呼吸性粉尘浓度与总粉尘浓度的关系

不同粒径的粉尘粒子在呼吸器官中的归宿有很大差异。纤维状或不规则形的粉尘沿气流的轨迹前进,直至被截留,大于10μm的大粒子由于呼吸道内涡流、弯曲及分叉而产生的碰撞效应和粘着效应而被留住,小于5μm的尘粒可沉积于呼吸性细支气管壁和肺泡壁上。     

地质勘探行业呼吸性粉尘浓度与总粉尘浓度的关系

为探讨地质勘探行业呼吸性粉尘浓度与总粉尘浓度的关系,为利用历史总粉尘测定资料进行呼吸性粉尘浓度的估算提供参考依据,本文用３种采样器对地质勘探行为９个省（自治区）地质勘查局地勘接尘作业的呼吸性粉尘浓度与总粉尘浓度进行测定分析。结果表明,我国地质勘探行业接尘作业呼吸性粉尘浓度与总粉尘浓度的比值为１：４．６￣４．８。     

钨矿呼吸性粉尘浓度与总粉尘浓度关系的研究

钨矿呼吸性粉尘浓度与总粉尘浓度关系的研究张天园，葛春元，胡招娣，盛莉云，涂英娥，邓俊峰笔者采用ＬＷ─Ⅰ型呼吸性粉尘采样头［１］与ＦＣ─Ⅱ型总粉尘采样头（下分别简称ＬＷ─Ⅰ型采样头和ＦＣ─Ⅱ型采样头）平行测定江西３个钨矿的采场和平巷空气中总粉尘浓度和呼...     

呼吸性粉尘与总粉尘比值的测定结果分析

采用呼吸性粉尘与总粉尘同步对照采样的方法，探讨铸造行业呼吸性粉尘浓度和总粉尘深度的关系，结果表明，两者呈显著相关，Ｐ＜０．０１。呼吸性粉尘与总粉尘比值为１∶７．８，可为国家有关部门制定呼吸性粉尘浓度卫生标准提供参考。     

钢铁行业总粉尘与呼吸性粉尘浓度比值的研究

[目的]为探讨总粉尘与呼吸性粉尘浓度比值的关系。[方法]对某钢铁公司所属炼铁和采矿分公司的1504名接尘工人进行调查研究,通过进行矽肺病流行病学调查分析,把40年来的总粉尘浓度换算成呼吸性粉尘浓度。[结果]表明T/R比值在不同作业场所结果不一,配料和掘进两个工种呼吸性粉尘浓度较其他工种高,且患病率也高于其他工种。[结论]说明粉尘的生物学作用与呼吸性粉尘联系密切,进一步说明了呼吸性粉尘浓度比总粉尘浓度更能反映工人接尘的实际危害程度。     

陶瓷业总粉尘与呼吸性粉尘浓度比值的研究

近年来 ,国内外学者普遍认为作业场所呼吸性粉尘浓度远比总粉尘浓度更能客观反映工人接触粉尘的实际危害程度。许多国家相继采用了呼吸性粉尘浓度卫生标准[1] 。最近 ,我国颁布了 3个呼吸性粉尘卫生标准并已实施。为探讨总粉尘与呼吸性粉尘浓度比值的关系 ,我们对某陶瓷业历年来粉尘浓度及尘肺患病等资料进行综合分析 ,现报告如下。1　材料与方法1 1　资料来源　为某陶瓷业所辖八个分厂的劳动卫生学现场调查 ,历年来所测定的粉尘浓度 (重量法 )、游离ＳｉＯ2 含量 (焦磷酸法 )等资料 ,按年份、车间以几何均值表示。1 2　研究对象　以该公司 …     

