初次全髋关节置换中两种直径股骨头活动度的对比

背景：人工全髋关节置换后脱位是置换后最常见的近期并发症,引起脱位的因素很多。在术者的可控制的因素中,股骨头直径可能是影响脱位发生率的因素之一。一般认为较大的假体头更符合髋关节生物力学特点,能够增加关节稳定性。 目的：观察初次全髋关节置换术中不同股骨头直径对髋关节活动度的影响,以期为临床选择理想直径的股骨头假体提供依据。 方法：收集乌兰察布市中心医院骨科自2009年8月至2012年8月采用28 mm及32 mm直径的股骨头假体行初次全髋置换77例(87髋)患者的病历资料。全部髋关节假体由ZIMMER公司提供,髋关节活动界面为聚乙烯对金属。股骨头假体采用28 mm直径51髋,32 mm直径36髋。手术入路均为后侧入路。术中测髋关节屈髋90°时髋关节内、外旋至脱位的活动度,并在不同直径股骨头假体组间进行对比分析。 结果与结论：全部患者术中未更改术式。将两种直径股骨头组间脱位时度数总和进行统计学分析,发现差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。其中股骨颈骨折患者行人工全髋关节置换术中,两种不同直径人工股骨头假体的术中活动度差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);股骨头缺血性坏死患者行人工全髋关节置换术中,两种不同直径人工股骨头假体的术中活动度差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。提示与28 mm股骨头相比,32 mm股骨头未能增加全髋关节置换术中活动度,置换后随访2年两种直径的人工股骨头对于全髋关节置换后脱位无影响。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程      

Potential of P40 plastination for morphometric hip measurements

Total hip replacement has become one of the most successful surgical operations over the past 25 years. The duration of a total hip prosthesis depends on primary stability, and many studies have tried precisely to evaluate hip joint morphology to obtain excellent contact between bone and prosthetic component. This study performed a morphometric analysis of the human hip joint using, for the first time, the P40 plastination procedure. We cut 42 hip joint compounds into slices 3 mm thick; for exact distance measuring the sections were scanned into the computer. The following mean measurements for hip geometry were obtained: vertical diameter of acetabulum 4.894±0.274 cm, depth of acetabulum 1.643±0.245 cm, femoral head radius 2.268±0.149 cm, femoral neck length 4.3670±0.528 cm, acetabular perimeter 6.711±0.434 cm, vertical diameter of labrum acetabulare 4.759±0.476 cm, depth of labrum acetabulare 2.599±0.395 cm, sum of femoral head and neck lengths 6.759±0.550 cm, hip axis length 11.859±1.007 cm, femoral neck axis length 10.12±0.555 cm, and femoral neck diameter 3.349±0.276 cm. All of these data reveal a significant gender difference. Our aim was to indicate an unconventional and new method of gaining morphometric hip data by using plastination.     

Comparison of femoral geometry among cases with and without hip fractures

Hip fractures have high morbidity and mortality rate for the people as a complication of osteoporosis and is generally seen in old age. It is known that femoral geometric measurements are important in the assessment of hip fracture risks. This study aimed to examine the association between hip geometry and hip fracture in post-menopausal elderly females. In the present study, 232 hip X-rays were taken from women with no hip fractures (Group 1) and 29 post-menopausal women with hip fractures (Group 2) after a minor trauma. After standard anterior-posterior plain pelvic X-ray radiographs were obtained, various radiographic measurements were performed in all cases, including the hip axis length (HAL), femoral neck axis length (FAL), acetabular width (AW), femoral head width (HW), femoral neck width (FW), femoral shaft width (FSW), intertrochanteric width (TW), lateral and medial cortical thickness of the femoral shaft (LCT, SMCT), femoral neck cortical thickness (NMCT) and femoral neck-shaft angle (Q-angle). In group 1, the mean age, weight and height were 62.5 +/- 7.4 years, 70.8 +/- 12.5 kg, and 157.5 +/- 6.7 cm, respectively. In group 2, these values were 70.17 +/- 6.8 years, 64.7 +/- 11.5 kg, and 158.3 +/- 2.7 cm, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the measurements of HAL, FAL, AW and HW between the two groups. In group 2, the mean FW value was significantly higher than in group 1 (p= 0.01). The mean values for FSW, TW, NMCT, SMCT, LCT were statistically lower in group 2 than those in group 1 (p= 0.01, p=0.038, p=0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). Q-angle was also significantly higher in cases with hip fracture than in cases with no hip fracture (p=0.01). The values of FW, FSW, TW, NMCT, SMCT, LCT and Q-angle seem to be important parameters in the evaluation of hip fracture risks. However, further studies are needed to clarify this conclusion.     

