后腹腔镜小儿肾肿瘤切除对种血流动力学和血气的影响

目的探讨后腹腔镜下小儿肾肿瘤切除术麻醉期间对血流动力学和血气的影响。方法选择2~8岁肾肿瘤(肿瘤直径<5 cm)的患儿26例,随机均分为后腹腔镜组(Ⅰ组)和腹腔镜组(Ⅱ组)。术中监测气腹前15 min,气腹后15、30 min和放气后15 min的HR、MAP、CVP、SpO2、PETCO2、动脉氧分压(PaO2)、动脉二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、pH的变化。结果与气腹前15 min比较,气腹后15、30 minⅠ组患儿HR、MAP差异无统计学意义;CVP、PETCO2、PaCO2明显升高,pH值明显下降(P<0.05);气腹后153、0 minⅡ组患儿HR增快;MAP、CVP、PETCO2、PaCO2均明显升高、pH值明显下降(P<0.05);气腹后15、30 minⅡ组PETCO2明显高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);围术期PaO2均无明显变化。放气后15 min,上述指标又迅速恢复至气腹前水平。结论采用后腹腔镜小儿肾肿瘤切除术安全可行。后腹腔镜相对于腹腔镜手术对血流动力学的影响小、出血少、康复快、住院时间短,但术中仍需加强监测和管理。     

后腹腔镜和腹腔镜手术二氧化碳气腹对患者二氧化碳吸收的影响

目的 比较后腹腔镜和腹腔镜手术CO2气腹对患者CO2吸收的影响.方法 择期泌尿外科行后腹腔镜手术(R组)以及普外科和妇产科行腹腔镜手术(T组)患者各20例,分别于全麻机械通气后气腹前(T0)、气腹后30 min(T1)、60 min(T2)、90 min(T3)和放气后10 min(T4)、清醒气管导管拔除(T5)记录MAP、HR、PETCO2、气道峰压(Ppeak),并行血气分析,计算CO2排出量(VCO2)、动脉血-呼气末CO2差值(PaCO2-PETCO2).结果 两组气腹后各时点Ppeak、PaCO2、PETCO2、PaCO2-PETCO2和VCO2均较气腹前显著增高,并随着气腹时间的延长而持续缓慢增高(P<0.01).与T组比较,R组气腹后PETCO2、PaCO2、VCO2的增加更加明显.结论 与腹腔镜手术相比,后腹腔镜手术气腹期间CO2吸收更显著;PETCO2和血气监测在后腹腔镜手术应列为常规.     

免气腹与气腹腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床对比分析

目的:探讨免气腹腹腔镜胆囊切除术(gasless laparoscopic cholecystectomy,GLLC)的应用、优点及可行性。方法:选取2009年3月至2012年6月60例GLLC(免气腹组)及60例气腹腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC,气腹组)患者进行回顾性对比分析,对比两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后肠道功能恢复时间、住院时间、术前与术后血气分析、术后并发症等指标。结果:两组均成功完成手术,无一例中转开腹,切口均甲级愈合。两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、肛门排气时间、住院时间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术前DBP、PaO2、PaCO2、SpO2、PETCO2、pH两组相比差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),术前SBP、MAP两组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者术后PaCO2、SpO2、pH值差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),DBP、SBP、MAP、PaO2、PETCO2差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:免气腹腹腔镜手术具有安全、微创、术后康复快等优点,无CO2气腹相关并发症发生,对人体血流动力影响小,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

气腹对动脉血-呼气末二氧化碳分压差的影响

目的 观察腹腔镜手术时气腹对动脉血-呼气末二氧化碳分压差(Pa-ET CO2)的影响.方法 择期行腹腔镜妇科手术患者45例,术中采用压力控制通气模式,RR 14次/分,Paw 16cm H2O.采集桡动脉血测定PaCO2,同时记录PETCO2,计算Pa-E-T CO2和Pa-ET CO2/PaCO2.结果 在气腹前和气腹后30、60 min,Pa-ET CO2和Pa-ETCO2/PaCO2变化差异无统计学意义.气腹后30、60min患者PaCO2和PET CO2明显高于气腹前和气腹后30、60 min(P＜0.05).在气腹终止后5min,Pa-ET CO2和PaT CO2/PaCO2明显高于气腹前和气腹后30、60min(P＜0.05).结论 气腹终止后不能用PETCO2来预测PaCO2.     

