血管内介入治疗腹腔内脏动脉瘤11例经验

目的评价介入治疗腹腔内脏动脉瘤的安全性和疗效。方法用介入技术治疗腹腔内脏动脉瘤11例,包括脾动脉瘤5例,胃-十二指肠动脉瘤5例,肠系膜上动脉(SMA)瘤1例。5例以假性动脉瘤破裂出血就诊,3例表现为上腹部疼痛和搏动性包块,3例无自觉症状。10例用血管内栓塞术,1例发自SMA的动脉瘤用联合动脉内栓塞和被覆膜支架置入术治疗。结果11例均治疗成功,无并发症。5例以出血为首发症状者,术后出血立即停止。1例SMA动脉瘤术后被完全封闭,主干及分支显影正常。3例术前有症状者术后腹痛逐渐消失、包块缩小。随访4～52个月(平均25.5个月),未发生与动脉瘤相关的并发症,超声波检查无动脉瘤复发表现。结论血管内介入技术是治疗腹腔内脏动脉瘤的安全有效方法。     

The endovascular management of visceral artery aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms

OBJECTIVE: Visceral artery aneurysms may be treated by aneurysm exclusion, excision, revascularization, and endovascular techniques. The purpose of this study was to review the outcomes of the management of visceral artery aneurysms with catheter-based techniques. METHODS: Between 1997 and 2005, 90 patients were identified with a diagnosis of visceral artery aneurysm. This was inclusive of aneurysmal disease of the celiac axis, superior mesenteric artery (SMA), inferior mesenteric artery, and their branches. Surveillance without intervention occurred in 23 patients, and 19 patients underwent open aneurysm repair (4 ruptures). The endovascular treatment of 48 consecutive patients (mean age 58, 60% men) with 20 visceral artery aneurysms (VAA) and 28 visceral artery pseudoaneurysms (VAPA) was the basis for this study. Electronic and hardcopy medical records were reviewed for demographic data and clinical variables. Original computed tomography (CT) scans and fluoroscopic imaging were evaluated. RESULTS: The endovascular treatment of visceral artery aneurysms was technically successful in 98% of 48 procedures, consisting of 3 celiac axis repairs, 2 left gastric arteries, 1 SMA, 12 hepatic arteries, 20 splenic arteries, 7 gastroduodenal arteries, 1 middle colic artery, and 2 pancreaticoduodenal arteries. Of these, 29 (60%) were performed for symptomatic disease (5 ruptured aneurysms). Procedures were performed in the endovascular suite under local anesthesia with conscious sedation (94%). The femoral artery was used as the preferential access site (90%). Coil embolization was used for aneurysm exclusion in 96%. N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (glue) was used selectively (19%) using a triaxial system with a 3F microcatheter for persistent flow or multiple branches. The 30-day mortality was 8.3% (n = 4). One patient died from recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding after gastroduodenal embolization, and the remaining died of unrelated causes. All perioperative deaths occurred in patients requiring urgent or emergent intervention in the setting of hemodynamic instability. No patients undergoing elective intervention died in the periprocedural period. Postprocedural imaging was performed after 77% of interventions at a mean of 16 months. Complete exclusion of flow within the aneurysm sac occurred in 97% interventions with follow-up imaging, but coil and glue artifact complicated CT evaluation. Postembolization syndrome developed in three patients (6%) after splenic artery embolization. There was no evidence of hepatic insufficiency or bowel ischemia after either hepatic or mesenteric artery aneurysm treatment. Three patients required secondary interventions for persistent flow (n = 1) and recurrent bleeding from previously embolized aneurysms (n = 2). CONCLUSION: Visceral artery aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms can be successfully treated with endovascular means with low periprocedural morbidity; however, the urgent repair of these lesions is still associated with elevated mortality rates. Aneurysm exclusion can be accomplished with coil embolization and the selective use of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate. Current catheter-based techniques extend our ability to exclude visceral artery aneurysms, but imaging artifact hampers postoperative CT surveillance.     

