204 s while 4 spot films were acquired on average. The mean effective dose (E) was estimated as 1.63 mSv per patient. The mean entrance surface dose values recorded in this study are comparable to but smaller than the values reported in the literature for ESWL, while the mean fluoroscopy time is within the range of values reported by other authors. On the other hand, the estimated E value is relatively higher compared to the corresponding values given in the literature based on patient measurements. However, it is comparable to recent published data acquired using extended measurements in an anthropomorphic phantom.     

Initial experience with ESWL therapy of pancreatic duct calculi]

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of pancreatic stones was performed in four patients with chronic pancreatitis and a dilated duct system harbouring stones 5-12 mm in diameter. The stones were disintegrated by shock waves using a Dornier lithotripter in one or more sessions. Disintegration of stones was achieved in 4/4 patients, initial (6-11 months) relief of pain in 3/4 patients, and total clearance of pancreatic duct in 3/4 patients. No complications were observed. In the first patient in whom ESWL was not completely successful, underwent an operation: a longitudinal pancreato-gastrostomy and the stones were found completely disintegrated. From these early data they conclude that ESWL of pancreatic duct stones is a provisional new alternative for surgery in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis.     

Radiological survey of Goiania by a mobile monitoring unit

In September 1987, a 137Cs teletherapy source was ruptured in Goiania and environmental consequences ensued. After the initial response to this accident, a radiological survey throughout the city was performed using a mobile unit. This unit was equipped with two Geiger-Müller detectors outside the vehicle and one 102 X 102 mm NaI(Tl) detector connected to a dual recorder. All three detectors were placed 1 m above ground. The survey system covered a wide range of exposure rates, from environmental levels [typically 3.9 X 10(-10) C kg-1 h-1 (15 X 10(-6) R h-1) in Goiania] up to 2.6 X 10(-3) C kg-1 h-1 (10 R h-1). Eighty percent of the Goiania urban area was covered by this survey, and except for some specific locations, the contamination was restricted to the main foci surroundings occurring in a nonhomogeneous pattern. The highest value observed in the city after the main foci decontamination was 1.8 X 10(-7) C kg-1 h-1 (0.7 mR h-1) in the 57th Street area where the source was originally opened. The system, designed to perform the survey in the city, played a fundamental role during the decontamination process.     

输尿管上段结石的微创外科治疗（附146例报告）

目的探讨输尿管上段结石的微创外科治疗方法。方法146例输尿管上段结石患者，根据病史及影像学检查分析是单纯性结石还是复杂性结石。采用体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）治疗单纯性结石，治疗无效的患者按复杂性结石处理。采用输尿管镜下碎石术（URL）及URL联合ESWL治疗复杂性结石。URL失败的患者改行微创经皮肾穿刺取石术（MPCNL）。结果初步诊断单纯性结石97例，复杂性结石49例。ESWL治疗输尿管上段单纯性结石成功率为90．7％（88／97）。9例ESWL无效改行URL。URL及URL＋ESWL治疗输尿管上段复杂性结石的成功率为86．2％（50／58）。8例URL失败改行MPCNL，治疗成功率为100．0％（8／8）。结论应当充分尊重患者本人的意愿，从经济、安全、有效的角度，按无创-微创-轻创的顺序选择治疗输尿管上段结石的方法。     

A survey of radiation dose and image quality in mammography: an ongoing program in Italy

A program for mammography optimization in individual x-ray units, named Dose and Quality in Mammography (DQM), is now underway in Italy. The project has three stages: measurement of the parameters that affect dose and image quality by means of devices that are practical to use (specifically designed for the purpose), analysis of data to evaluate dose and image quality and suggestion of possible improvements to each unit operator. Instruments and methods employed in our survey are described. Our results, like those of the American survey (Je78) Breast Exposure: Nationwide Trends (BENT), show widespread variations of exposure, half value layer (HVL), optical density, dose and resolution. Facilities using the same type of x-ray apparatus (Mo target-Mo filter) and film-screen combinations present very different exposure values, ranging from 1.6 X 10(-4) to 27.6 X 10(-4) C kg-1. The causes of these variations--ascribable to the individual units, radiologist preferences, processing condition, kVp indicator and timer accuracy--are being explored.     