腹膜后腔镜手术二氧化碳气腹并发皮下气肿临床观察

目的 探讨腹膜后腔镜手术中二氧化碳气腹并发皮下气肿对患者血流动力学、血气及麻醉苏醒的影响.方法 回顾分析87例择期行腹膜后腔镜肾癌根治手术患者,依据皮下气肿严重程度把患者分为3组:无皮下气肿患者组(A组,66例)、1级和2级的轻度皮下气肿患者组(B组,15例)、3级的重度皮下气肿患者组(C组,6例).B组和C组发生皮下气肿后行过度通气.分别于气腹前(T0)、气腹后30 min(T1)、气腹后60 min(T2)、气腹后90 min(T3)及手术结束时(T4)、拔管时、拔管后30 min监测患者血气、呼气末二氧化碳分压(end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure,PETO2)、心率(heart rate,HR)、平均动脉压(mean artery pressure,MAP),同时观察麻醉苏醒情况.结果 C组在T2～T4时间点的动脉血二氧化碳分压(partial pressureof carbon dioxide in artery,PaCO2)、PETCO2、HR、MAP值均显著高于A组(P＜0.05),pH值均显著低于A组(P＜0.05).C组患者术后呼唤睁眼时间[(16±6) min]显著长于A组[(11±3) min](P＜0.05),定向力恢复时间[(30±7) min]显著长于A组[(23±6) min](P＜0.05).C组拔管时PaCO2[(52±7) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)]显著高于A组[(45±4) mmHg](P＜0.05),拔管后30 min的PaCO2[(48±7)mmHg]显著高于A组[(39±4) mmHg(P＜0.05)].结论 后腹腔镜手术并发重度皮下气肿导致患者高碳酸血症,患者血压升高、HR加快,苏醒时间延长.     

腹腔镜与后腹腔镜CO2气腹对患者血流动力学及血气的影响

【摘要】目的 探讨经腹腔和经腹膜后腔入路手术CO2气腹对患者血流动力学及血气的影响。 方法 选择经腹腔和经腹膜后腔入路手术患者各50例,监测气腹前、气腹后30min、60min和气腹结束后30min血流动力学和动脉血气的变化。 结果 两组患者组内气腹后30min、60min患者心率(HR)、平均动脉压（MAP）、中心静脉压（CVP）均较气腹前有显著性差异（P<0.05）。组间比较无差异（P>0.05）。两组患者组内气腹后30、60min患者动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）较气腹前明显增加,pH明显下降（P<0.05）。组间比较腹膜后腔组变化更明显（P<0.05）。结论 经腹膜后腔入路手术CO2气腹对患者血流动力学和动脉血气的影响更大,术中需加强呼吸管理和内环境监测。     

呼末二氧化碳分压监测在后腹腔镜手术中的作用

目的 探讨呼末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2)监测在后腹腔镜手术中的作用.方法 回顾分析72例择期行后腹腔镜手术的患者,依据PaCO2监测结果将患者分为两组,A组:各监测时点PaCO2＜60 mmHg;B组:气腹后至少有一个时间点PaCO2＞60 mmHg.分别于气腹前(T1)、气腹后30 min(T2)、60 min (T3)、90 min (T4)时记录各时间点的PaCO2、PETCO2,根据PETCO2及PaCO2计算每个时间点的Pa-ETCO2.结果 两组间比较:T1、T2时间点B组患者的PaCO2、PETCO2、Pa-ETCO2较A组无统计学差异(P＞0.05),T3、T4时间点B组患者的三项监测指标较A组有统计学差异(P＜0.05).两组组内比较:A组,T2-4与T1相比较,PaCO2、PETCO2、Pa-ETCO2均有统计学差异(P＜0.05),T3与T2、T4与T3、T4与T2比较三项监测指标均无统计学差异(P＞0.05):B组,T2-4与T1相比较,PaCO2、PETCO2、Pa-ETCO2均有统计学差异(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),随着气腹时间的延长,PaCO2、PETCO2两项监测指标均逐渐升高,T3与T2、T4与T3、T4与T2比较PaCO2有统计学差异(P＜0.05),PETCO2 T4与T2比较有统计学差异(P＜0.05).结论 后腹腔镜手术气腹后患者的PaCO2、PETCO2、Pa-ETCO2均会升高,尤其是体重指数＞30 kg/m2、术前肺功能检查轻至中度阻塞性通气障碍、术中发生皮下气肿的患者,PaCO2、PETCO2随时间的延长而呈进行性升高,单靠PETCO2监测不能完全满足对患者的监测需要,术中应该辅以动脉血气分析监测PaCO2.     