Evolution of the therapeutic approach of visceral artery aneurysms

INTRODUCTION: Visceral artery aneurysms are an infrequent entity. Most of them are asymptomatic, but when they present as a rupture, a high mortality is associated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We review our experience of 18 cases between 1988 and 2006. RESULTS: 9 males and 9 females with a mean age of 66,5 years are analyzed. Aneurysms were located in splenic artery (9), hepatic artery (2), superior mesenteric artery (2), celiac trunk (3), inferior mesenteric artery (1) and gastroduodenal artery (1). Three of them were associated with abdominal aorta aneurysms. Fourteen patients were asymptomatic, three presented abdominal pain and one case presented with rupture and intraperitoneal bleeding. Surgical treatment was performed in thirteen of the patients and endovascular in five. Two cases of endovascular treatment failed and surgery was necessary. Postsurgical mortality was 0 and complications appeared in 2 patients. Mean hospital stay after surgical treatment was 11 days and 3 days after endovascular one. None of the patients presented recurrences, and one has chronic mesenteric ischemia as sequelae of surgical treatment of a superior mesenteric artery aneurysm. CONCLUSION: Visceral artery aneurysms must be treated if it is feasible, due to the potential risk of rupture. Endovascular treatment associates lower morbimortality rates and shorter hospital stay than surgical one, but nowadays many aneurysms are not suitable for this management. Endovascular treatment is a technically difficult approach, that requires a specific training and the first cases represent a learning curve.     

Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms: stent-graft fixation across the visceral arteries.

PURPOSE: Recent studies have suggested that transrenal artery fixation of endovascular stent-grafts is safe and may be a desirable means of reducing the risk of type I endoleaks, particularly those with short infrarenal necks. The close proximity of the superior mesenteric and celiac arteries to the renal arteries may commonly result in the placement of the stent struts across all the vessels of the visceral segment of the aorta. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and impact of transvisceral artery fixation during aortic stent-graft deployment for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). METHODS: From January 1997 to June 1999, 192 patients (165 men, 27 women; mean age, 82 years) with AAAs were treated with an endovascular graft secured proximally to the aorta with a long (15 mm) uncovered stent segment (60 Parodi/Palmaz, 132 Talent-LPS). Preoperative and postoperative abdominal aortograms and intravenous contrast enhanced spiral computed tomography (CT) scans were performed. Follow-up CT scans were obtained at 3, 6, and 12 months and yearly thereafter as a means of determining stent position and visceral artery patency RESULTS: In 95 patients (49%), the uncovered stent was at or above the level of the superior mesenteric artery. In 23 patients (12%), the stent extended to the level of the celiac axis. In a mean follow-up period of 25 months (range, 6-44 months), serum creatinine levels remained stable, no stenoses or occlusions occurred in the celiac, superior mesenteric, or renal arteries, and no evidence of renal, hepatic, splenic, or intestinal infarction was present on contrast enhanced spiral CT scans. There were no type I endoleaks. CONCLUSION: Transvisceral fixation of the uncovered proximal aortic stent occurs frequently during deployment of devices designed for transrenal fixation and is associated with no early morbidity. Long-term follow-up is necessary to ensure that there are no late sequelae.     

Hybrid approach to thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms in patients with prior aortic surgery

