浙江省丽水市城镇机关干部超重人群血压水平前瞻性队列研究

目的为预防高血压、心脑血管病、糖尿病等,利用干预研究,有效控制心脑血管疾病的增长趋势。方法采用健康体检调查、监测方法,连续3年对丽水市20～60岁机关干部超重人群的血压水平及心脑血管危险因素水平进行对列调查。结果2001年、2004年监测的队列人群中,显示超重人群的血压明显高于正常体重人群的血压水平,超重是各项危险因素异常发生的相关因素。结论在心脑血管病社区防治工作中,应将机关干部作为重点防治人群加以综合干预。     

社区人群脑卒中危险因素综合干预研究

目的探索适合国情的社区人群降低脑卒中发病率和死亡率的有效预防措施。方法选择脑卒中高发的北京、上海、长沙三个城市约30万人群中开展社区综合性干预研究。对其中约14万人口进行以管理高血压、糖尿病和控烟为主的特殊干预,另外半数人口设为对照人群。结果 4年后,干预社区人群中几种主要危险因素水平下降,男性脑卒中发病率下降了41.4％,女性下降了46.3％。干预前后相比,脑卒中死亡率男女各下降31.8％和19.0％;用5年平均发病率和死亡率进行比较,两社区人群之间的差别均有显著性意义(P<0.01)。结论在人群中开展经常化的健康教育和健康促进活动,同时采用积极控制高血压、糖尿病等为主的干预措施可明显降低脑卒中的发病率和死亡率。     

丽水社区心脑血行之有效病危险因素调查分析

目的 探讨丽水社区心脑血管病危险因素水平及其变化趋势。方法 1997年5月和1999年5月在丽水城关镇社区8万人群中进行了2次心脑血管疾病危险因素随机抽样调查,并应用EPI-INFO6.0软件进行统计分析。结果 综合干预措施收到了一些近期效果。社区人群有关心脑血管疾病的知识和态度出现了好的变化。对综合干预措施依从必表所提高。结论 以健康教育与健康促进为主导的综合干预措施是社区人群心脑血管病防治的基础和有效手段。     

社区人群脑卒中危险因素综合干预研究

目的：探索适合国情的社区人群降低脑卒中中发病率和死亡率的有效预防措施。选择脑卒中高发的北京、上海、长沙三个城市约30万人群中开展社会综合性干预研究。对其中约14万人口进行以管理高血压、糖尿病和控烟为主的特殊干预，另外半数人口设为对照人群。结果：4年后，干预社区人群中几种主要危险因素水平下降，男性脑卒中发病下降了41．4％，女性下降了46．3％，干预前相比，脑卒中死亡率男女各下降31．8％和19．0％；用5年平均发病率和死亡率进行比较，两社区人群之间的差别均有显著性意义（P＜0．01）。结论：在人群中开经常化的健康教育和健康促进活动，同时采用积极控制高血压，糖尿病等为主的干预措施可明显降低脑卒中的发病率和死亡率。     

长沙市社区连续五年脑血管病死亡危险因素干预试验

对长沙市居民中社区人群连续５年死亡资料进行前瞻性观察分析，发现心血管疾病死亡率为２８１．９５／１０万，脑血管病死亡率为２０８．８１／１０万。在死亡的脑血管病中，出血性占６１％，缺血性占３１％。在实施干预措施后的第四、五年，脑血管病死亡率比干预前分别下降了４７％和７６％，明显低于同期对照组。对脑血管病危险因素进行干预和加强对社区人群脑卒中防治知识的宣教能有效地降低本地区脑血管病死亡率。     

长沙市社区连续五年脑血管病死亡危险因素干预试验

对长沙市居民中社区人群连续５年死亡资料进行前瞻性观察分析，发现心血管疾病死亡率为２８１．９５／１０万，脑血管病死亡率为２０８．８１／１０万，在死亡的脑血管病中，出血性占６１％，缺血性占３１％，在实施干预措施后的第四、五年，脑血管病死亡率比干胆的分别下降了４７％和７６％，明显低于同期对照组，对脑血管病危险因素进行了干预和加强对社区人群脑卒中防治的宣教能有效地降低本地区脑血管病死亡率。     

