骨肉瘤组织中XIAP mRNA、Caspase-9 mRNA的表达变化及意义

目的观察X染色体连锁凋亡抑制蛋白（XiAP）mRNA和Caspase-9 mRNA在骨肉瘤中的表达变化及其与骨肉瘤临床病理指标的联系。方法采用原位杂交技术检测51例骨肉瘤组织中XIAP mRNA和Caspase-9 mRNA,并以10例骨软骨瘤（骨良性病变）组织为对照（对照组）。结果在51例骨肉瘤中XIAPmRNA和Caspase-9 mRNA的表达水平与骨肉瘤的临床病理特征无明显关系,XIAP mRNA的阳性表达率显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）;Caspase-9 mRNA则显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）;XIAP mRNA与Caspase-9 mRNA的表达呈等级负相关（r=-0．467,P〈0．05）。结论XIAP、Caspase-9 mRNA可能与骨肉瘤的发生、发展有关。以XIAP和Caspase-9为靶点进行诱导骨肉瘤细胞凋亡的治疗,将可能成为临床提高保肢手术成功率及患者生活质量的新治疗思路。     

凋亡抑制蛋白Livin在食管癌中的表达及意义

目的探讨凋亡抑制蛋白Livin在食管癌中的表达及意义。方法采用免疫组织化学sP法检测30例经病理证实的食管癌患者的癌组织标本及其相应癌旁≥6cm的正常食管组织标本中Livin蛋白表达情况。结果癌组织中Livin蛋白表达阳性率（66．67％）高于癌旁正常组织（43．33％）,P=0．004。Livin蛋白表达与食管癌的发生部位、组织分化程度相关,与性别、年龄无相关关系。结论Livin蛋白与食管癌的发生、发展密切相关。     

CD44s、CD44v6、CD44v9在骨肉瘤、骨巨细胞瘤及骨软骨瘤标本的表达及临床意义

目的探究变异体CD44s、CD44v6及CD44v9与骨肉瘤分化、转移及恶性程度的关系。方法通过q PCR技术检测10例骨肉瘤、8例骨巨细胞瘤、5例骨软骨瘤标本中变异体CD44s、CD44v6及CD44v9的表达水平,应用统计学方法进行数据处理,同时结合患者临床资料和病理资料进行相关性分析。结果(1)CD44s、CD44v6在骨肉瘤和骨巨细胞瘤中的表达明显高于骨软骨瘤(均P0.05),但在骨肉瘤和骨巨细胞瘤之间的表达无显著差异(均P0.05)。(2)CD44v9在骨软骨瘤中无表达,在骨肉瘤和骨巨细胞瘤之间的表达无显著差异(P0.05)。(2)CD44v9在低分化骨肉瘤表达高于高分化骨肉瘤(P0.05),在转移性骨肉瘤表达高于非转移性骨肉瘤(P0.05),而CD44s和CD44v6与骨肉瘤分化和转移无显著相关性(P0.05)。结论 CD44s、CD44v6及CD44v9在不同骨肿瘤之间表达有差异。CD44s、CD44v6及CD44v9三者当中只有CD44v9的表达与骨肉瘤的分化和转移有相关性,并且分化和转移关系密切。CD44v9可作为判断骨肉瘤恶性程度的一个指标。     

骨肉瘤组织中N-cadherin、Ezrin蛋白测定及临床意义

目的探讨N-钙黏附素（N-cadherin）、埃兹蛋白（Ezrin）表达在骨肉瘤发生中的作用及与预后的相关性。方法采用免疫组化法检测54例骨肉瘤、11例骨样骨瘤、7例骨母细胞瘤及8例反应性新生骨组织中N-cadherin和Ezrin表达情况,分析两指标间及与骨肉瘤临床病理参数的关系。结果骨肉瘤、骨样骨瘤、骨母细胞瘤、反应性新生骨组织N-cadherin阳性表达率分别为35.19%、63.64%、71.43%、75.00%,Ezrin阳性表达率分别为57.41%、9.09%、14.29%、0.00%,骨肉瘤N-cadherin阳性表达率低于其余三种组织、Ezrin阳性表达率高于其余三种组织,P均〈0.05。二者的表达与骨肉瘤肺转移及2 a内死亡相关,二者表达呈负相关。结论N-cadherin和Ezrin蛋白在骨肉瘤中的表达与转移及预后密切相关。     

Livin和Caspase-3在结直肠癌组织中的表达及其相关性

目的确定Livin蛋白和Caspase-3蛋白在结直肠癌组织细胞中的定位,并分析其与临床病理特征的相关性。方法应用免疫组化技术检测Livin蛋白和Caspase-3蛋白。结果结直肠癌组织Livin高表达,同时Caspase-3低表达;正常大肠组织及结肠腺瘤息肉中无Livin表达,而Caspase-3高表达。Livin蛋白定位于细胞质中;Caspase-3蛋白绝大多数定位于细胞质,极少数定位于细胞核中。结论 Livin基因激活与结直肠癌发生、发展相关,促凋亡基因Caspase-3与凋亡抑制基因Livin共同调节参与了结直肠癌的发病机制。Livin蛋白的表达与结直肠癌分化程度明显相关,分化越低,表达越高;与结直肠癌的临床分期、淋巴转移无关。     