OBJECTIVE: The hybrid approach to the repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA), consisting of visceral aortic debranching with retrograde revascularization of the splanchnic and renal arteries and aneurysm exclusion using stent grafts, has been previously described and may be considered particularly appealing in high-risk patients, especially those who have undergone prior aortic surgery. This study analyzed prospectively recorded data of a series of high-risk patients with prior aortic surgery who underwent hybrid TAAA repair at our institute and contrasted the outcomes with those of a similar group of patients who underwent conventional open TAAA repair. METHODS: Between 2001 and 2006, 13 patients (12 men) with a median age of 69.6 years (range, 35 to 82 years) underwent one-stage hybrid repair of TAAA (7 type I, 2 type II, 2 type IV, and 2 aneurysms of the visceral aortic patch). These patients, the hybrid group, had a history of aortic surgery (30.7% ascending, 30.7% descending, 46.1% abdominal aortic repair, and 15.4% redo TAAA) and were at high risk for open repair. The criteria used to define these patients as high risk and to indicate the need for hybrid treatment were American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class 3 or 4 associated with a preoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)<50%. In all cases, we accomplished partial or total visceral aortic debranching through (1) a previous visceral artery retrograde revascularization with synthetic grafts (single bypass, customized Y or bifurcated grafts), and (2) aortic endovascular repair with one of three different commercially produced stent grafts (Cook, W.L. Gore & Assoc, and Medtronic). We analyzed the results and compared the outcomes of the hybrid group with those of a similar group of 29 patients (25 men) with a median age 65.3 years (range, 58 to 79) selected from our overall series of 246 TAAA repairs between 1988 and 2005. These 29 patients, the conventionally treated group, were selected for having had aortic surgery (22% ascending, 38% descending, 42% abdominal aortic repair, and 10.3% redo TAAA), an ASA 3 or 4, a preoperative FEV1<50%, and a conventional open repair of TAAA (10 type I, 5 type II, 4 type III, 7 type IV, and 3 aneurysms of the visceral aortic patch). RESULTS: In the hybrid group, 32 visceral bypasses were completed and endovascular TAAA repair was successful in all cases. No intraoperative deaths occurred. Perioperative mortality was 23%, and morbidity was 30.8% (renal failure in 2, respiratory failure in 1, and delayed transient paraplegia in 1). At a median follow-up of 14.9 months (range, 11 days to 59.4 months), all grafts were patent at postoperative computed tomography angiography and no aneurysm-related deaths, endoleak, stent graft migration, or morbidity related to visceral revascularization had occurred. No conventionally treated patients died intraoperatively. Perioperative mortality was 17.2% and morbidity was 44.8% (respiratory failure in 7, coagulopathy in 1, renal failure in 2, and paraplegia in 3). At a median follow-up of 5.4 years (range, 1.7 to 7.9 years), no significant complications related to aortic repair occurred, except for three patients (10.3%) with asymptomatic dilatation of the visceral aortic patch<5 cm undergoing radiologic surveillance. CONCLUSION: Hybrid TAAA repair is technically feasible in selected cases. Perioperative morbidity and mortality were considerable in our subset of high-risk patients with prior aortic surgery, but no aneurysm-related or procedure-related complications were reported at mid-term follow-up. Hybrid TAAA repair did not lead to a significant improvement in outcomes compared with open TAAA repair in a similar group of patients. Larger series are required for valid statistical comparisons and longer follow-ups are necessary to evaluate the durability of hybrid repairs.     

内脏动脉瘤的外科治疗

目的 总结腔内技术和外科手段治疗内脏动脉瘤的疗效.方法 回顾性分析10例内脏动脉瘤患者的临床资料.男4例,女6例,年龄28～74岁,平均(56 ±13)岁.其中脾动脉真性动脉瘤5例,脾动脉假性动脉瘤1例,肠系膜上动脉瘤2例,腹腔干结核性假性动脉瘤1例,肾动脉瘤1例.结果 1例腹腔干假性动脉瘤行支架型人工血管腔内修复术,1例脾动脉瘤行支架型人工血管腔内修复术失败,改为开腹手术治疗,另外8例直接行开腹手术治疗.手术均获成功,康复出院.术后住院时间7～18 d,平均(10±5)d,本组所有患者获随访,随访时间3个月至6年,平均(27 ±12)个月.无死亡病例,无动脉瘤复发,无胃肠道、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏缺血梗死及其他严重并发症发生.结论 内脏动脉瘤开放手术治疗疗效可靠,而腔内治疗则是一种有前途的微创治疗手段.