以三维有限元分析多孔钽块植入治疗股骨头缺血性坏死的生物力学改变

目的对比研究3种治疗成人股骨头缺血性坏死方法的生物力学行为;总结最合适的钽块大小、植入位置和植入试验股骨头模型后防止塌陷的效果。方法选择健康成人右侧股骨为研究对象,经层厚2.0mm的螺旋CT扫描得各断面图象,输入计算机识别和提取股骨轮廓并行三维重建。按生理状态下股骨力载荷的三维空间分布,施加髋关节接触力1620N,外展肌合力1061N,髂胫束力1720N。对股骨头三维有限元模型进行计算,求出股骨头受力模型在3种不同处理方法下,不同直径和形状钽金属植入股骨头模型后股骨头负重区表面的塌陷值。结果髓芯减压+植骨+钽块植入组防止股骨头塌陷效果较髓芯减压+植骨组、髓芯减压+植骨+钽棒植入组有明显改善,而髓芯减压+植骨组与髓芯减压+植骨+钽棒植入组随坏死角度增大后无明显差异。结论植入钽金属块后尽可能靠近负重区关节面对股骨头予以支撑,能有效阻止和限制坏死继续进展;植骨加钽棒植入在小范围坏死时尚有一定的支撑作用,当坏死范围增大后不能增加股骨头的机械支撑力;钽金属块植入组治疗股头缺血性坏死明显优于钽金属棒植入组;钽块的最佳植入位置在股骨头负重区正下方软骨板下0～3mm。     

骨质疏松患者股骨头不同区域骨结构与生物力学分析

目的探讨老年股骨颈骨折病人的股骨头样本各个区域的结构和生物力学性能差异,研究不同区域显微结构和生物力学特征及其对内固定物的影响。方法收集20个老年股骨颈骨折病人关节置换术后股骨头标本,以股骨头表面解剖标志点为参照,将股骨头按平分方法分为外侧、内侧、中间三部分。确定环钻的位置和钻取方向,用环钻于不同区域钻取直径10 mm、高10 mm圆柱形松质骨柱。通过Micro-CT系统扫描分析,分析不同区域内松质骨柱数据,包括骨体积分数(BVF)、骨小梁间隙(Tb.Sp)、骨小梁厚度(Tb.Th)、骨小梁数目(Tb.N)、骨表面积体积比(BS/BV)、结构模型指数(SMI)。应用微有限元计算不同区域骨组织的力学差异。结果老年股骨头颈内骨质含量下降,显微结构和生物力学性能区域变化明显,中间区域的骨结构和力学性能明显优于内侧和外侧。结论股骨头中间部位骨骼结构和力学强度明显优于内侧和外侧,在临床治疗骨质疏松股骨颈骨折的时候需要充分考虑内固定的部位。     

Effects of changes in hip joint angle on H-reflex excitability in humans

We examined the amplitude modulation of the soleus (Sol) H-reflex during controlled variations of the hip joint angle in 21 healthy adult human subjects. Hip angle variations were imposed separately, or in combination either with stimulation of the plantar skin or with electrical activation of muscle afferents from the medial gastrocnemius (MG) nerve. We found that with subjects in the supine position, flexion of the hip significantly depressed Sol H-reflex excitability, by as much as 50% of control reflex values (Ho) recorded at 10 degrees of hip flexion. Conversely, significant facilitation of the H-reflex was observed when the hip joint was extended (10 degrees), with amplitudes reaching 200+/-15.3% of Ho. Changes in H-reflex amplitude were also observed during electrical stimulation of either the foot sole or the MG nerve, when stimuli were delivered at different hip angles. Foot sole stimulation resulted in facilitation of the H-reflex with the hip extended while depression of the reflex was recorded with the hip flexed. In contrast, MG nerve stimulation at group-I muscle afferent strength resulted in a significant increase in the Sol H-reflex magnitude with the hip flexed, while during hip extension, no significant effects were observed [corrected]. This study provides evidence for the existence of a spinal mechanism, determined principally by the hip joint angle, which promotes switching between inhibitory and facilitatory pathways during hip flexion and extension. The origins of such a spinal mechanism are discussed.     