谈高血压病的社区综合干预

高血压是一种常见多发病，在各种心脑血管病中患病率最高。高血压使心，脑，肾，眼等器官造成损害，引起严重的并发症，是脑卒中和冠心病的重要危险因素。国内外研究表明，对高血压人群进行综合干预能有效降低高血压患病率及由此引起的各类严重并发症，降低死亡率。3年来我们对十堰市艳湖社区高血压及相关人群进行综合干预，总结如下：     

长沙市居民脑血管病危险因素的干预试验

为降低脑座中发病率与死亡率的有效方法，在长沙市选取两个自然社区分别作为干预社区（８０５２人）和对照社区（８０６５人）进行研究，让其中３５岁以上者分别进入干预队列（２６３１人）和对照队列（２７３３人）。研究时间从１９８６年１月１日至１９９０年平均年发病率为２２０／１０万，干预社区年发病率明显低于对照社区（Ｐ＜０．０１）；干预社区１９９０年发病率比１９８６年下降６６．４％，对照社区１９９０年发病率比１     

河南省原发高血压人群新发心脑血管病队列研究

目的:通过回顾性队列研究分析河南省原发高血压人群新发心脑血管病状况和影响因素,为在原发高血压人群中开展心脑血管病的预防和治疗提供依据。方法:以河南省中医药研究院就诊的原发高血压人群为研究对象,建立2001年1月至2010年12月原发高血压人群回顾性队列,完成新发心脑血管病的基线调查。调查内容包括人口学特征、心脑血管相关危险因素、服药及新发心脑血管病情况等信息。以"新发心脑血管病"为结局因变量,运用单因素及多因素Logistic回归进行原发高血压人群新发心脑血管病影响因素的分析。结果:调查符合条件的研究对象4 777例,新发心脑血管病499例,发病率为10.45%。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,原发高血压人群的危险因素包括:年龄较长者,既往收缩压、舒张压高值高者,有心脑血管病家族史者,均易发生心脑血管病。经常吸烟者(OR=2.23,95%CI:1.55~3.22)、偶尔吸烟者(OR=1.67,95%CI:1.10~2.54)、过去吸烟但现在不吸者(OR=2.79,95%CI:2.06~3.78)相比不吸烟者,均易发生心脑血管病。经常饮酒者(OR=0.34,95%CI:0.22~0.53)、偶尔饮酒者(OR=0.58,95%CI:0.42~0.80)相比不饮酒者,均不易发生心脑血管病;经常运动者(OR=0.64,95%CI:0.53~0.79)相比很少运动者,不易发生心脑血管病;睡眠很好者(OR=0.69,95%CI:0.56~0.84)相比睡眠较差者,不易发生心脑血管病;服用钙拮抗剂(OR=0.75,95%CI:0.61~0.93)相比不服用该药者,不易发生心脑血管病。结论:原发高血压人群中年龄大、收缩压和舒张压高值高、有心脑血管家族史、吸烟因素是新发事件的危险因素,应针对危险因素加强高血压人群新发心脑血管病的监测和干预。     

上海社区老年人群队列心脑血管疾病单患、共患基线情况及生活方式特征

目的 ·基于大规模前瞻性社区老年人群队列,探索心脑血管疾病单患、共患人群的流行病学和危险因素特征.方法 ·研究的对象来源于上海社区老年人群队列.该队列的基线调查始于2019年2月,结束于2019年8月,收集了包括队列成员的人口统计学信息、疾病史和家族史、生活方式、心理状况等信息.根据自我报告有无冠状动脉性心脏病(冠心病...     

