足底内侧动脉深支的观测及临床应用

目的 为足底内侧动脉深支的走行及皮瓣动脉提供解剖学资料。方法 在40侧灌注红色乳胶的固定成人下肢标本上解剖观测了足底内侧动脉深支的走行及在足底内侧皮肤和足内侧皮肤的供血。结果 足底内侧动脉深支长(8.7±0.2)cm,起始处血管外径(1.8±0.3)mm;沿途发出3～5条皮穿支分布到足内侧皮肤,外径(1.1±0.3)mm。足底内侧动脉深支内侧皮支分布到足内侧皮肤,外径(1.1±0.3)mm。结论 以足底内侧动脉深支及不同分支为血管蒂可为足底内侧及足内侧皮瓣提供充足的血供。     

吻合足底内侧动脉深支足底内侧及足内侧双叶皮瓣的应用解剖

目的:为吻合血管的足底内侧及足内侧双叶皮瓣修复手部缺损提供解剖学资料。方法:在16具灌注红色乳胶的固定成人标本上解剖观测了足底内侧动脉深支的走行及在足底侧皮肤和足内侧皮肤的供血。结果:足底内侧动脉深支长8.5±0.3cm,起始处血管外径1.8±0.3mm,沿途发出3～5条皮支分布足底内侧皮肤,外径在0.6～1.2mm之间;足底内侧动脉深支内侧支皮支分布到足内侧皮肤,外径1.1±0.3mm。结论:吻合足底内侧动脉深支的足底内侧及足内侧双叶皮瓣符合游离移植修复手部多处皮肤缺损的特殊要求。     

吻合足底内侧动脉浅支足底内侧皮瓣移植修复手部缺损的应用解剖

目的为以足底内侧动脉浅支及其皮支为蒂游离足底内侧皮瓣修复手部缺损提供解剖学基础。方法在20侧成人下肢标本、6只灌注红色乳胶成人新鲜足标本及10侧下肢动脉铸型标本上解剖观测了足底内侧动脉浅支足底内侧皮支起始部位、走行、长度、外径、分支分布及吻合。结果足底内侧动脉浅支足底内侧皮支于舟骨粗隆后(1.5±0.4)cm下方发出,向前下斜行至足底内侧皮肤;该皮支长(2.8±0.2)cm,外径(0.8±0.2)mm。结论①足底内侧皮瓣可以是足底内侧动脉浅支足底内侧皮支或足底内侧动脉深支足底皮穿支为供血。②足底内侧皮瓣游离移植适用于手掌及手指腹侧创面修复的特殊需要。     

足背内侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复足远端创面应用解剖

目的：为远端蒂足背内侧皮伸经浅静脉营养血管皮瓣修复足远端皮肤缺损提供解剖学基础。方法：在31侧成人下肢标本f：解削观察足背内侧皮神经分支分布特点，6侧新鲜足标本观测皮神经血供分规律。结果：足背内侧皮神经及其分支恒定的血供来源，近端主要来自胫前动脉末端或足背动脉发m的皮支，外径0．8～1．0mm，内、外侧支远端来自南足底内侧动脉的皮支和第2跖背动脉末端的皮支，皮动脉外径在0.5—0．8mm。皮动脉分支营养神经及神经及浅静脉，在神经和静脉旁分支间形成链式吻合，与筋膜皮肤的血管互相吻合。结论：足背内侧皮神经浅静脉营养血管足背皮瓣可设计两种远端蒂修复足远端创面，(1)以第1跖趾关节内侧近端1．3～1．5cm为旋转轴点。(2)以距第2趾蹼游离缘1．5cm为旋转轴点。     