激素性股骨头坏死与股骨颈骨折患者股骨头内骨小梁形态学对比研究

目的利用微计算机断层扫描技术(Micro-CT)对比分析激素性股骨头坏死与股骨颈骨折患者的股骨头内骨小梁的结构特点。 方法选取2016年9月至2017年9月因股骨颈骨折与激素性股骨头坏死于大连大学附属中山医院行人工全髋关节置换术的患者,分别设为骨折组与坏死组,每组各20例(20髋),术中完整取出股骨头作为研究材料。应用计算机对股骨头进行三维重建,利用x、y、z轴各2个相互平行的平面将股骨头分割成27个区域,27个区域的编号规则：分为内侧、中间、外侧3个区,每组按照由前向后、由上向下的顺序编为1～9号。内侧区编号为m1、m2……m9;中间区编号为c1、c2……c9;外侧区编号为l1、l2……l9。对样本进行Micro-CT断层扫描,获取股骨头样本的计算机三维图像。手工选取兴趣区,采用骨体积分数、骨小梁厚度、骨小梁数量、骨小梁间隙等三维空间参数分别对2组股骨头内骨小梁进行评价。数据比较采用t检验和单因素方差分析。 结果在骨折组中,将股骨头按矢状面分割为内侧区、中间区、外侧区进行对比,中间区表现为骨体积分数均值最大、厚度均值最大、数量均值最大、间隙均值最小的优势骨小梁区域,差异均有统计学意义(F＝36.59、73.50、38.60、48.50,P值均小于0.05);将股骨头按冠状面分割为前区、中间区、后区进行对比,前区表现为骨体积分数均值最大、厚度均值最大、数量均值最大、间隙均值最小,差异均有统计学意义(F＝69.50、43.92、85.40、36.00,P值均小于0.05);将股骨头按水平面分割为上区、中间区、下区进行对比,上区表现为骨体积分数均值最大、厚度均值最大、数量均值最大、间隙均值最小,差异均有统计学意义(F＝37.03、29.47、255.50、45.50,P值均小于0.05)。对比坏死组股骨头不同部位骨小梁微结构参数,如果将股骨头分为内侧区、中间区、外侧区,中间区表现为骨体积分数均值最大、厚度均值最大、数量均值最大、间隙均值最小的优势骨小梁区域,差异均有统计学意义(F＝41.42、26.60、400.00、36.00,P值均小于0.05);如果将股骨头分为上区、中间区、下区,上区表现为骨体积分数均值最大、厚度均值最大、数量均值最大、间隙均值最小,差异均有统计学意义(F＝52.99、25.33、28.50、37.33,P值均小于0.05);如果将股骨头分为前区、中间区、后区,前区表现为骨体积分数均值最大、厚度均值最大、数量均值最大、间隙均值最小,差异均有统计学意义(F＝2 567.17、57.29、42.11、41.17,P值均小于0.05)。与坏死组相比,骨折组骨小梁骨体积分数均值更大,差异有统计学意义(t＝4.90,P＝0.01)、骨小梁厚度均值更大,差异有统计学意义(t＝－4.17,P＝0.01)、骨小梁数量均值更大,差异有统计学意义(t＝－31.37,P＝0.01),骨小梁间隙均值更小,差异有统计学意义(t＝－7.12,P＝0.01)。 结论激素对于坏死股骨头的影响不仅仅是坏死区,包括硬化区、正常骨小梁区,即对于整个股骨头都产生了影响。     

髋关节置换与运动性股骨头损伤

背景：体育运动中爆发性用力的跳跃动作容易造成髋关节损伤,髋关节周围的一些部位由于存在未闭合的骨骺而相对薄弱,猝然施加的暴力可以造成大块的撕脱性骨折。 目的：总结髋关节置换治疗运动性股骨头坏死技术、置换材料及并发症的研究进展,评价修复运动性股骨头损伤中所应用的髋关节置换术的各种生物材料的性能和应用。 方法：由第一作者采用电子检索的方式,在Pubmed数据库及万方数据库中检索1991-01/2010-12有关生物材料应用于组织工程肌腱支架的研究文章,中文关键词为“股骨头坏死,生物材料,髋关节置换,并发症”;英文关键词为“artificial hip joints,biomaterials,prostheses”。排除重复研究、普通综述或Meta分析类文章,筛选纳入21篇文献进行评价。 结果与结论：分析了治疗股骨头坏死的髋关节置换技术的选择、置换材料的性能评价。髋关节置换技术以及置换材料都有各自的优缺点,绝大多数还处于研究阶段。利用陶瓷股骨头假体、金属对金属的假体减少由于高分子聚乙烯磨损颗粒导致的假体松动等研究受到了人们的重视。全髋关节置换已经成为晚期髋关节疾病的有效治疗手段,因其适应证范围宽,置换效果好,目前被认为是治疗股骨头坏死中晚期的金标准。     