Abstract：

Objective To analyse the management of splanchnic artery aneurysms by open surgery and endoluminal therapy. Methods The clinical data of 10 splanchnic artery aneurysm patients (four male, six female) hospitalised from January 2002 were analysed retrospectively. The average age was (56 ± 13) years (28 - 74). Surgical or endoluminal treatment for six cases of splenic artery aneurysms or pseudoaneurysms were applied, among which multiple splenic artery aneurysms was found in one, and aberrant aneurysms at the proximal section of the splenic artery originating from a spleno-mesenteric trunk was found in three, splenic artery pseudoaneurysm in one and single aneurysm with normal splenic artery in anatomy in one. Besides, there were two superior mesenteric artery aneurysm, one of tuberculous celiac artery pseudoaneurysm and one renal artery aneurysm. Results The tuberculous celiac artery pseudoaneurysm was successfully managed by deploying a stent-graft endoluminally. One case was converted to open surgery after the splenic artery aneurysm was only paitially covered by a stent-graft. The other 8 cases were successfully treated by open surgery. All of the operations are successful. All patients were followed up from three months to six years, during which no death or other severe complications occurs. Conclusions The splanchnic artery varies from one to another anatomically. Preoperative CT scan or digital substraction angiology are helpful for the diagnosis of the splanchnic arterial aneurysms and choosing an appropriate management. Conventional open surgery is effective and reliable, while endoluminal therapy is a minimally invasive alternative.     

Visceral artery aneurysm: risk factor analysis and therapeutic opinion.

OBJECTIVES: To identify independent risk factors for visceral artery aneurysms. METHODS: Retrospective medical record review over 10 years. RESULTS: There were 26 men and 15 women, median age of 54 (range 22 to 85), and median follow-up was 20.6 months (range 0 to 94 months). There were 11 splenic, 17 hepatic, 8 gastroduodenal, 6 pancreatoduodenal, 5 superior mesenteric, and two inferior mesenteric artery aneurysms. Thirteen patients (13/41, 31.7%) were treated surgically without adjuvant endovascular intervention. Nineteen patients (19/41, 46.3%) were treated exclusively using endovascular procedures. Five patients (5/41, 12.2%) received second endovascular or surgical treatment as salvage procedure after the first procedure failed. Concomitant malignancy was positive predictors for in-hospital death. Renal failure, chronic lung disease, liver cirrhosis, previous abdominal surgery and concomitant malignancy were positive predictors of 2-year mortality. With the intention to treat in the whole cohort, less than 10% (2/21) of the endovascular treatments failed, compared to 18.5% (3/16) in the surgical group. Patients treated by surgery without aid of endovascular intervention, have lower 2-year mortality. In hospital-death rate was 9.8%, while overall mortality rate was 21.9%. CONCLUSIONS: The endovascular intervention provides compatible, even better early postoperative outcomes for visceral artery aneurysms to surgery. Concomitant malignancy was the major determinant of visceral artery aneurysms, both in-hospital death and survival.     

内脏动脉瘤手术治疗临床分析

目的 总结内脏动脉瘤(VAAs)的诊断与治疗经验.方法 2003年6月至2008年12月共收治8例VAAs;男性2例,女性6例;年龄30～72岁,平均49岁.8例患者共有9个动脉瘤,包括脾动脉瘤4例,肠系膜上动脉瘤2例,肾动脉瘤2例(3个).均经彩色超声、CTA或DSA明确诊断.6例行经腹动脉瘤切除,其中3例行血管重建.1例伴门静脉高压患者,行脾动脉瘤切除、脾切除和脾肾静脉分流术.1例双侧肾动脉瘤患者,左肾动脉瘤较大,且接近肾门,行动脉瘤切除和肾摘除术,右肾动脉瘤直径1.2 cm,密切随访.2例经股动脉行动脉瘤栓塞治疗.结果 本组8例VAAs患者,无论是动脉瘤切除、两端动脉结扎;还是端端吻合,人工血管间置血流重建;以及经股动脉病灶栓塞治疗,多取得了满意的效果.没有死亡和严重并发症发生.随访2～60个月,平均26.5个月,效果良好.结论 VAAs一旦明确诊断,应积极采取治疗措施.选择性手术或栓塞术足安全和有效的治疗方法.直径<2 cm且无症状的VAAs可考虑密切随访.     