二氧化碳气腹对小儿呼吸和循环的影响

目的:探讨小儿腹腔镜手术时二氧化碳气腹对其呼吸和循环的影响.方法:选择小儿腹腔镜手术的患儿分成婴儿组(A组)和幼儿组(B组),选择开腹手术患儿作为对照组(C组),连续监测记录围手术期心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SpO2)、血压(SBP/DBP)、血气分析结果(pH、PaCO2、PaO2、SpO2).结果:A组、B组气腹后20min SBP/DBP、PaCO2 明显高于气腹前,(P＜0.05),气腹后60min pH值明显高于气腹前(P＜0.05).A组气腹后20min与C组插管后45min相比SBP/DBP、PaCO2、pH值差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:二氧化碳气腹对婴幼儿的呼吸和循环系统均有不同程度的影响.     

后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术的麻醉管理

目的探讨后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术全身麻醉对呼吸、循环的影响。方法回顾性分析2002年3月~2005年1月36例后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术全身麻醉的临床资料。结果36例手术均获成功,无严重并发症。PETCO2和PaCO2在气腹后1 h明显增高,分别从气腹前(31.3±4.6)mm Hg和(34.6±6.5)mm Hg上升至(39.4±6.4)mm Hg和(41.4±7.5)mm Hg(q=7.923,P<0.05;q=5.975,P<0.05)。气腹前后SPO2无显著变化(F=0.34,P=0.798)。HR、SBP、DBP、MAP在气腹后0.5、1 h均明显增高,与麻醉后气腹前比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论全身麻醉下行后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术,后腹膜对呼吸、循环有一定的影响,通过调节通气量和呼吸频率可维持呼吸、循环的稳定。     

腰-硬联合阻滞复合浅全麻在妇科腹腔镜手术的临床应用研究

目的:探讨腰-硬联合阻滞(combined spinal epidural anesthesia,CSEA)技术辅以静脉浅全麻在妇科腹腔镜手术中的临床麻醉效果及安全性。方法:在腰-硬联合阻滞后分别予以力月西、杜氟合剂、异丙酚辅助麻醉施行腹腔镜妇科手术;回顾分析269例妇科腹腔镜手术的临床麻醉数据,进行统计分析,分析其麻醉效果、副作用。结果:术中麻醉效果良好,镇静充分,DBP、SBP、HR指标在CSEA后10min内有变化但平稳(P>0.05),均在正常范围;CO2气腹后10min与气腹前比较,HR增快,有统计学意义(P<0.05),RR加快、PETCO2升高,有统计学意义(P<0.01),两者变化最为显著,但仍可维持在正常范围,而SpO2变化幅度不显著(P>0.05),在气腹30min后,各项指标均有所改善,排气后10min各项指标与气腹前比较无统计学意义(P>0.05),269例患者均顺利完成妇科腹腔镜手术,无一例发生麻醉并发症及意外。结论:在妇科腹腔镜手术中,应用腰-硬联合阻滞辅以静脉浅全麻,在强化麻醉管理、充分吸氧的前提下能很好的控制血流动力学和呼吸功能的变化而维持正常的生命体征,麻醉效果良好,可在选择适应证的前提下推广应用。     