以踝管区动脉穿支为蒂隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管皮瓣的显微解剖

目的:为踝管区动脉穿支隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管皮瓣设计提供解剖学依据。方法:30侧经动脉内灌注红色乳胶成人下肢标本,解剖观测踝管区动脉穿支、胫后动脉肌间隙支及邻近动脉吻合。结果:踝管区近侧筋膜穿支2支,外径(0.8±0.3)mm(0.4~1.3mm),中侧筋膜穿支0~2支,外径(0.8±0.2)mm(0.4~1.2mm),远侧筋膜穿支2~3支,外径(1.0±0.4)mm(0.5~2.0mm),共同构成踝管区浅深筋膜及皮肤营养血管。在小腿内侧下1/3段,胫后动脉肌间隙支2~3支,平均外径(1.1±0.3)mm(0.5~2.5mm),骨皮穿支1~2支,平均外径(1.0±0.3)mm(0.4~2.0mm)。上述穿支形成隐神经、大隐静脉营养血管及深、浅筋膜血管网。结论:踝管区筋膜穿支支数较多,与胫后动脉肌间隙支吻合丰富,以踝管区筋膜穿支为蒂的隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管皮瓣,旋转点在内踝平面,可用于转位修复足前部的软组织缺损。     

足内侧逆行岛状皮瓣的应用解剖

目的:为足内侧岛状皮瓣逆行转位修复足前部皮肤缺损提供解剖学基础.方法:48侧成尸足标本,经动脉灌注红色乳胶,5侧新鲜足标本血管造影.观测(足)横动脉、第1跖底动脉、足底内侧动脉深支的外径、分布及其之间的吻合,并对(足)趾底内侧动脉浅支进行分型.结果:(足)横动脉与跗趾胫侧趾底固有动脉、(足)趾腓侧趾底固有动脉、第1跖底动脉远侧段吻合形成动脉环.(足)横动脉外径(1.3±0.2)mm,伴行静脉外径(1.1±0.3)mm,多为1条,占91.6%,偶见两条,占8.4%.(足)趾胫侧趾底同有动脉外径为(1.1±0.2)mm,伴行静脉外径(1.1±0.2)mm,多为1条,占95.8%,偶见2条,占4.2%.(足)趾腓侧趾底同有动脉外径为(1.5±0_3)mm,伴行静脉外径(1.3±0.3)mm,多为1条,占93.7%,偶见2条,占6.3%.结论:足内侧逆行岛状皮瓣可设计两种术式修复足前部皮肤缺损,以(足)横动脉为血管蒂或以(足)趾底内侧动脉浅支和足底内侧动脉深支内侧支的双血管蒂,使该岛状皮瓣旋转点前移,血管蒂延长,临床应用简便.     

胫前动脉踝上皮支皮瓣的显微外科解剖

目的 :报道胫前动脉踝上皮支皮瓣的显微外科解剖学基础。方法 :在 14侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成人下肢标本 ,解剖观测胫前动脉踝上皮支的起始、走行、外径、长度及分支等 ,2侧成人下肢标本灌注墨汁观察该皮支的墨染范围。结果 :胫前动脉踝上皮支于踝间连线上方 ( 3 .5± 0 .6)cm自胫前动脉发出 ,然后向小腿内侧方向绕过胫骨前缘分出升支和降支 ,升支紧贴胫骨前内侧骨面 ,向内上方向行至一段距离后穿深筋膜入皮。踝上皮支长 ( 2 .1± 0 .6)cm ,起点外径 ( 1.1± 0 .2 )mm ,伴行静脉 2条。升支入筋膜前外径 ( 0 .4± 0 .1)mm。降支向内下方向走行 ,并与踝前血管网吻合。结论 :胫前动脉踝上皮支是胫前动脉在小腿踝上部的主要皮血管 ,分支营养骨膜 ,可在小腿中下段设计以此血管为蒂的皮瓣、骨膜瓣、骨膜皮瓣或骨皮瓣。     