The endovascular management of splenic artery aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms

The purpose of this study was to evaluate outcomes of the endovascular treatment of splenic artery aneurysms (SAAs) and pseudoaneurysms (SAPAs). From April 2003 to December 2009, 12 patients (mean age 46.8 years, range 29-58) with SAAs (n = 9) or SAPAs (n = 3) underwent endovascular treatment. Four patients were asymptomatic and three had ruptured aneurysms. Lesions were in the proximal splenic artery (n = 3), intermediate splenic artery (n = 3) and distal splenic artery (n = 6). Endovascular procedures included embolization by sac packing (n = 5), sandwich occlusion of the splenic artery (n = 4) or stent graft deployment (n = 3). Computed tomography (CT) was done before the operation, 3 and 12 months after the operation, then yearly. Endovascular treatment was successful at the first attempt in all 12 (100%) patients, with complete angiographic exclusion of the aneurysm at the end of the operation. The mean amount of contrast medium used was 165 mL (range 100-230), and the mean total procedure time was 92 minutes (range 55-160). No major complications occurred. Postoperational CT scans showed splenic multisegmental infarcts in eight patients (66.7%, 8/12) and among them postembolization syndrome developed in six patients, manifesting as abdominal pain and fever. The mean follow-up was 32 months (range 9-51). No patient demonstrated gross evidence of aneurysm sac growth, and no significant decrease in aneurysm sac size postintervention was noted on follow-up. The endovascular management of SAAs and SAPAs is safe and effective and may induce less mortality than open surgery. Regardless of the etiology, endovascular treatment can provide excellent mid-term results.     

Aneurysms of anomalous splenomesenteric trunk: Clinical features and surgical management in two cases

Aneurysms of the splenic artery that anomalously arise from a splenomesenteric trunk are a rarity. Aneurysmal disease of visceral arteries is found in only 0.2% of the general population. The celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) are involved in less than 10% of all visceral aneurysms. Although rupture seems to occur in 20% to 22% of patients, the related mortality rate can rise as high as 100%. Anomalies of the celiac trunk and SMA, more common than previously claimed, include the splenic artery arising from the SMA, which occurs in only 1% of patients. We present two cases of young patients who had 4-cm aneurysms behind the pancreas that involved an anomalous splenic artery. The first patient required dissection of the entire splenopancreatic bloc through a transverse abdominal incision to excise the aneurysm and repair the SMA. The second patient was treated by the classic approach, through a median incision and by entering the mesenteric root. There do not seem to be reports of similar cases, except for two cases of aneurysms involving the celiomesenteric trunk. The cause of these aneurysms can be attributed to mesenchymal alterations during the embryonic formation of aortic collateral branches. A correct surgical approach to splanchnic aneurysms calls for awareness of potential vascular variations of the arteries and their collateral pathways. (J Vasc Surg 1996;24:687-92.)     

Transluminal thrombin injection and exclusion of a paramesenteric abdominal aortic aneurysm

Surgical repair of aortic aneurysms involving the visceral arteries carries high morbidity and mortality in poor surgical candidates. With current technology, visceral artery involvement generally precludes endovascular repair of aortic aneurysms. We report on a patient with a large abdominal aortic pseudoaneurysm involving the origin of the superior mesenteric artery. This aneurysm was successfully repaired by transluminal thrombin injection of the sac and exclusion with balloon expandable covered stents placed in the aorta.     

Endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms: is there a benefit regarding postoperative outcome?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms has raised great interest amongst vascular surgeons. The aim of this study was to compare the postoperative morbidity and mortality rates of endovascular treatment with those of open surgery, from the anaesthesiologist's standpoint. METHODS: From January 1997 to June 2000, 425 consecutive patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms were referred for regular surgery. Thirty-nine patients who needed a visceral or renal artery revascularization, or a nephrectomy were excluded. The remaining 386 patients were studied in a prospective manner. Aneurysms were evaluated with spiral computerized tomography scanning and calibrated aortography. After informed consent, only those patients with a suitable vascular anatomy underwent endovascular treatment (n = 193). All other patients underwent open surgery and are considered as a control group (n = 193). Endovascular treatment was performed by a femoral or an iliac retroperitoneal route. All stent-grafts were made to measure using auto-expandable stainless-steel stents covered with a standard polyester prosthetic graft. RESULTS: Six patients in the endovascular treatment group needed to be converted to the open surgical technique (during the same operation) because of rupture of the iliac bifurcation (1 patient), a large endoleak (2 patients), or technical problems (3 patients). CONCLUSION: The amount of bleeding and the need for blood products were significantly lower in the endovascular treatment group. Despite the absence of significant differences regarding cardiac complications and mortality, there was a lesser incidence of pneumonia, acute respiratory and renal failure. Patients in the endovascular treatment group spent less time in the intensive care unit and in the Hospital.     