经皮肾镜Cyberwand双导管超声联合输尿管镜碎石清石术治疗肾铸型结石疗效分析

目的探讨C臂X线引导下经皮肾镜Cyberwand双导管超声联合输尿管镜碎石清石术治疗肾铸型结石的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2011年1月～2012年12月150例肾铸型结石患者的临床资料,随机分成对照组（n=75）和治疗组（n=75）,分别采用经皮肾镜Cyberwand双导管超声碎石清石术和经皮肾镜Cyberwand双导管超声联合输尿管镜碎石清石术治疗,统计并比较两组的住院时间、手术时间、术中出血量、结石清除率及并发症发生情况。结果150例均成功建立20F皮肾通道,治疗组Ⅰ期完成手术53例,二期完成手术22例。手术时间36—150min,平均（62．8±11．3）min。术中出血量10—400ml,平均（50．7±12．6）ml。一次完全取净结石56例,清石率为74．7％;残留结石19例,其中残余小结石5例,泥沙样结石3例,行体外冲击波碎石治疗后结石排净,11例因术中出血视野模糊导致残余结石较大（直径〉2cm）,行二次手术结石取净。住院时间7—10d,平均（8．2±1．5）d。随访1—9个月,均无迟发性出血、严重感染等并发症。对照组Ⅰ期完成手术45例,二期完成手术30例。手术时间30—240min,平均（121．5±16．8）min。术中出血量10～800ml,平均（112．5±10．3）ml。一次完全取净结石43例,清石率为57．3％;残留结石32例,其中残余小结石6例,泥沙样结石4例,行体外冲击波碎石治疗后结石排净,13例因术中出血视野模糊导致残余结石较大（直径〉2cm）,行二次手术结石取净,9例因残留结石较大行三次手术取尽。住院时间7—20d,平均（12±2．6）d。随访1～9个月,均无迟发性出血、严重感染等并发症。治疗组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间均显著低于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义（p〈0．05）;治疗组术后结石清除率显著高于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义（p〈0．05）;两组并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义（p〉0．05）。结论经皮肾镜Cyber-wand双导管超声联合输尿管镜碎石清石术治疗肾铸型结石可以提高手术清石率,缩短手术时间、住院时间,减少手术次数,不增加副作用,具有良好的临床应用价值。     

经皮肾镜钬激光联合气压弹道碎石治疗复杂性肾结石

目的探讨经皮肾镜下(PCNL)钬激光联合气压弹道碎石(PL LL)治疗复杂性肾结石的疗效。方法回顾性分析我院276例经皮肾镜下PL LL治疗的复杂性肾结石患者的临床资料。结果所有病例平均手术时间96min,术中出血量50～600ml,术后血尿时间1～7d,2例分别于术后第3、5d行选择性肾动脉栓塞止血。PL LL一期结石清除率为70.3%(194/276),二期结石清除率87.1%(61/70),ESWL处理残留结石4例,排尽3例。结论经皮肾镜钬激光联合气压弹道碎石治疗复杂性肾结石安全、有效。     

双J管配合ESWL治疗巨大肾结石

目的探讨双J管内引流在体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）治疗巨大肾结石后防止石街发生的作用。方法61例巨大肾结石患者采用预置双J管配合ESWL进行治疗。结果1例发生石街，石街发生率为1．4％。结论双J管作为巨大肾结石患者ESWL治疗的辅助治疗能有效地防止石街的形成，有利于结石的排出，且操作简单，并发症少，适于推广应用。     

A high spatial resolution computerized electro-optic radiation detector array

A novel computerized electro-optic detector was designed, constructed, and characterized. The results of the experiments performed were as follows: (1) To obtain a maximum SNR when operating at any radiation intensity, the designed detector must be operated at the lowest temperature-- -5 degrees C in this configuration. This temperature permits a maximum integration time of 9.7 s without signal distortion. (2) The detector was found to be linear in the range of operation studied, 2.8 X 10(-3) to 2.0 X 10(-2) C kg-1 h-1 (11-78 R h-1), with a sensitivity of 4.2 X 10(4) mV per C kg-1 h-1 (10.8 mV per R h-1). (3) A simulated stepped phantom was imaged, illustrating the possibility of positional measurements. (4) Very little blooming was noticed.     