足背内侧动脉网的解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的了解足背内侧动脉网的血供基础,为足背内侧皮瓣的设计提供解剖学依据。方法解剖20侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人足标本,观察足背内侧动脉网的血供来源、分支、分布及吻合情况。结果足背内侧动脉网的血供主要源于以下4个方面:(1)内踝前动脉的足背内侧皮穿支;(2)跗内侧动脉发向足背内侧的皮穿支;(3)足底内侧动脉浅支和足底内侧深支向足背内侧发出的皮穿支;(4)母趾胫侧底动脉沿母展肌上缘发出的皮穿支。结论根据足背内侧动脉网的解剖学特点,可设计足内侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣和足内侧筋膜蒂皮支链皮瓣2种类型的带蒂皮瓣。     

隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣的应用解剖

目的:为隐神经营养血管皮瓣设计提供解剖学依据。方法:灌注红色乳胶成人下肢标本30侧,解剖观测大隐静脉隐神经营养血管及其吻合关系。结果:小腿内侧下1/3段有胫后动脉肌间隙支2～3支,外径(1.1±0.3)mm;骨皮穿支1～2支,外径(1.0±0.3)mm;内踝前动脉踝前内侧穿支外径(0.6～0.8)mm;胫前动脉踝上穿支外径(0.8±0.3)mm。上述穿支吻合构成前、中、后3条纵向的血管丛以及骨膜、深筋膜和神经浅静脉3个层面的血管丛。结论:小腿内侧下1/3段有明显的多源性供血,皮肤、筋膜、骨膜、大隐静脉和隐神经等的营养血管同源,可以设计以胫后动脉肌间隙支为蒂的小腿内侧隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣。     

足内侧逆行皮瓣的解剖及其临床应用

５０侧成人下肢标本，解剖了足内侧区的动脉及吻合情况。足底内侧动脉深支、浅支、内踝前动脉、跗内侧动脉，平均有４．８支、８．１支、６．０支、３．０支外径在０．２～０．８ｍｍ之间的皮支分布足内侧区。上述动脉循第１跖骨内侧至其中段，穿入与跖底动脉或足底深支吻合，出现率分别为５２％、２４％、１６％、８％，吻合支外径０．７±０．２ｍｍ。设计以吻合支为蒂的足内侧逆行皮瓣，可修复趾背、趾底、足背、足底远侧区的皮肤缺损。临床应用１例，效果满意。     

The medial branch of the lateral branch of the posterior ramus of the spinal nerve

In the needle insertion of epidural anesthesia with the paramedian approach, the needle can pass through the longissimus muscle in the dorsum of the patients. When the needle touches a nerve in the muscles, the patients may experience pain in the back. Obviously, the needle should avoid the nerve tract. To provide better anesthetic service, analysis of the structure and where the concerned nerves lie in that region is inevitable. Material and method: We studied five cadavers in this study. Two cadavers were fixed with Thiel’s method. With these cadavers, we studied the nerve running of the posterior rami of the spinal nerve from the nerve root to the distal portion. Three of them were used for the study of transparent specimen, with which we studied the course and size of the nerve inside the longissimus muscle. Results: We observed there were three branches at the stem of the posterior rami of the spinal nerves between the body segment T3 and L5, i.e. medial branch, medial branch of the lateral branch and lateral branch of the lateral branch. The medial branch of the lateral branch supplied to the longissimus muscle. With the transparent specimen, we found that there were different nerve layouts between the upper thoracic, lower thoracic, upper lumbar, and lower lumbar segments in the medial branch of the lateral branch in the longissimus muscle. In the lower thoracic and upper lumbar segments, the medial branch of the lateral branch of the upper lumbar segments produced layers nerve network in the longissimus muscle. L1 and L2 nerves were large in size in the muscle. Conclusion: In the upper lumbar segments the medial branch of the lateral branch of the posterior rami of the spinal nerve produced dense network in the longissimus muscle, where the epidural needle has high possibility to touch the nerve. Anesthetists have to consider the existence of the medial branch of the lateral branch of the posterior rami of the spinal nerve when they insert the needle in the paramedical approach to the spinal column.     