肠系膜动脉瘤破裂出血的诊治分析：附8例报告

背景与目的 肠系膜动脉瘤是一种罕见的疾病,大部分患者确诊时动脉瘤已出现破裂大出血,病情危重,治疗风险大。本文回顾性分析肠系膜动脉瘤破裂患者的病例特点,探讨该疾病诊断和治疗方式的选择。方法 回顾性分析于2016年1月—2020年12月在湖南省郴州市第一人民医院血管外科收治的8例肠系膜动脉瘤破裂出血患者的临床资料和随访情况。结果 8例患者行腹部CTA或腹部增强CT明确诊断为肠系膜动脉瘤破裂出血。患者均行急诊手术治疗,其中6例行腹腔动脉造影+栓塞术;1例因腔内治疗失败后选择行开放手术;1例首选开放手术。8例患者均抢救成功,3例患者腔内治疗术后出现腹痛腹胀,药物保守治疗好转;1例患者开放手术术后出现创伤性胰腺炎,予以药物治疗治愈。所有患者住院期间均无再出血、肠缺血、肠坏死等并发症与再次手术。8例患者均随访12个月,患者正常饮食后无腹痛腹胀不适,无再次出血;复查腹部增强CT或CTA提示动脉瘤栓塞良好,血肿明显吸收。结论 临床医生要提高对肠系膜动脉瘤破裂出血疾病的认识和警惕,及时做出正确诊断。手术治疗方案可分为开放手术和腔内治疗,均安全和有效,术前应根据患者病情、瘤体位置和形态决定具体手术方案。     

Collective experience with hybrid procedures for suprarenal and thoracoabdominal aneurysms

Not every patient is fit for open thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair, nor is every TAAA or juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm suitable for branched or fenestrated endovascular exclusion. The hybrid procedure consists of debranching of the renal and visceral arteries followed by endovascular exclusion of the aneurysm and might be an alternative in these patients. Between May 2004 and March 2006, 16 patients were treated with a hybrid procedure. The indications were recurrent suprarenal or thoracoabdominal aneurysms after previous abdominal and/or thoracic aortic surgery (n = 8), type I to III TAAAs (n = 3), proximal type I endoleak after endovascular repair (n = 2), penetrating ulcer of the juxtarenal aorta (n = 1), visceral patch aneurysm after type IV open repair (n = 1), and primary suprarenal aneurysm (n = 1). Eight (50%) of 16 patients were judged to be unfit for open TAAA repair. The hospital mortality rate was 31% (5 of 16). Four of five deceased patients were unfit for thoracophrenic laparotomy. Two patients died from cardiac complications and three from visceral ischemia. No spinal cord ischemia was detected, and temporary renal failure occurred in four patients (25%). The mean follow-up was 13 months (range 6-28 months). During follow-up, no additional grafts occluded and no patients died. Hybrid procedures are technically feasible but have substantial mortality (31%), especially in patients unfit for open repair (80%). They might be indicated when urgent TAAA surgery is required or when vascular anatomy is unfavorable for fenestrated endografts in patients with extensive previous open aortic surgery.     