Dietary sodium intake and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease in overweight adults

CONTEXT: Dietary sodium is positively associated with blood pressure, and ecological and animal studies both have suggested that high dietary sodium intake increases stroke mortality. OBJECTIVE: To examine the risk of cardiovascular disease associated with dietary sodium intake in overweight and nonoverweight persons. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: The first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, conducted in 1982-1984, 1986, 1987, and 1992. PARTICIPANTS: Of those aged 25 to 74 years when the survey was conducted in 1971 -1975 (14407 participants), a total of 2688 overweight and 6797 nonoverweight persons were included in the analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dietary sodium and energy intake were estimated at baseline using a single 24-hour dietary recall method. Incidence and mortality data for cardiovascular disease were obtained from medical records and death certificates. RESULTS: For overweight and nonoverweight persons, over an average of 19 years of follow-up, the total number of documented cases were as follows: 680 stroke events (210 fatal), 1727 coronary heart disease events (614 fatal), 895 cardiovascular disease deaths, and 2486 deaths from all causes. Among overweight persons with an average energy intake of 7452 kJ, a 100 mmol higher sodium intake was associated with a 32% increase (relative risk [RR], 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-1.64; P = .01) in stroke incidence, 89% increase (RR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.31-2.74; P<.001) in stroke mortality, 44% increase (RR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.14-1.81; P = .002) in coronary heart disease mortality, 61% increase (RR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.32-1.96; P<.001) in cardiovascular disease mortality, and 39% increase (RR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.23-1.58; P<.001) in mortality from all causes. Dietary sodium intake was not significantly associated with cardiovascular disease risk in nonoverweight persons. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis indicates that high sodium intake is strongly and independently associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in overweight persons.     

Long-term mortality after 5-year multifactorial primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in middle-aged men

OBJECTIVE. To investigate the long-term effects of multifactorial primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). DESIGN. The 5-year randomized, controlled trial was performed between 1974 and 1980. The subjects and their risk factors were reevaluated in 1985. Posttrial mortality follow-up was continued up to December 31, 1989. SETTING. Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland, and Second Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki. PARTICIPANTS. In all, 3490 business executives born during 1919 through 1934 participated in health checkups in the late 1960s. In 1974, 1222 of these men who were clinically healthy, but with CVD risk factors, were entered into the primary prevention trial; 612 were randomized to an intervention and 610 to a control group. INTERVENTIONS. During the 5-year trial, the subjects of the intervention group visited the investigators every fourth month. They were treated with intensive dietetic-hygienic measures and frequently with hypolipidemic (mainly clofibrate and/or probucol) and antihypertensive (mainly beta-blockers and/or diuretics) drugs. The control group was not treated by the investigators. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES. Total mortality, cardiac mortality, mortality due to other causes. RESULTS. Total coronary heart disease risk was reduced by 46% in the intervention group as compared with the control group at end-trial. During 5 posttrial years, the risk factor and medication differences were largely leveled off between the groups. Between 1974 and 1989 the total number of deaths was 67 in the intervention group and 46 in the control group (relative risk [RR], 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 2.08; P = .048); there were 34 and 14 cardiac deaths (RR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.31 to 4.46; P = .001), two and four deaths due to other CVD (not significant), 13 and 21 deaths due to cancer (RR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.31 to 1.22; P = .15), and 13 and one deaths due to violence (RR, 13.0; 95% CI, 1.70 to 98.7; P = .002), respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis of treatments in the intervention group did not explain the 15-year excess cardiac mortality. CONCLUSION. These unexpected results may not question multifactorial prevention as such but do support the need for research on the selection and interaction(s) of methods used in the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases.     

维持性血液透析患者25(OH)维生素D水平与病死率相关性分析

目的：分析维持性血液透析（MHD）患者25（OH）维生素D[25（OH）D]水平与病死率的关系。方法收集2010年7月该院血液净化中心MHD患者156例,检测患者血25（OH）D水平,根据患者血25（OH）D水平分为3组,分别为缺乏组49例、不足组69例和正常组38例。随访时间为40个月,终点事件为全因死亡和心血管疾病死亡。结果随访40个月后,156例中死亡26例（16．7％）,因心血管疾病死亡13例。缺乏组死亡15例（30．6％）,其中心血管疾病死亡9例;不足组死亡8例（11．6％）,其中心血管疾病死亡3例;正常组死亡3例（7．9％）,其中心血管疾病死亡1例。缺乏组全因病死率及心血管疾病病死率分别与不足组和正常组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。Kaplan‐Meier曲线分析显示,25（OH）D≤15 ng／mL是全因和心血管疾病病死率的危险因素（P＜0．05）。Cox回归分析未矫正（RR＝4．43,95％ CI：1．28～15．32,P＜0．05）和矫正（RR＝4．92,95％ CI：1．23～19．66,P＜0．05）年龄、性别等因素后结果均显示25（O H ）D≤15 ng／m L是全因病死率的危险因素,未矫正时25（O H ）D≤15 ng／mL是心血管疾病死亡率的危险因素（RR＝8．12,95％ CI：1．04～64．15,P＝0．047）。结论 MHD患者25（OH）D水平普遍偏低,25（OH）D≤15 ng／mL为MHD患者全因和心血管疾病病死率的危险因素。     