某市企业矽尘总粉尘与呼吸性粉尘浓度关系分析

目的 了解矽尘总粉尘和呼吸性粉尘的危害程度及其相关关系,为确定粉尘治理、评价治理效果提供依据。 方法 对中山市存在矽尘危害企业的矽尘总粉尘和呼吸性粉尘浓度进行检测和分析。 结果 共采集矽尘总粉尘和呼吸性粉尘有效数据58对,总粉尘的超标率与呼吸性粉尘的超标率分别为77.5%和68.9%,两者比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.155,P>0.05)。总粉尘和呼尘浓度比值(T/R)范围1.15~21.58。某运动用品厂的总粉尘和呼吸性粉尘浓度存在线性相关关系,采用24对数据,得到线性方程为Y=0.175 X+0.654(r=0.816,P<0.05)。 结论 所调查企业粉尘危害不容忽视,总粉尘浓度反映的危害程度与呼吸性粉尘基本一致;但部分岗位总粉尘和呼吸性粉尘浓度差别较大,不能确定多行业总粉尘和呼吸性粉尘换算关系。应尽量排除各种因素的影响干扰,确定两者的关系,指导日常工作。     

电焊条生产性粉尘和电焊烟尘职业性肺损害研究现状

电焊条生产性粉尘和电焊烟尘职业性肺损害研究现状沈国安，曾秀诗综述四川省劳动卫生职业病防治研究所６１００４１电焊条由焊芯和药皮组成，药皮则由多种矿物粉尘混合的焊药制成，不同种类焊条的焊药成分各异。电焊烟尘是指电焊过程中产生的大量金属氧化物和烟尘，呈气熔...     

武钢作业场所呼吸性粉尘浓度水平分析

通过对耐火材料、焦化、烧结、炼铁、炼钢以及机械铸造等作业场所进行呼吸性粉尘和总粉尘平行测定分析,对武钢业场所呼吸性粉尘的危害程度作了了解,并探讨了呼吸性粉尘浓度与总粉尘浓度之间的关系。结果表明,呼吸性粉尘浓度和总粉尘浓度以耐火材料最高,分别为４．２８,１４．７ｍｇ／ｍ＾３;呼吸性粉尘和总粉尘游离ＳｉＯ２含量以机械铸造最高分别为３９．２％,３２．８％,粉尘危害较为严重。呼吸性粉尘浓度与总粉尘浓度比值     

冲击式二级采样对呼吸粉尘与总粉尘浓度比值的影响

为了验证冲击式二级粉尘采样对呼吸性粉尘与总粉尘浓度比值的影响，作者采用瞬时定点采样方法测定作业场所空气中呼吸性粉尘浓度与总粉尘浓度。结果表明，在采样体积相同的条件下，呼吸性粉尘的比值与总粉尘浓度间具有较好的从属共变关系（ｒ＞０．８），呼吸性粉尘的比值随着总粉尘浓度的升高而相应增大     

移动式排烟罩对电焊烟尘的控制效果

目的对移动式排烟罩治理集装箱制造业焊接工艺的电焊烟尘效果进行评价。方法根据焊接工艺要求，设计安装电焊机移动式排烟罩，并按职业卫生评价规范布点，现场采样检测，分析与评价技术改造工程的职业病危害控制效果。结果技术改造前，共测定46个电焊作业工作岗位，电焊烟尘（总尘）浓度超标率为100．0％，时间加权平均浓度（TWA）最大值为26．7mg／m^3，超标5．7倍。经安装移动式排烟罩技术改造后，测定46个电焊作业工作岗位，电焊烟尘（总尘）TWA平均浓度由13．6mg／m^3下降到2．6mg／m^3，超标率下降到13．0％。结论采用移动式排烟罩能有效控制集装箱制造过程中焊接工艺产生的电焊烟尘浓度，值得推广应用。     

Respirable Dust and Respirable Silica Exposure in Ontario Gold Mines

A comprehensive survey of respirable dust and respirable silica in Ontario gold mines was conducted by the Ontario Ministry of Labor during 1978–1979. The aim was to assess the feasibility of introducing gravimetric sampling to replace the assessment method which used konimeters, a device which gave results in terms of number of particles per cubic centimeter (ppcc) of air. The study involved both laboratory and field assessments. The field assessment involved measurement of airborne respirable dust and respirable silica at all eight operating gold mines of the time. This article describes the details of the field assessment. A total of 288 long-term (7–8 hr) personal respirable dust air samples were collected from seven occupational categories in eight gold mines. The respirable silica (α-quartz) was determined by x-ray diffraction method. The results show that during 1978–1979, the industry wide mean respirable dust was about 1 mg/m³, and the mean respirable silica was 0.08 mg/m^3.The mean% silica in respirable dust was 7.5%. The data set would be useful in future epidemiological and health studies, as well as in assessment of workers’ compensation claims for occupational diseases such as silicosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and autoimmune diseases such as renal disease and rheumatoid arthritis.     