老年患者腹腔镜直肠癌术后硬膜外麻醉与静脉自控镇痛的效果及对血气的影响

目的：观察老年患者腹腔镜直肠癌术后甲磺酸罗哌卡因、芬太尼硬膜外自控镇痛（patient controlled epidural analgesia,PCEA）与芬太尼、氟哌利多静脉自控镇痛（patient controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA）的临床效果及对血气的影响。方法：随机将52例65岁以上ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级择期直肠癌根治术患者分成两组,每组26例,PCEA选用0．238％甲磺酸罗哌卡因加0．0002％芬太尼硬膜外镇痛,PCIA组选用0．001％芬太尼加0．005％氟哌利多静脉镇痛。观察镇痛效果、镇静程度、舒适评分、不良反应,持续监测平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、脉搏氧饱和度（SpO2）和呼气末二氧化碳分压（PETCO2）,分别于麻醉前,术后4、12、24h在患者不吸氧或停吸氧0．5h的情况下抽取动脉血,监测pH、PaCO2,并计算动脉血与呼气末CO2梯度（Pa-PETCO2）的变化。结果：两组患者视觉模拟评分（visual analoguescale,VAS）均较低,PCIA组高于PCEA组,但无明显差异（P〉0．05）,PCIA组Ramesay法（RSS）镇静评分显著高于PCEA（P〈0．05）布氏评分法（BCS）,舒适评分明显低于PCEA组（P〈0．05）,恶心、呕吐、皮肤搔痒等的发生率显著高于PCEA组（P〈0．05）,评估两组患者术后镇痛总体满意度,优秀者PCEA组明显多于PCIA组（P〈0．05）;术后较术前pH降低,PaCO2、PETCO2、Pa-PETCO2升高（P〈0．05）,术后各时点上述指标无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论：腹腔镜直肠癌手术后的老年患者,甲磺酸罗哌卡因硬膜外自控镇痛与芬太尼静脉自控镇痛均安全可行,镇痛效果满意,术后PaCO2、PETCO2、上升,pH下降,但不呈进行性的变化。综合总体镇痛质量,PCEA组优于PCIA组,但PCEA组镇痛需加强硬膜外导管的管理。     

Hemodynamic and respiratory effects of pediatric urological retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery: a prospective study

PURPOSE: Our understanding of the effects of retroperitoneal CO(2) insufflation on cardiopulmonary variables in children remains limited. This study was designed to investigate prospectively the effect of CO(2) insufflation in a pediatric population undergoing retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively evaluated a consecutive series of patients enrolled between July 2003 and August 2004. Anesthesia was administered following a standardized protocol. Data collection included respiratory rate, PAP, O(2) saturation, ETCO(2), HR, MAP, electrocardiogram and insufflation pressure. All variables were recorded before, during and after CO(2) insufflation at regular intervals of 1 to 2 minutes, with up to 23 measurements recorded for each period. RESULTS: A total of 18 participants were recruited. Mean +/- SD for age and weight were 79.4 +/- 53.2 months and 26.7 +/- 15.5 kg, respectively. Mean retroperitoneal CO(2) insufflation pressure was kept at 12 mm Hg. Significant differences (p <0.05) in average ETCO(2), PAP and MAP were noted after CO(2) insufflation compared to baseline (pre-pneumoretroperitoneum) values. HR and temperature did not change. At completion of the laparoscopic intervention physiological variables exhibited a trend to return to baseline values. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study documents significant changes in systemic hemodynamic variables that seem to be directly associated with the insufflation of CO(2) during pediatric retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery. This ongoing evaluation confirms the effect of laparoscopic urological surgery and CO(2) insufflation on cardiopulmonary function in children.     

新生儿腹腔镜麻醉中呼吸循环功能的变化

目的：观察新生儿腹腔镜中，CO2气腹对呼吸循环系统功能的影响。方法：50例腹腔镜幽门环肌切开术的新生儿均行硬膜外麻醉辅以浅全麻，术中VT10ml/kg，调整呼吸频率使PETCO2在30－40mmHg范围内，注气前、气腹中、注气毕记录各时点的呼吸循环动力学指标。结果：气腹后，心率、MAP、PETCO2、最大吸气压（PIP）、PaCO2与注气前基础值相比均明显增高，pH值明显下降，SaO2值没有显著性变化。PETCO2在术毕10分钟内转为基础值。结论：新生儿气腹可引起呼吸循环功能的改变，使用硬膜外麻醉行腹腔镜幽门环肌切开术安全可行。     