Pseudoganglion on the connecting branch between the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve and medial plantar nerve

The connecting branch between the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve and medial plantar nerve often has an enlarged site. We investigated these enlarged sites of the connecting branches. We observed the 22 human feet of 20 Japanese cadavers. We investigated the connecting branch macroscopically and histologically. We found the connecting branches between the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve and medial plantar nerve in 19 feet out of 22 feet. This connecting nerve branch was interposed between the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus and the flexor hallucis brevis, and there enlarged in the anteroposterior direction. After penetration, numbers of fascicles of this connecting branch were increased at the enlarged site. In this region, the connective tissues surrounding the nerve fascicles and vessels were more developed compared with the adjoining sides of this branch. A few fascicles at this enlarged site innervated the first metatarsophalangeal joint capsule. Other nerve fascicles arose from the connecting branch and branched off muscular branches to the flexor hallucis brevis. This branch possibly receives the physical exertion or friction during gait due to its position. Deformity and overload of the foot can cause sensory disorders of the foot, but the anatomical basis for the relationship between the deformity/overload and sensory disorders of the foot is unclear. We discussed that this connecting branch can be a potential cause of pressure neuropathies in the human foot.     

The effects of the communicating branch between medial and lateral plantar nerves on the innervations of the foot lumbrical muscles

Introduction

The communicating branches between the medial (MPN) and lateral (LPN) plantar nerves aren’t frequently observed in relation to the innervation of the foot muscles in previous studies. In this study, the number and localization of the communicating branch on the innervations of foot muscles were evaluated to open a new sight considering the innervations of lumbrical muscles.

膝降血管髌下支蒂股骨内侧髁骨膜瓣逆行转位术的应用解剖

目的　为膝降血管髌下支蒂股骨内侧髁骨膜瓣修复膝关节面缺损提供解剖学基础。 方法　在30侧动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上,以收肌结节、股骨内侧髁为观测点解剖观测膝降动脉关节支的走行、分支与分布。另在1侧新鲜标本上进行摹拟手术。 结果　膝降血管关节支在距股骨内侧髁下缘上(5.9±1.2) cm处发出两大分支：①骨膜支起始外径（1.3±0.2）mm,在股骨内侧髁面上走行距离为(4.8±1.1) cm;②髌下支起始外径为(1.3±0.2) mm,向下走行距离为(6.6±1.5)cm。 结论　可形成膝降血管髌下支-骨膜支蒂股骨内侧髁骨膜瓣逆行转位修复膝关节面缺损。     

Controlled medial branch anesthetic block in the diagnosis of chronic lumbar facet joint pain: the value of a three-month follow-up

OBJECTIVES:

To verify the incidence of facetary and low back pain after a controlled medial branch anesthetic block in a three-month follow-up and to verify the correlation between the positive results and the demographic variables.

METHODS:

Patients with chronic lumbar pain underwent a sham blockade (with a saline injection) and then a controlled medial branch block. Their symptoms were evaluated before and after the sham injection and after the real controlled medial branch block; the symptoms were reevaluated after one day and one week, as well as after one, two and three months using the visual analog scale. We searched for an association between the positive results and the demographic characteristics of the patients.

RESULTS:

A total of 104 controlled medial branch blocks were performed and 54 patients (52%) demonstrated >50% improvements in pain after the blockade. After three months, lumbar pain returned in only 18 individuals, with visual analogue scale scores >4. Therefore, these patients were diagnosed with chronic facet low back pain. The three-months of follow-up after the controlled medial branch block excluded 36 patients (67%) with false positive results. The results of the controlled medial branch block were not correlated to sex, age, pain duration or work disability but were correlated with patient age (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION:

Patient diagnosis with a controlled medial branch block proved to be effective but was not associated with any demographic variables. A three-month follow-up is required to avoid a high number of false positives.     