Toenail Metal Concentration as a Biomarker of Occupational Welding Fume Exposure

In populations exposed to heavy metals, there are few biomarkers that capture intermediate exposure windows. We sought to determine the correlation between toenail metal concentrations and prior 12-month work activity in welders with variable, metal-rich, welding fume exposures. Forty-eight participants, recruited through a local union, provided 69 sets of toenail clippings. Union-supplied and worker-verified personal work histories were used to quantify hours welded and respirator use. Toenail samples were digested and analyzed for lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As) using ICP-MS. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to examine the correlation between toenail metal concentrations. Using mixed models to account for multiple participation times, we divided hours welded into three-month intervals and examined how weld hours correlated with log-transformed toenail Pb, Mn, Cd, Ni, and As concentrations. Highest concentrations were found for Ni, followed by Mn, Pb and As, and Cd. All the metals were significantly correlated with one another (rho range = 0.28–0.51), with the exception of Ni and As (rho = 0.20, p = 0.17). Using mixed models adjusted for age, respirator use, smoking status, and BMI, we found that Mn was associated with weld hours 7–9 months prior to clipping (p = 0.003), Pb was associated with weld hours 10–12 months prior to clipping (p = 0.03) and over the entire year (p = 0.04). Cd was associated with weld hours 10–12 months prior to clipping (p = 0.05), and also with the previous year's total hours welded (p = 0.02). The association between Ni and weld hours 7–9 months prior to clipping approached significance (p = 0.06). Toenail metal concentrations were not associated with the long-term exposure metric, years as a welder. Results suggest Mn, Pb, and Cd may have particular windows of relevant exposure that reflect work activity. In a population with variable exposure, toenails may serve as useful biomarkers for occupational metal fume exposures to Mn, Pb, and Cd during distinct periods over the year prior to sample collection.     

呼吸性矽尘与矽肺的暴露——反应关系

本文在某钨矿进行了呼吸性矽尘与矽肺的暴露～反应关系的研究。首先对该矿井下呼吸性粉尘与息扮尘浓度的关系进行了研究,把历史接尘资料中总粉尘浓度转换为呼吸性粉尘浓度。最后用Logistic多元回归模型对1151名工人的接尘资辩进行了处理,推算出在一定接尘条件下,呼吸性矽尘的容许浓度为0.24mg/m~3。     

An Evaluation of an Aftermarket Local Exhaust Ventilation Device for Suppressing Respirable Dust and Respirable Crystalline Silica Dust from Powered Saws

The objective of this study was to quantify the respirable dust and respirable silica exposures of roofing workers using an electric-powered circular saw with an aftermarket local exhaust ventilation attachment to cut concrete roofing tiles. The study was conducted to determine whether the local exhaust ventilation attachment was able to control respirable dust and respirable silica exposure below occupational exposure limits (OELs). Time-integrated filter samples and direct reading respirable dust concentrations were evaluated. The local exhaust ventilation consisted of a shroud attached to the cutting plane of the saw; the shroud was then connected to a small electric axial fan, which is intended to collect dust at the point of generation. All sampling was conducted with the control in use.

Roofers are defined as those individuals who only lay tiles. Cutters/roofers are defined as those workers who operate the powered saw to cut tiles and also lay tiles. Respirable dust from this evaluation ranged from 0.13 to 6.59 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m³) with a geometric mean of 0.38 mg/m³ for roofers and from 0.45 to 3.82 mg/m³ with a geometric mean of 1.84 mg/m³ for cutters/roofers. Cutters/roofers usually handle areas close to crevices, edges, or tips of the roof whereas roofers handle areas where complete tiles can be placed. The respirable dust exposures for all cutters/roofers indicated concentrations exceeding the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) for respirable dust containing silica; it was also exceeded for some of the roofers. The respirable silica concentrations ranged from 0.04 to 0.15 mg/m³ with a geometric mean of 0.09 mg/m³ for roofers, and from 0.13 to 1.21 mg/m³ with a geometric mean of 0.48 mg/m³ for cutters/roofers. As with respirable dust, the respirable silica exposures for cutters/roofers were higher than the exposures for roofers.     