后腹腔镜CO2气腹对全麻患者血流动力学及血气的影响

目的 :探讨后腹腔镜手术CO2 气腹对全麻患者血流动力学及动脉血气的影响。方法 :选择后腹腔镜下行肾及肾上腺手术患者 2 0例 ,监测气腹前、气腹后 30、6 0min和放气后 30min血流动力学指标和动脉血气的变化。结果 :气腹后 30、6 0min患者平均肺动脉压 (mPAP)、肺小动脉楔压 (PAWP)和中心静脉压(CVP)均较气腹前显著增加。气腹前后心率、平均动脉压、心排指数 (CI)、体循环血管阻力指数 (SVRI)、肺血管阻力指数 (PVRI)和左心室收缩功能指数 (LVSWI)无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。气腹后PaCO2 较气腹前明显增加 ,pH明显下降 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :后腹腔镜CO2 气腹对全麻患者血流动力学和动脉血气有一定影响 ,术中需加强监测和管理。     

腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术中呼气末CO2分压的变化及意义

目的观察腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术中动脉血CO2分压（PaCO2）与呼气末CO2分压（PetCO2）差值Pa-ETCO2变化及其临床意义。方法腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术患者28例，于气管插管全身麻醉下完成手术，术中PETCO2维持在30～35mmHg左右，分别在麻醉后（T0），气腹第30min（T1），60min（T2），120min（T3），180min（T4）取桡动脉血行血气分析测PaCO2，据监测的PETCO2及血气分析获得的PaCO2，计算每个时间点的Pa-ETCO2。结果气腹后各时间点PaCO2，MBP，PPEAK，Pa-ETCO2明显增高（P〈0．05），人工气腹60min后，Pa-ETCO2发生显著变化（P〈0．01），部分患者出现CO2蓄积。气腹后PH值明显下降（P〈0．01）。结论腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术中人工气腹60min后PETCO2不能真实反映PaCO2，当PETCO2维持在30-35mmHg时应监测PaCO2避免发生高碳酸血症。     

The effects of low-pressure carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum on cerebral oxygenation and cerebral blood volume in children

We examined the effects of low-pressure carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum on regional cerebral oxygen saturation (ScO(2)) and cerebral blood volume (CBV) in children. Fifteen children, ASA I--III, scheduled for laparoscopic fundoplication, were investigated in the head-up position (10) and ventilated to a baseline end-tidal CO(2) (PETCO(2)) between 25 and 33 mm Hg. Ventilatory settings remained unchanged during the operation. ScO(2) and CBV were assessed with near-infrared spectroscopy and recorded together with end-tidal and arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO(2)) at 5 time points: before insufflation, 30, 60, and 90 min after the start of CO(2) insufflation, and 10 min after desufflation. The intraabdominal pressure was kept between 5 and 8 mm Hg. During insufflation, PETCO(2) increased from 30.0 plus minus 2.8 to 38.3 plus minus 5.1 mm Hg (P < 0.001) and PaCO(2) increased from 32.0 plus minus 4.7 to 40.4 plus minus 5.9 mm Hg (P < 0.001). ScO(2) increased by 15.7% plus minus 8.8% (from 61 plus minus 9 to 70 plus minus 9 arbitrary units ) (P < 0.001). CBV increased by 4.6% plus minus 8.8% (from 123 plus minus 66 to 128 plus minus 66 arbitrary units [P = 0.048]). After desufflation, PETCO(2) and PaCO(2) decreased, but did not return to preinsufflation values. ScO(2) and CBV also decreased after desufflation. In conclusion, hyperventilation and the head-up position before CO(2) insufflation are not sufficient to prevent the CO(2)-mediated cerebral hemodynamic effects of low-pressure pneumoperitoneum (5--8 mm Hg) in children. IMPLICATIONS: Peritoneal CO(2) absorption during laparoscopic surgery causes hypercapnia and CO(2)-mediated cerebral hemodynamic effects. Hyperventilation and the head-up position before CO(2) insufflation is not sufficient to counteract these effects of low-pressure pneumoperitoneum (5--8 mm Hg) in children.     