高选择性α1受体阻滞剂在输尿管结石体外冲击波碎石术后辅助治疗中的应用

目的 探讨高选择性α1受体阻滞剂在输尿管结石体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)术后辅助治疗中的临床应用价值.方法 将120例输尿管结石采用ESWL治疗后的患者按随机数字表法分为三组,每组40例.坦索罗辛组给予高选择性α1受体阻滞剂坦索罗辛0.4 mg,1次/d;多沙唑嗪组给予选择性α1受体阻滞剂多沙唑嗪4 mg,1次/d;对照组为空白对照组,未给予任何输尿管平滑肌松弛剂.每例患者的观察时间为2周.结果 共有4例患者因药物不良反应而退出.坦索罗辛组、多沙唑嗪组的排石率[分别为89.7%(35/39)、83.8%(31/37)]均明显高于对照组[65.0%(26/40)](P＜0.05);排石时间[分别为(3.1±1.2)、(3.7±1.4)d]均明显短于对照组[(6.5±1.1)d](P＜0.05);肾绞痛发生率[分别为12.8%(5/39)、21.6%(8/37)]、石街形成率[分别为7.7%(3/39)、13.5%(5/37)]均明显低于对照组[45.0%(18/40)和40.0%(16/40)](P＜0.05).坦索罗辛组和多沙唑嗪组临床疗效比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).坦索罗辛组中仅1例患者出现体位性低血压,多沙唑嗪组7例患者出现体位性低血压,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 输尿管结石ESWL术后使用高选择性α1受体阻滞剂辅助治疗有助于结石的排出,明显缩短排石时间,减少肾绞痛发生率,且安全,患者可以耐受,可推荐作为输尿管结石ESWL术后的辅助排石方法.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the application of highly selective alpha 1-blockers in treatment of ureteral stone after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). Methods One hundred and twenty patients with ureteral stone who accepted ESWL were divided into three groups by random digits table,each 40 cases. Tamsulosin group received tamsulosin (0.4 mg,once daily) after ESWL,doxazosin group received doxazosin (4 mg,once daily) ,control group were given no ureteral smooth musclar relaxant served. All patients were observed for 2 weeks. Results During the 2 weeks, only 4 patients withdrew due to adverse drug reactions. In tamsulosin group and doxazosin group, the stones expulsion rate [89.7%(35/39), 83.8%(31/37) respectively] were significantly higher than control group [65.0%(26/40)] (P＜0.05), the expulsion time [(3.1-1.2), (3.7 ± 1.4) d] were significantly lower than control group [(6.5 ±1.1) d] (P ＜0.05),the incidence of renal colic [12.8%(5/39), 21.6%(8/37)] and the stone street formation rate [7.7% (3/39), 13.5% (5/37)] were significantly lower than control group [45.0% (18/40) and 40.0% (16/40)] (P ＜ 0.05). But there was no significant difference between tamsulosin group and doxazosin group (P ＞ 0.05). Orthostatic hypotension occurred in 1 patient in tamsulosin group, but 7 patients experienced orthostatic hypotension in doxazosin group,the difference was significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Highly selective alpha 1-blockers can improve the stone-free rate of ureteral stone after ESWL,reduce expulsion time,decrease renal colic rate,and it is safe and tolerated. It can be regarded as an auxiliary clearance method after ESWL for ureteral stone.     