Laboratory evaluation of RDM-201 Respirable Dust Monitor

The current paper discusses the results of laboratory experiments conducted to evaluate the GCA Respirable Dust Monitor RDM-201 in comparison with the standard Gravimetric Respirable Dust Sampler (GRDS). The samplers were compared in parallel within the atmosphere of an inhalation chamber laden with Arizona Fine Road Dust (AFRD). A wide range of dust concentrations (i.e., from 0.17 to 32:81 mg/m3) was used in the experiments. Sampling time varied from 15 to 120 min. There was a high agreement between the two GRDSs, particularly for samples with dust weight larger than 0.5 mg. The correlation and linearity between the RDM-201 display reading and the actual weight of dust on the instrument's filter were quite high for dust samples larger than 0.5 mg, but dropped significantly for samples less than 0.5 mg. Considering the extremely high dust concentration required to collect a minimum of 0.5 mg of respirable dust within 1-min sampling time of the RDM-201's automatic sampling mode, it was concluded that the use of automatic mode intended for quick evaluation of dusty atmosphere is impractical under most ordinary dusty conditions. The RDM-201 manual mode can be used, however, as reliably as a GRDS, for extended sampling times for assessment of TWAC of respirable dust in the atmosphere of a workplace, providing that a minimum of 0.5 mg sample is collected on the filter.     

造船厂电焊烟尘危害关键控制点分析

目的对某造船厂电焊烟尘的产生地点、产生量进行分析,确定关键控制点。方法进行现场职业卫生学调查和职业病危害因素检测。结果个体检测超标率60.00%,工作场所检测超标率46.34%,超标检测点的分布与个体所在的工作场所基本吻合。结论平面分段、曲面分段及船舶总装工段是企业粉尘防治的重点。     

工作场所空气中总粉尘浓度测定结果不确定度分析

目的对工作场所空气中总粉尘浓度测定结果不确定度进行分析,找出实验过程中对结果准确性影响较大的环节。方法采用国家标准GBZ/T192.1-2007和JJF1059-1999的方法,对某饮料有限公司原料投料岗位总粉尘浓度测定结果不确定度进行评定。结果扩展不确定度为U=0.81mg/m3,Veff=100,P=95%;总粉尘浓度测定结果为(1.1±0.81)mg/m3。在粉尘测定过程中样品质量测量引入的不确定度分量在各个不确定度分量中贡献最大,是影响不确定度的主要因素。结论原料投料岗位总粉尘浓度测定结果符合GBZ2.1-2007的规定;在粉尘测定过程中应严格按照标准分析方法控制实验条件,减少系统效应特别是电子天平称量和空气湿度影响导致的不确定度,对于保证实验测定结果的准确性尤为重要。     

造船行业电焊烟尘检测结果的分析

[目的]比较造船行业不同工段间的电焊烟尘浓度及定点采样与个体采样间浓度的差别,以探讨造船行业电焊烟尘的防护重点和合适的采样方法。[方法]在某造船厂部件装焊、分段装焊、总段装焊及船舶总装四个工段,以定点采样（分别采集10、10、12及10个样品）和个体采样（分别采集16、22、16、16个样品）的方法同时采集焊接作业中的电焊烟尘,并均按GBZ/T192.1—2007用同一电子天平检测。[结果]定点采样的电焊烟尘浓度,以船舶总装工段最高,为（6.53±1.65）mg/m3;总段装焊工段次之,为（1.92±0.56）mg/m3。船舶总装工段和总段装焊的电焊烟尘浓度明显高于部件装焊工段和分段装焊工段（P〈0.05）。部件装焊、分段装焊两工段间电焊烟尘浓度差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。同一工段中,个体采样浓度明显高于定点采样检测浓度,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。[结论]船舶总装工段的电焊烟尘浓度最高,是造船行业最应该加强防护的工段;个体采样更能真实反应电焊作业人员的电焊烟尘暴露情况。