Neonatal outcome of children born to women with tuberculosis

BACKGROUND: As the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) has increased worldwide, it is expected that pregnant women will acquire this infection more frequently. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection during pregnancy may represent a risk for maternal and neonatal complications. METHODS: We studied the perinatal events of 35 consecutive pregnancies complicated by TB from March 1990 to June 1998; 105 apparently healthy pregnant women were included as controls, matched in age, gestational age upon arrival at the Institute, and socioeconomic status. Frequency and type of neonatal complications were recorded. Relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated. To control potentially confounding variables, a stratified analysis was performed. RESULTS: Seventeen (48.5%) tuberculous mothers had a pulmonary infection and 18 (51.5%), an extrapulmonar localization of the TB. The neonatal morbidity rate in children born to women with TB was 23% against 3.8% of the children of the control cohort (p <0.05). Average weight of newborn infants of tuberculous mothers was 2,859 +/- 78.5 g, while average weight at birth of control neonates was 3,099 +/- 484 g (p = 0.03). Newborns of women with TB had a higher risk of prematurity (RR 2.1; 95% CI 1-4.3), perinatal death (RR 3.1; 95% CI 1.6-6), and weight at birth less than 2,500 g (RR 2.2; 95% CI 1.1-4.9). Pulmonary localization of the TB and late start of the treatment in the mothers increase the risk of perinatal death and neonatal morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Children born to women with TB have an increased risk of morbidity and mortality in the neonatal period.     

Drinking and recreational boating fatalities: a population-based case-control study.

CONTEXT: Alcohol is increasingly recognized as a factor in many boating fatalities, but the association between alcohol consumption and mortality among boaters has not been well quantified. OBJECTIVES: To determine the association of alcohol use with passengers' and operators' estimated relative risk (RR) of dying while boating. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Case-control study of recreational boating deaths among persons aged 18 years or older from 1990-1998 in Maryland and North Carolina (n = 221), compared with control interviews obtained from a multistage probability sample of boaters in each state from 1997-1999 (n = 3943). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Estimated RR of fatality associated with different levels of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) among boaters. RESULTS: Compared with the referent of a BAC of 0, the estimated RR of death increased even with a BAC of 10 mg/dL (odds ratio [OR], 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-1.4). The OR was 52.4 (95% CI, 25.9-106.1) at a BAC of 250 mg/dL. The estimated RR associated with alcohol use was similar for passengers and operators and did not vary by boat type or whether the boat was moving or stationary. CONCLUSIONS: Drinking increases the RR of dying while boating, which becomes apparent at low levels of BAC and increases as BAC increases. Prevention efforts targeted only at those operating a boat are ignoring many boaters at high risk. Countermeasures that reduce drinking by all boat occupants are therefore more likely to effectively reduce boating fatalities.     

Alcohol intake and the risk of coronary heart disease mortality in persons with older-onset diabetes mellitus.

