四君子汤加味对小鼠抗缺氧作用的研究

目的观察四君子汤加味在不同缺氧状况下的抗缺氧作用。方法采用小鼠动物实验,观察四君子汤加味在常压缺氧情况下和高压缺氧情况下对小鼠存活时间的影响。实验分组采用实验动物随机分组法,统计分析采用SPSS16.0软件。结果 (1)四君子汤加味在常压缺氧情况下对小鼠存活时间的影响,根据统计结果可知四君子汤加味低剂量组和高剂量组均可显著延长常压缺氧情况下小鼠存活时间,和0.9%NaCl溶液对照组相比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);(2)四君子汤加味在高压缺氧情况下对小鼠存活率的影响,根据统计结果可知四君子汤加味低剂量组和高剂量组小鼠存活率分别为70.0%、85.0%,与0.9%NaCl溶液组比较,均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。这说明四君子汤加味不仅在常压缺氧情况下可明显延长小鼠存活时间,而且在高压缺氧情况下提高了小鼠的存活率。结论四君子汤加味明显提高缺氧条件下小鼠存活时间和存活率,具有明显的抗缺氧作用。     

五子衍宗丸对小鼠抗疲劳、耐缺氧作用的影响

目的:探讨五子衍宗丸的滋补强壮作用机理.方法:通过小鼠游泳实验、缺氧条件下生存时间实验,考察五子衍宗丸的抗疲劳、耐缺氧作用以及对于小鼠脾指数和胸腺指教的影响.结果:五子衍宗丸能显著延长小鼠游泳时间、增强耐缺氧时间,并能增强小鼠免疫功能.结论:五子衍宗丸具有抗疲劳、耐缺氧及免疫增强作用,是仍具开发潜力的保健中药.     

荭草苷对缺氧模型小鼠的抗缺氧作用研究

目的:研究荭草苷对缺氧模型小鼠的抗缺氧作用。方法:通过常压耐缺氧、亚硝酸钠中毒、氰化钾中毒、利多卡因中毒、夹闭气管及断头等建立小鼠缺氧模型,于造模前20min给予相应药物,观察药物的抗缺氧作用。结果:与生理盐水空白对照组比较,荭草苷可明显延长模型小鼠在常压缺氧、亚硝酸钠中毒、氰化钾中毒、利多卡因中毒时的存活时间,延长夹闭气管后的心电图消失时间及断头后的喘气时间。结论:荭草苷对缺氧模型小鼠具有抗缺氧作用。     

圣脑康丸与3种中药复方制剂耐缺氧作用比较研究

目的比较圣脑康丸与几种中药复方制剂对缺氧小鼠的保护作用。方法采用小鼠常压密闭缺氧、急性脑缺氧和亚硝酸钠(NaNO2)中毒缺氧实验,观察圣脑康丸与几种中药复方制剂(红景天胶囊,复方党参片,速效救心丸)对缺氧小鼠存活时间的影响。结果与几种中药复方制剂比较,圣脑康丸能显著延长小鼠常压密闭缺氧存活时间、急性脑缺氧存活时间及NaNO2中毒小鼠的存活时间。结论圣脑康丸具有显著的耐缺氧作用。     

葛藤与葛根抗炎、耐缺氧作用对比研究及其安全性评价

目的:与葛根对比,初步探讨葛藤抗炎、耐缺氧作用,并对葛藤的安全性进行评价,为葛藤的深入研究提供科学依据.方法:采用常压耐缺氧、低浓度醋酸致小鼠腹腔毛细管通透性增高实验法,考察葛藤耐缺氧及抗炎作用;测定小鼠经口给药的最大耐受量.结果:葛藤小鼠最大耐受量为200g·kg(-1),为葛藤成人每日最大用量的400倍.葛藤提取液对小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性有明显抑制作用,并显示剂量依赖性,葛藤提取液与葛根提取液各组间无显著性差异.葛藤与葛根各剂量组均能延长小鼠常压耐缺氧存活时间,葛藤各剂量组与葛根对比,作用较强.结论:葛藤毒性较小,在抗炎与耐缺氧方面与葛根作用近似.     

养血升白口服液催眠及抗应激作用研究

本文观察了养血升白口服液对动物催眠及抗应激反应的影响。结果表明，养血升白口服液具有良好的镇静、催眠及抗疲劳、抗常压耐缺氧、抗高温作用，各指导与阴性对照组比较均有显著意义。     

蛙血清去蛋白提取物抗缺氧作用的初步研究

目的 研究蛙血清去蛋白提取物对小鼠的抗缺氧作用.方法 通过建立小鼠常压缺氧模型、急性脑缺血性缺氧模型及亚硝酸钠中毒缺氧模型,以生理盐水为空白对照,盐酸普萘洛尔为阳性对照,观察蛙血清去蛋白提取物3个剂量组(10,30,90 mg/kg)对小鼠的抗缺氧作用.结果 蛙血清去蛋白提取物能显著延长模型小鼠在常压缺氧、急性脑缺血性缺氧及亚硝酸钠中毒缺氧时的存活时间.结论 蛙血清去蛋白提取物具有抗缺氧作用.     

常用补虚药水煎液对小鼠抗应激作用的比较研究

目的通过低温游泳、常压缺氧的实验方法,分别比较人参、党参、黄芪及枸杞子等常见补虚药水煎液对小鼠抗应激反应能力的影响。方法将50只小鼠随机分为人参水煎液组、党参水煎液组、黄芪水煎液组、枸杞子水煎液组和生理盐水组,每组10只,按照0.4mL/10g灌胃1h后,进行低温游泳及耐缺氧实验。结果人参、党参、黄芪及枸杞子等常见补虚药水煎液均能显著增强小鼠抗应激反应的能力;人参提高小鼠抗应激反应的作用显著优于黄芪和枸杞子,而在低温游泳实验中人参和党参的作用差异无统计学意义。结论补虚中药能显著提高小鼠抗应激反应,但不同补虚中药的作用是有显著差异的,临床使用补虚中药时,需要考虑补虚中药的合理运用。     

自制复方中药提取物对动物心肌梗死及耐缺氧的作用研究

目的 研究自制复方中药提取物对心肌梗死及耐缺氧的作用.方法 以小鼠、家兔为试验对象,给以银杏叶、人参、川芎、五味子提取物自制的复方中药,检测其对小鼠常压耐氧时间的影响,以及对家兔冠状动脉结扎致心肌梗死的影响.结果 常压耐缺氧条件下,以银杏叶、人参、川芎、五味子提取物制成的中成药能明显延长小鼠耐缺氧时间,并对家兔冠状动脉结扎所致心肌缺血有明显保护作用,使心肌梗死程度减轻,抑制急性心肌缺血所致ST段抬高.结论 该复方中药提取物能明显改善动物的心肌梗死及机体耐氧能力.     

玄归止痛滴丸对气血淤滞所致疼痛的药效学研究

目的:研究玄归止痛滴丸对气血淤滞所致疼痛的药效学。方法:取玄归止痛滴丸用新沸过的蒸馏水配置3个剂量组(相当于原生药0.25、0.5、1g.kg-1),灌胃给药,比较在活血、止痛、抗炎、常压耐缺氧功能及改善血淤模型的血液流变学指标方面,玄归止痛滴丸对模型动物的影响。结果:玄归止痛滴丸对模型小鼠有显著的镇痛、抗炎、抗凝血及常压下耐缺氧作用;玄归止痛滴丸对寒凝血淤证模型兔血液的黏、浓、凝、聚状态也有显著改善。结论:玄归止痛滴丸有显著的镇痛作用和一定的活血作用。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.