输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗复杂性输尿管结石

目的 探讨输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗复杂性输尿管结石的疗效.方法 采用输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗复杂性输尿管结石56例,其中输尿管上段结石15例,中下段结石41例,体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)失败25例,合并高热8例.结果 56例患者中,中下段结石均一次完全粉碎,成功率100.0%(41/41).上段结石一次完全粉碎10例,成功率66.7%(10/15).3例结石术中移位至肾脏,后辅以ESWL治疗1～2次,1例进镜困难终止手术,1例因输尿管穿孔改行开放手术.术后4周结石总清除率87.5%(49/56).8例合并高热者均急诊手术,7例一次结石粉碎成功,1例结石移位至肾脏,但梗阻均经手术得以解除,术后高热停止.输尿管穿孔发生率为1.8%(1/56).结论 输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗复杂性输尿管结石安全、有效.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of ureteroscopic pneumatic lithotripsy for treatment of complicated ureteral calculi. Methods Clinical data of 56 cases with complicated ureteral calculi who were treated with ureteroscopic pneumatic lithotripsy was reviewed. Among them 15 cases were proximal ureteral calculi,41 cases were middle and distal ureteral calculi. Treatment by extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) failed in 25 cases,8 cases complicated with fever. Results In 41 cases with middle and distal ureteral calculi, successful lithotripsy was achieved after the first treatment session,the success rate was 100.0% (41/41). In 15 cases with proximal ureteral calculi ,successful lithotripsy was achieved in 10 cases after the first treatment session,the success rate was 66.7%(l0/15). Calculi migrated to kidney in 3 cases who treated by ESWL for 1-2 times. The failure was due to ureteral kink in 1 case and due to ureteral perforation that required surgical repair in another case. Forty-nine cases were calculi-free after 4 weeks,the calculi-free rate was 87.5%(49/56). Emergency operation was performed in 8 cases complicated with fever. Successful lithotripsy was achieved after the first treatment session in 7 cases. In one patient,calculi migration occurred. Within all 8 cases obstruction was released and fever was allayed after operation.The complication rate was 1.8% (1/56). Conclusion Ureteroscopic pneumatic lithotripsy for treatment of complicated ureteral calculi is a safe and effective method.     

Experience with the Direx Tripter X-1]

In nonselected patients 81.5% stone-free rate could be reached in 3 months. In authors's opinion Direx Tripter X-1 is suitable in the treatment of renal and ureteral calculi. They treated staghorn calculi by ESWL monotherapy with success. The Direx lithotripter was found to be effective and easy to operate; the potential cost reduction is of great significance. The treatment requires general anaesthesia and the equipment causes significant noise. After all, Direx lithotripter is a useful machine in the armamentarium of stone disease treatment.     

Cost-effectiveness study of the extracorporeal shock-wave lithotriptor

We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis to examine the relative efficacy and costs of percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy (PUL), extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL), and surgery for the treatment of upper urinary tract stones. We developed a Markov model with 35 states, cycles of 3 months, and a time frame of 5 years. Probability estimates were derived from a meta-analysis of the published literature. For stones less than or equal to 2 cm, ESWL is preferred to PUL, since it prevents 2 additional days of morbidity and saves $440. For larger stones, PUL is preferable to ESWL, avoiding 4 days of morbidity, and saving $722. Both ESWL and PUL were superior to surgery. Sensitivity analysis showed that the results are sensitive to ESWL efficacy rates, the stone recurrence rate, and the hospital component of the ESWL cost. Our analysis suggests that although ESWL is preferable, relatively small changes in the efficacy and cost can shift the preferred strategy; in addition, these findings underscore the need for more reliable data.     

体外冲击波碎石术在双J管滞留结石形成中的应用

目的：评价体外冲击波碎石在处理双J管滞留结石形成中的应用价值。方法：运用慧康IV液电型体外冲击波碎石机对25例因双J管滞留结石形成拔管困难的患者进行体外冲击波碎石术后再拔管。结果：25例中,经体外冲击波碎石术后顺利拔出的21例（其中一次成功的12例,二次成功的9例）,联合输尿管镜钬激光碎石后顺利拔出的4例。结论：体外冲击波碎石在处理双J管置留结石形成中具有方便、廉价、创伤小等优点,但成功率与双J管滞留的时间和结石程度等因素有关。     

Design of a positionally sensitive laser-heated thermoluminescent detector system