CONTEXT: Despite nutrition information and guidelines that advise against depriving diabetic patients of the potential benefit of moderate alcohol intake against cardiovascular events, the association between alcohol consumption and risk of cardiovascular outcomes in diabetic individuals has not been determined. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between alcohol intake and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality in persons with older-onset diabetes. DESIGN: Population-based, prospective cohort study conducted from 1984 through 1996, with a follow-up of up to 12.3 years. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 983 older-onset diabetic individuals (mean [SD] age, 68.6 [11.0] years; 45.2% male; 98.5% white) were interviewed about their past-year intake of alcoholic beverages during the 1984-1986 follow-up examination of a population-based study of diabetic persons in southern Wisconsin. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Time to mortality from CHD by category alcohol intake. RESULTS: Alcohol use was inversely associated with risk of CHD mortality in older-onset diabetic subjects. The CHD mortality rates for never and former drinkers were 43.9 and 38.5 per 1000 person-years, respectively, while the rates for those with alcohol intakes of less than 2, 2 to 13, and 14 or more g/d were 25.3, 20.8, and 10.0 per 1000 person-years, respectively. Compared with never drinkers and controlling for age, sex, cigarette smoking, glycosylated hemoglobin level, insulin use, plasma C-peptide level, history of angina or myocardial infarction, digoxin use, and the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy, former drinkers had a relative risk (RR) of 0.69 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43-1.12); for those who drank less than 2 g/d (less frequent than 1 drink a week), the RR was 0.54 (95% CI, 0.33-0.90); for 2 to 13 g/d, it was 0.44 (95% CI, 0.23-0.84); and for 14 or more g/d (about 1 drink or more a day), it was 0.21 (95% CI, 0.09-0.48). Further adjustments for blood pressure, body mass index, education, physical activity, diabetes duration, hypertension history, overt nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy, lipid measures, or intake of medications such as aspirin and antihypertensive agents did not change the associations observed. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest an overall beneficial effect of alcohol consumption in decreasing the risk of death due to CHD in people with older-onset diabetes.     

Hormone replacement therapy after a diagnosis of breast cancer: cancer recurrence and mortality

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether hormone replacement therapy (HRT) after treatment for breast cancer is associated with increased risk of recurrence and mortality. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Postmenopausal women diagnosed with breast cancer and treated by five Sydney doctors between 1964 and 1999. OUTCOME MEASURES: Times from diagnosis to cancer recurrence or new breast cancer, to death from all causes and to death from primary tumour were compared between women who used HRT for menopausal symptoms after diagnosis and those who did not. Relative risks (RRs) were determined from Cox regression analyses, adjusted for patient and tumour characteristics. RESULTS: 1122 women were followed up for 0-36 years (median, 6.08 years); 154 were lost to follow-up. 286 women used HRT for menopausal symptoms for up to 26 years (median, 1.75 years). Compared with non-users, HRT users had reduced risk of cancer recurrence (adjusted relative risk [RR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.43-0.87), all-cause mortality (RR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.19-0.59) and death from primary tumour (RR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.22-0.72). Continuous combined HRT was associated with a reduced risk of death from primary tumour (RR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.12-0.88) and all-cause mortality (RR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.10-0.73). CONCLUSION: HRT use for menopausal symptoms by women treated for primary invasive breast cancer is not associated with an increased risk of breast cancer recurrence or shortened life expectancy.     

Estrogen replacement therapy and ovarian cancer mortality in a large prospective study of US women

CONTEXT: Postmenopausal estrogen use is associated with increased risk of endometrial and breast cancer, 2 hormone-related cancers. The effect of postmenopausal estrogen use on ovarian cancer is not established. OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between postmenopausal estrogen use and ovarian cancer mortality and to determine whether the association differs according to duration and recency of use. DESIGN AND SETTING: The American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study II, a prospective US cohort study with mortality follow-up from 1982 to 1996. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 211 581 postmenopausal women who completed a baseline questionnaire in 1982 and had no history of cancer, hysterectomy, or ovarian surgery at enrollment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Ovarian cancer mortality, compared among never users, users at baseline, and former users as well as by total years of use of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). RESULTS: A total of 944 ovarian cancer deaths were recorded in 14 years of follow-up. Women who were using ERT at baseline had higher death rates from ovarian cancer than never users (rate ratio [RR], 1.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-1.96). Risk was slightly but not significantly increased among former estrogen users (RR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.99-1.37). Duration of use was associated with increased risk in both baseline and former users. Baseline users with 10 or more years of use had an RR of 2.20 (95% CI, 1.53-3.17), while former users with 10 or more years of use had an RR of 1.59 (95% CI, 1.13-2.25). Annual age-adjusted ovarian cancer death rates per 100 000 women were 64.4 for baseline users with 10 or more years of use, 38.3 for former users with 10 or more years of use, and 26.4 for never users. Among former users with 10 or more years of use, risk decreased with time since last use reported at study entry (RR for last use <15 years ago, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.29-3.25; RR for last use >/=15 years ago, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.79-2.17). CONCLUSIONS: In this population, postmenopausal estrogen use for 10 or more years was associated with increased risk of ovarian cancer mortality that persisted up to 29 years after cessation of use.     