The value of late computed tomographic scanning in identification of vascular abnormalities after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of late arterial abnormalities after aortic aneurysm repair and thus to suggest a routine for postoperative radiologic follow-up examination and to establish reference criteria for endovascular repair. METHODS: Computed tomographic (CT) scan follow-up examination was obtained at 8 to 9 years after abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair on a cohort of patients enrolled in the Canadian Aneurysm Study. The original registry consisted of 680 patients who underwent repair of nonruptured AAA. When the request for CT scan follow-up examination was sent in 1994, 251 patients were alive and potentially available for CT scan follow-up examination and 94 patients agreed to undergo abdominal and thoracic CT scanning procedures. Each scan was interpreted independently by two vascular radiologists. RESULTS: For analysis, the aorta was divided into five defined segments and an aneurysm was defined as a more than 50% enlargement from the expected normal value as defined in the reporting standards for aneurysms. With this strict definition, 64.9% of patients had aneurysmal dilatation and the abnormality was considered as a possible indication for surgical repair in 13.8%. Of the 39 patients who underwent initial repair with a tube graft, 12 (30.8%) were found to have an iliac aneurysm and six of these aneurysms (15.4%) were of possible surgical significance. Graft dilatation was observed from the time of operation (median graft size of 18 mm) to a median size of 22 mm as measured by means of CT scanning at follow-up examination. Fluid or thrombus was seen around the graft in 28% of the cases, and bowel was believed to be intimately associated with the graft in 7%. CONCLUSION: Late follow-up CT scans after AAA repair often show vascular abnormalities. Most of these abnormalities are not clinically significant, but, in 13.8% of patients, the thoracic or abdominal aortic segment was aneurysmal and, in 15.4% of patients who underwent tube graft placement, one of the iliac arteries was significantly abnormal to warrant consideration for surgical repair. On the basis of these findings, a routine CT follow-up examination after 5 years is recommended. This study provides a population-based study for comparison with the results of endovascular repair.     

Surgical treatment of aneurysms of unpaired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta

Aneurysms of unpaired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta are rare diseases but they are dangerous for life. Russian Research Center of Surgery RAMS has an experience of diagnosis and surgical treatment of 23 patients with aneurysms of the celiac trunk (2), superior mesenteric artery (4), inferior mesenteric artery (1), hepatic artery (4), splenic artery (7), gastroduodenal artery (2), inferior pancreatoduodenal artery (1), multiple aneurysms of celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery (2). 21 of 23 patients were operated. 20 patients were discharged with complete recovery. 1 (4.8%) patient died due to gastroduodenal bleeding 4 months after surgery. The results show that patients with aneurysms of unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta require surgical treatment.     

Early and mid-term results of endovascular stent grafting for aortic aneurysms]

Early and mid-term clinical results of 28 cases of endovascular stent grafting for descending thoracic aortic aneurysms and 11 cases of abdominal aortic aneurysms are reported. Early clinical results: Among 28 patients (7 true thoracic aortic aneurysms, 3 pseudothoracic aortic aneurysms and 8 acute, 4 subacute, and 6 chronic aortic dissections), two patients (7.1%) with ruptured acute aortic dissection or ruptured infected pseudoaneurysm died in the perioperative period. Two of the remaining 26 patients experienced minor complications. Aneurysmal sacs or false lumens at the descending thoracic aorta were completely thrombosed in the 26 patients. One patient (9.1%) with a ruptured abdominal aneurysm died, and one of the remaining 10 patients had renal and peripheral emboli and peripheral vascular trauma. Inadvertent covering of the renal arteries occurred in another patient. Unless one patient had persistent endoleak, aneurysmal sacs in the 10 surviving patients were thrombosed. Mid-term clinical results: One aortic dissection at a different section of the descending aorta occurred 6 months after stent grafting for aortic dissection, and one patient died of pneumonia 3 months after stent grafting for an abdominal aortic aneurysm. CT scanning 6 months after stent grafting revealed a decrease in maximal aneurysmal size in 3 of 9 patients with true or pseudothoracic aneurysms and in 2 of 5 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. Five of 9 patients with stent grafting for acute or subacute dissection showed elimination of the false lumen in the descending thoracic aorta in a CT scan 6 months after grafting. One patient with a true thoracic aneurysm and one patient with an abdominal aortic aneurysm showed an increase in aneurysmal size in a CT scan 2 years and one year after treatment, respectively.     