Physiologic effects of pneumoperitoneum in adults with sickle cell disease undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (A case control study)

BACKGROUND: Many studies have demonstrated the adverse consequences of pneumoperitoneum. However, few studies have examined the physiologic effects of pneumoperitoneum in adults with sickle cell disease (SCD) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). METHODS: 60 ASA 1-capital PE, Cyrillic capital PE, Cyrillic patients, with cholelithiasis, scheduled for elective LC were allocated into two equal groups: group 1, normal patients without SCD (control group), and group 2, patients with SCD. The perioperative parameters of 30 SCD patients matched by age and sex to the 30 members of the non-sickler control group who underwent cholecystectomy were assessed. Study parameters (in the two groups) included heart rate (HR) per minute, mean blood pressure (MAP, mmHg), PETCO(2), and O(2) saturation (SpO(2)) at the following intervals: before induction of anesthesia in the supine position (all except PETCO(2)), after anesthesia and before CO(2) insufflations in the supine position, 15, 30, 45, 60 min after CO(2) insufflations in the anti-Trendelenburg position, at the end of CO(2) exsufflation in the supine position and 5 min after the end of CO(2) exsufflation in the supine position. Arterial blood gases, to measure pH, PaCO(2), and PaO(2), were determined after induction of anesthesia and before CO(2) insufflation in the supine position, then 30 min after CO(2) insufflations in the anti-Trendelenburg position, and 5 min after the end of CO(2) exsufflation in the supine position. Statistical significance was established at the p < 0.05 level. RESULTS: Induction of anesthesia produced a significant increase in HR in both groups. CO(2) insufflations led to an additional increase in HR and persisted till abdominal deflation. After CO(2) insufflations, MAP significantly increased from the baseline at 15, 30, 45, and 60 min, and just before deflation in the anti-Trendelenburg position. CO(2) insufflations led to a significant increase in end-tidal CO(2) (ETCO(2)) in the study groups, reaching a maximum level just before abdominal deflation in the anti-Trendelenburg position. Regarding SpO(2) and PaO(2), there were insignificant changes in the two study groups throughout the procedure. In group 2, none of the patients experienced vaso-occlusive crises or other SCD- related complications. CONCLUSION: This study proved the safety of LC in patients with SCD and cholelithiasis, and that they can tolerate the physiological effects of pneumoperitoneum as non-SCD adults.     

Haemodynamic changes during low-pressure carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum in young children

BACKGROUND: Both mechanical and pharmacological effects may contribute to the haemodynamic consequences of carbon dioxide (CO2) pneumoperitoneum. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the haemodynamic effects of low-pressure pneumoperitoneum [intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) 5 mmHg] in young children (< 3 years). METHODS: Thirteen children, aged 6-36 months, ASA physical status I-III, who were scheduled for laparoscopic fundoplication for gastro-oesophageal reflux were investigated in the head-up position (10 degrees ). Noninvasive thoracic electrical bioimpedance cardiac index (CI), stroke volume index (SVI), heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) were recorded, together with PetCO2 and PaCO2 at five time points: before insufflation, 20, 35 and 70 min after start of CO2 insufflation and 12 min after desufflation. During insufflation, minute ventilation was not adjusted and the IAP was maintained at 5 mmHg. RESULTS: During insufflation, PetCO2 increased from 29 +/- 4 to 37 +/- 5 mmHg (P < 0.001) and PaCO2 increased from 31 +/- 4 to 39 +/- 5 mmHg (P < 0.01). CI increased from 2.39 +/- 0.86 to 2.92 +/- 0.94 l x min-1 x m2 (P < 0.01), HR increased from 108 +/- 10 to 126 +/- 22 b x min-1 (P < 0.01), MAP increased from 52 +/- 10 to 63 +/- 9 (P < 0.05) and PIP increased from 16 +/- 3 to 18 +/- 3 cm H2O (P < 0.001). There were no changes in SVI and arterial oxygen saturation. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that low-pressure CO2 pneumoperitoneum (with IAPs not exceeding 5 mmHg) for laparoscopic fundoplication in infants and children does not decrease their cardiac index.