胫神经腓肠肌内侧头分支切断小腿缩容术的护理

<正>形体美已成为现代社会衡量女性外貌的重要指标,爱美女性对完美腿部曲线的追求也在不断提高,小腿的柔美形态已成为整形美容外科医师和求美者共同的追求。我科于2009年至2014年对50例小腿肌肉型肥大的患者进行高选择性下肢胫神经腓肠肌内侧头分支切断小腿缩容术,收到较好的治疗效果,现将护理体会报告如下。     

肌间隙血管为蒂小腿内侧皮瓣的应用解剖及临床应用

目的 :为胫后动脉的肌间隙分支为蒂小腿内侧皮瓣移植提供解剖学基础。方法 :选用新鲜尸体60侧经胫后动脉起始部进行墨汁注射 ,以内踝至胫骨平台将小腿等分成A、B、C、D 4个区段 ,在手术放大镜下进行解剖观察血管分支长度、口径、类型。结果 :B区胫后动脉肌间隙分支长 (4 .5± 0 .6)cm ,外径 (1.7± 0 .2 )mm。C区胫后动脉肌间隙分支长 (4 .0± 0 .6)cm ,外径 (1.5± 0 .3 )mm。其余A、D区分支细、短。结论 :以胫后动脉的肌间隙支为蒂小腿内侧皮瓣血管蒂较长 ,口径适合显微外科的吻合要求 ,可用于游离移植修复 ;临床修复手皮肤缺损 6例 ,皮瓣全部成活。     

旋股内侧动脉解剖学观测及在介入法治疗下肢动脉疾患的意义

目的:为利用旋股内侧动脉深支介入法治疗下肢动脉疾病提供解剖学依据。方法:股部正常经福尔马林固定动脉灌注红色乳胶成人下肢标本50侧。观测旋股内侧动脉及其深支的起源、起点外径、走行和分布。以两侧髂前上棘的连线作为X轴,经髂前上棘所作垂直线为Y轴。分别测量旋股内侧动脉及其深支起始处至X轴和Y轴的距离,以此定位旋股内侧动脉及其深支的起始端。结果:旋股内侧动脉起始处外径,男(4.75±0.94)mm,女(3.92±0.88)mm。其深支起点的外径,男(3.90±0.70)mm,女(3.43±0.69)mm。旋股内侧动脉起点距X轴的距离:男(10.21±1.16)cm,女(9.58±1.67)cm;与Y轴间距:男(5.66±1.02)cm,女(5.37±0.59)cm。旋股内侧动脉深支起点与X轴的间距:男(10.61±1.21)cm,女(9.92±1.42)cm;与Y轴之间的距离分别为(6.48±1.18)cm和(6.31±0.66)cm。上述指标中,旋股内侧动脉主干及其深支的外径具有性别差异(P<0.05)。结论:旋股内侧动脉深支可运用于介入治疗下肢动脉疾患。髂前上棘可作为标志定位旋股内侧动脉及其深支的起点。在操作中,要注意性别差异,并注意保护股血管。     

膝降血管髌下支蒂胫骨骨膜瓣移位修复膝关节面的应用解剖

目的：为用膝降血管髌下支蒂胫骨骨膜瓣移位修复膝关节面病损提供解剖学依据。方法：用30侧经动脉红色乳胶灌注的成人下肢标本,解剖观测膝降动脉髌直支起始、位置、运载胫骨内侧面的分支、分布和吻合。结果：膝降动脉髌下支沿大收肌腱板和收肌结节前面下行,至膝关节间隙水平向前横行于关节囊表面,由此向下发2-5支胫骨骨膜支。这些骨膜支与膝下内侧动脉和稳动脉等动脉的胫骨骨膜支相互吻合,分支分布于胫骨内侧面。结论：以膝降血这髌下支为蒂的胫骨骨膜瓣移位可用于治疗膝关节面病损。