脾动脉瘤的临床特征与腔内治疗：附30例报告

背景与目的:脾动脉瘤(SAA)是一类少见、具有潜在致命破裂风险的内脏动脉瘤疾病。SAA的传统手术方式为开腹切除动脉瘤及脾脏。近年来,随着介入技术和材料的发展,SAA的腔内治疗越来越普及。相比于开放手术,腔内治疗具有微创、简便、术后快速康复的优势。本文探讨SAA腔内治疗的有效性和安全性。方法:回顾性分析2012年1月—2019年12月在中南大学湘雅医院血管外科治疗的30例SAA患者资料,并介绍了我科治疗SAA的3种介入手术方式。结果:患者30例均行腹部CTA明确SAA诊断,其中近脾门型17例,中间型9例,远脾门型4例;囊状动脉瘤19例,梭形动脉瘤11例。30例均采取腔内治疗方法,其中21例行SAA栓塞术,6例行脾动脉支架置入术,3例行脾动脉裸支架置入+栓塞术。患者术后平均住院时间4 d,平均住院费用5万元,术后发生腹痛、呕吐、发热等症状10例,症状均在3 d以内缓解,无后遗症发生。发生穿刺点出血1例,保守治疗好转后出院。住院期间无急性脾梗死发生,没有发生需再次手术的并发症。22例患者术后随访3～6个月,CT复查示动脉瘤完全血栓化,未见造影剂进入;出现无症状局灶性脾梗死5例。结论:介入腔内手术可在保留脾脏的情况下治疗SAA,治疗效果确切,且创伤小,术后恢复快,并发症发生概率低,住院时间短,费用相比开放手术无明显增加。腔内治疗可作为绝大部分SAA的首选治疗,具体手术方式需根据术前CTA显示的SAA形态及位置来决定。     

A Ruptured Pancreaticoduodenal Artery Aneurysm Repaired by Combined Endovascular and Open Techniques

Aneurysms of the pancreaticoduodenal arteries (PDA) are rare, accounting for <2% of all visceral aneurysms. An association with celiac artery stenosis has been reported. Many present with rupture, and a high mortality can be expected. Treatment is therefore challenging. Arterial ligation, anuerysmectomy, or bypass has been the mainstay of treatment. We recently treated a patient (who had no celiac axis) with a ruptured PDA aneurysm with combined open and endovascular techniques. A 46-year-old man was transferred to our hospital with a 1-day history of abdominal pain and syncope. On admission, an abdominal and pelvis computerized tomographic (CT) scan identified a large mesenteric hematoma, a 1.9 cm PDA aneurysm, and an occluded celiac axis. Mesenteric angiography revealed no active aneurysm leak and a stenotic superior mesenteric artery (SMA) origin. All hepatic blood flow originated from the stenotic SMA via markedly enlarged PDA collaterals. The patient was brought to the operating room, where absence of the celiac axis was confirmed. An aorto-to-proper hepatic and SMA bypass was performed using a bifurcated polyester graft. The next day, the patient was brought to the angiography suite, where the PDA aneurysm was coiled. Postprocedure CT scans confirmed thrombosis of the aneurysm. Ruptured mesenteric artery aneurysms are a challenging problem for the vascular surgeon. PDA aneurysms are rare and often occur in an unfavorable location. There appears to be an association with anatomic anomalies of the mesenteric circulation. Prompt invasive and noninvasive diagnostic studies aid in the definitive management of this often fatal problem. Combined endovascular and open techniques can be used for successful treatment.     

Laparoscopic inferior mesenteric artery ligation: an alternative for the treatment of type II endoleaks

One of the complications of endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm is endoleak from a patent inferior mesenteric artery (IMA). Between 1995 and 2002, of 213 patients who had endografts placed for abdominal aortic aneurysm, 4 (1.8%) had enlarging aneurysms from type II endoleaks involving a patent IMA and underwent a secondary procedure. Two patients had endovascular embolizations through the superior mesenteric artery, and two patients underwent laparoscopic inferior mesenteric artery ligation. In the laparoscopic group, operative time was 85 minutes (range, 35-136 minutes). One laparoscopic procedure had to be redone due to a missed IMA branch. Length of stay was 0 and 3 days. At mean followup at 16 months (range, 2-42 months), all patients had had successful resolution of endoleaks. Laparoscopic ligation is a minimally invasive treatment for IMA-mediated type II endoleaks.