Survivin、MMP-2、p53蛋白在骨肉瘤中的表达及临床意义

目的探讨存活素（Survivin）、基质金属蛋白酶（MMP）-2、肿瘤抑制基因p53蛋白在骨肉瘤发生、发展中的作用。方法选择手术切除的骨肉瘤标本38份（观察组）,另选同期骨软骨瘤标本10份（对照组）,采用免疫组化SP法检测其Survivin、MMP-2、p53蛋白表达情况,采用Spearman等级相关分析法分析三指标间及与骨肉瘤病理特征的关系。结果观察组及对照组Survivin阳性表达率分别为63.15%、0%,P〈0.01;MMP-2阳性表达率分别为78.9%、10.0%,P〈0.01;p53阳性表达率分别为52.6%、10.0%,P〈0.05。Survivin的表达与骨肉瘤病理分级、肺转移相关,MMP-2的表达与骨肉瘤肺转移相关;Survivin与MMP-2表达呈正相关,与p53表达亦呈正相关。结论Survivin、MMP-2、p53蛋白异常表达在骨肉瘤发生、发展中起重要作用。     

膀胱癌组织中Livin的表达变化及意义

目的观察膀胱癌组织中凋亡抑制蛋白Livin的表达,并探讨其意义。方法采用免疫组化SP法检测69例膀胱癌组织及10例正常膀胱黏膜组织中Livln,分析其与膀胱癌临床病理指标的关系。结果Livin在膀胱癌组织中的阳性表达率为65％（45／69）,在正常膀胱黏膜组织中不表达;Livin表达与膀胱癌病理分级、临床分期及病灶数量无关（P〉0．05）,与肿瘤的复发有关（P〈0．05）。结论膀胱癌组织中Livin呈高表达,其可作为膀胱癌诊断及预后判断的一项重要指标。     

骨肉瘤组织中Ezrin、CD44 V6的表达及意义

目的探讨埃兹蛋白（Ezrin）、CD44V6在骨肉瘤、骨软骨瘤织中表达的差异性、相关性及临床意义。方法用免疫组化SP方法检测36例骨肉瘤及20例骨软骨瘤中的Ezrin、CD44V6。结果骨肉瘤组织中Ezrin、CD44V6的阳性率分别为55.56%和72.22%,显著高于对照组的（P均〈0.01）。骨肉瘤中Ezrin和CD44V6的表达呈正相关（r=0.444,P〈0.05）。Ezrin的表达与骨肉瘤患者的3 a无转移生存期有关。结论Ezrin、CD44V6可能参与了骨肉瘤的浸润、转移等进程。联合检测上述两指标可早期预测骨肉瘤的转移风险和预后。     

骨肉瘤组织中COX-2、Fas的表达及其临床价值

目的研究环氧合酶-2(COX-2)、F as在骨肉瘤中的表达,探讨其在骨肉瘤发生、发展中的作用。方法应用免疫组化SP法检测38例骨肉瘤组织、20例骨软骨瘤组织中COX-2和F as的表达。结果骨肉瘤组织中COX-2呈阳性表达,表达率(57.9%),明显高于骨软骨瘤组织的表达率(25.0%),P<0.05。骨肉瘤组织的F as阳性表达率(21.1%)与骨软骨瘤(45.0%)有显著差异,P<0.01。COX-2表达上调、F as表达下调与骨肉瘤的临床分期密切相关,COX-2的表达与F as的表达密切相关。结论在骨肉瘤组织中COX-2和F as的表达异常,可能对骨肉瘤的发生、发展起有重要作用。     

Livin和Smac蛋白在胰腺癌中的表达及其意义

目的 探讨凋亡抑制蛋白Livin和促凋亡蛋白Smac在胰腺癌组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法 利用免疫组化SP法检测46例胰腺癌、15例胰岛素瘤和14例正常胰腺组织中Livin和Smac的表达,分析其与胰腺癌临床病理特征的关系。结果 胰腺癌、胰岛素瘤和正常胰腺组织Livin蛋白表达率分别为73.9％ (34/46)、73.3％ (11/15)和14.3％ (2/14)。胰腺癌、胰岛素瘤均高表达,两者间差异无统计学意义,但均显著高于正常胰腺组织(P值均＜0.05)。Livin蛋白的表达与胰腺癌淋巴结转移、组织病理分级及临床分期有关(P＜0.05或＜0.01)。胰腺癌、胰岛素瘤和正常胰腺组织Smac蛋白表达率分别为39.1％ (18/46)、100％( 15/15)和92.9％ (13/14)。正常胰腺和胰岛素瘤组织均高表达,两者间差异无统计学意义,但均显著高于胰腺癌组织(P值均＜0.05)。Smac蛋白的表达与胰腺癌淋巴结转移、组织病理分级、临床分期及患者年龄有关(P ＜0.05或＜0.01)。结论 Livin可能在胰腺癌的发生、发展中起重要促进作用,而Smac在防止胰腺癌的发生、发展中起一定的作用。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.