The design and performance of a positionally sensitive system for the laser read-out of dosimetric information contained in LiF chips and a specially designed composite detector having a thin LiF layer is reported. A 2 cm X 3 cm X 0.254 mm LiF layer was successfully manufactured with a glass backing; however, this was subject to thermal cracking at high temperatures encountered with laser heating. Multiple spot heating of this plate resulted in dosimetric images having a spatial resolution of approximately 2.5 mm, limited primarily by the laser beam radius, a homogeneity of better than 10%, a reproducibility of less than 7%, and a minimum detectable dose of approximately 3.12 X 10(-4) C kg-1 (1.21 R). Observed glow curves were consistent with those predicted theoretically using a first-order kinetic model and assuming rapid heating conditions. Several images of positional radiation dose produced using an x-ray machine are presented.     

体外震波碎石术后采用口服磁化水预防术后结石复发的探讨

目的探讨体外震波碎石术后预防结石复发的两种方法的效果比较。方法将100例患者随机分成两组,观察组在体外震波碎石术后口服磁化水,预防结石复发;对照组在体外震波碎石术后饮用普通饮用水预防结石复发。结果观察组结石复发率为2％。对照组结石复发率为8％,明显高于治疗组。结论ESWL术后口服磁化水预防结石复发疗效明显优于口服普通饮用水。     

Relative costs and cost-effectiveness of extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the treatment of renal and ureteric stones

This paper presents empirical data from the United Kingdom National Health Service on the comparative mean hospital costs per patient of first generation extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCN) in the treatment of kidney stones. These results were subjected to a sensitivity analysis and related to evidence on the health effects of the two approaches to treatment. The hospital costs of PCN were found to be lower than for ESWL in the empirical comparison and in most but not all the scenarios developed in the sensitivity analysis. The direction of the comparison was reversed when a high throughput was assumed for ESWL and a significantly higher per diem cost for PCN than ESWL. The relative cost-effectiveness of the two modes of treatment depended on whether successful treatment was defined in terms of rendering the patient free of stones (the traditional endpoint of treatment) or the rate at which patients returned to their normal activities.     

两种微创手术治疗体外碎石失败后的输尿管上段结石的对照分析

目的比较两种微创手术治疗体外碎石失败后的输尿管上段结石的疗效。方法回顾分析2004年6月～2010年2月某院行体外碎石治疗失败后237例输尿管上段结石患者,采用微创经皮肾穿刺取石术与经尿道输尿管镜碎石术治疗,对比两种方法的临床疗效。其中143例采用MPCNL进行治疗;94例采用URL治疗后,32例接受辅助的ESWL治疗。结果 MPCNL组术后3d结石清除率为95.8%(137/143),术后1个月结石清除率为100%(143/143)。URL术后3d结石清除率为32.7%(31/94),术后1个月的结石清除率为90.5%(85/94),均显著低于MPCNL组(P=0.0006)。结论微创经皮肾穿刺取石治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石有很高的结石清除率;经尿道输尿管镜手术治疗效果稍差,可以联合体外冲击波碎石来提高疗效。     

微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗150例上尿路结石

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗上尿路结石的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析笔者所在医院2009年7月～2010年10月应用微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗150例上尿路结石的临床资料。结果150例患者均I期成功建立经皮肾脏通道，143例Ⅰ期手术成功，结石清除率为95．3％；7例患者经体外震波碎石（ESWL）或Ⅱ期手术治愈。结论微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术并发症少、结石清除率高，是治疗上尿路结石的首选疗法。     

盐酸坦索罗辛胶囊应用于输尿管结石患者体外冲击波碎石术术后的效果分析

目的 探讨盐酸坦索罗辛胶囊应用于输尿管结石患者体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)术后的效果.方法 80例行ESWL的输尿管结石患者随机分为对照组(术后给予呋塞米)、观察组(术后给予呋塞米+盐酸坦索罗辛胶囊),比较两组的治疗效果.结果 治疗后,观察组的GQOLI-74评分高于对照组,结石排净时间短于对照组,术后15 d、术后1...