Health outcomes associated with various antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents: a network meta-analysis

CONTEXT: Establishing relative benefit or harm from specific antihypertensive agents is limited by the complex array of studies that compare treatments. Network meta-analysis combines direct and indirect evidence to better define risk or benefit. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the available clinical trial evidence concerning the safety and efficacy of various antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents and evaluated in terms of major cardiovascular disease end points and all-cause mortality. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION: We used previous meta-analyses, MEDLINE searches, and journal reviews from January 1995 through December 2002. We identified long-term randomized controlled trials that assessed major cardiovascular disease end points as an outcome. Eligible studies included both those with placebo-treated or untreated controls and those with actively treated controls. DATA EXTRACTION: Network meta-analysis was used to combine direct within-trial between-drug comparisons with indirect evidence from the other trials. The indirect comparisons, which preserve the within-trial randomized findings, were constructed from trials that had one treatment in common. DATA SYNTHESIS: Data were combined from 42 clinical trials that included 192 478 patients randomized to 7 major treatment strategies, including placebo. For all outcomes, low-dose diuretics were superior to placebo: coronary heart disease (CHD; RR, 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69-0.92); congestive heart failure (CHF; RR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.42-0.62); stroke (RR, 0.71; 0.63-0.81); cardiovascular disease events (RR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.69-0.83); cardiovascular disease mortality (RR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.73-0.92); and total mortality (RR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.84-0.96). None of the first-line treatment strategies-beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, calcium channel blockers (CCBs), alpha-blockers, and angiotensin receptor blockers-was significantly better than low-dose diuretics for any outcome. Compared with CCBs, low-dose diuretics were associated with reduced risks of cardiovascular disease events (RR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89-1.00) and CHF (RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.67-0.81). Compared with ACE inhibitors, low-dose diuretics were associated with reduced risks of CHF (RR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.80-0.96), cardiovascular disease events (RR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89-1.00), and stroke (RR, 0.86; 0.77-0.97). Compared with beta-blockers, low-dose diuretics were associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease events (RR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.80-0.98). Compared with alpha-blockers, low-dose diuretics were associated with reduced risks of CHF (RR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.43-0.60) and cardiovascular disease events (RR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.75-0.93). Blood pressure changes were similar between comparison treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose diuretics are the most effective first-line treatment for preventing the occurrence of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. Clinical practice and treatment guidelines should reflect this evidence, and future trials should use low-dose diuretics as the standard for clinically useful comparisons.     

维持性血液透析患者死亡原因及影响因素分析

目的总结维持性血液透析患者死亡原因,分析其相关影响因素。方法回顾性分析128例维持性血液透析患者死亡原因及其相关影响因素。结果在128例死亡的血透患者中,主要死亡病因为心血管疾病(47.2%)、脑血管疾病(36.5%)和感染(23.8%)。与非心脑血管疾病死因患者相比,死于心脑血管疾病的患者中男性比例较高(41.8%、32.1%,P<0.05)、合并糖尿病比例较高(56.3%、32.6%,P<0.05)、合并心血管疾病比例较高(26.7%、11.2%,P<0.05),而BMI较低(P<0.05)。与非感染死因患者相比,死于感染的血液透析患者透始年龄偏大(65.37、62.1%,P<0.05)、合并糖尿病比例较高(51.5%、30.4%,P<0.01),而血清白蛋白水平较低(P<0.01)。与>3个月死亡者相比,≤3个月死亡的血透患者合并心血管疾病的比例较高(36.42%、14.17%,P<0.01),而血红蛋白、血钙水平以及血清白蛋白水平较低(P<0.01)。结论维持性血液透析患者的死亡原因主要为心血管疾病、脑血管疾病和感染。因此积极改善患者的营养状况,有效防治透析相关性并发症,根据病情适时开始血液透析可能有助于提高患者的早期和长期生存率。