动力化髋关节外固定器研制及其临床试用

目的 研制动力化髋关节外固定器,并辅助带血管蒂的髂骨瓣移植治疗股骨头坏死,评价其治疗效果.方法 根据髋关节的解剖学和运动学特点,设计动力化髋关节外固定器;对4例中年股骨头坏死患者,采用动力化髋关节外固定器辅助带血管蒂的髂骨瓣移植治疗.术前、术后进行Harris评分和常规的X线检查,并进行对比.结果 经12～30个月的随访,Harris评分由术前的平均56分提高到术后平均81分,良3例,可1例.X线检查,移植的髂骨瓣愈合良好,关节间隙平均4mm.结论 通过本组病例观察,动力化髋关节外固定器可维持髋关节的间隙,带血管蒂的髂骨瓣可恢复股骨头的血运,两者技术的结合使用较好地解决在股骨头修复期早期功能锻炼的问题.     

外科脱位入路头凹植骨联合自体骨髓浓集液和富血小板血浆凝胶治疗非创伤性股骨头坏死的疗效分析

目的 探讨外科脱位入路头凹处清除死骨植骨联合自体骨髓浓集液和富血小板凝胶治疗非创伤性股骨头坏死的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2014年8月-2016年12月应用外科脱位入路经头凹清除死骨植骨联合自体骨髓浓集液和富血小板凝胶治疗23例(26髋)非创伤性股骨头坏死病例资料。其中男15例(18髋),女8例(8髋);年龄21～53岁,平均36.2岁;激素性股骨头坏死12例(15髋),酒精性股骨头坏死8例(8髋),特发性股骨头坏死3例(3髋);国际骨循环研究协会(ARCO)股骨头坏死分期Ⅱb期5髋,Ⅱc期12髋,Ⅲa期5髋,Ⅲb期3髋,Ⅲc期1髋。术前制备自体富血小板血浆和骨髓浓集液,测定富血小板血浆中血小板水平以及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)的含量,检测骨髓浓集液中骨髓单核细胞数量。无菌条件下制备骨髓浓集液和富血小板血浆凝胶。采取髋关节外科脱位入路显露股骨头,经股骨头凹处开窗进行死骨清除,将自体骨粒与骨髓浓集液、富血小板血浆凝胶混合后,经股骨头凹处顺向打压植骨。记录手术时间、术中出血量,观察术后并发症发生情况。术后3、6、12个月行骨盆X线片及CT、MRI检查,观察关节面塌陷及骨修复重建情况。末次随访时采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)评估关节疼痛情况, 采用Harris 髋关节评分标准评定疗效。结果 富血小板血浆测定血小板水平为(1.82±0.29)×10⁶/μL,其中VEGF和TGF-β水平分别为(504.32±52.13)pg/mL、(134.19±20.52)ng/mL。骨髓浓集液中骨髓单核细胞数量为(8.17±1.54)×10⁵/L。所有患者均顺利完成手术。手术时间80～125 min,平均108 min;术中出血250～400 mL,平均320 mL。23例患者术后随访26～42个月,平均36.6个月。1例出现大转子截骨端延迟愈合,二次手术后4个月愈合。11例(11髋)出现了关节面不同程度塌陷,其中10髋关节面塌陷1.0～3.0(1.9±0.82)mm,关节间隙可,塌陷关节面下骨质密度接近正常,关节功能正常,未予处理;1例股骨头坏死面积约占股骨头体积60%,术后17个月关节面塌陷3.5 mm,关节功能受限,行人工全髋关节置换。23例(26髋)中,术后25髋股骨头植骨均重建,完全重建时间为1～1.5年。25髋末次随访Harris评分(87.38±8.21)分,高于术前的(58.92±10.42),VAS(2.58±1.58)分,低于术前的(7.42±1.20)分,差异均有统计学意义(t=26.630、26.718, P值均<0.01)。结论 外科脱位入路头凹死骨清除打压植骨治疗非创伤性股骨头坏死,可以直视下彻底清除坏死骨;同时联合自体骨髓浓集液和富血小板血浆凝胶的应用,可为骨髓间充质干细胞提供细胞支架、增加骨髓间充质干细胞的数量及VEGF和TGF-β的水平,促进股骨头坏死的修复。     

股骨头颈骨内、外静脉回流的解剖学研究

目的 :为探讨Legg Perthes病的发病机理及临床治疗提供形态学依据。 方法 :采用巨微解剖、血管透明、组织切片、造影、扫描电镜等方法对 45例胎儿、新生儿及儿童的股骨头颈骨内、外静脉回流途径、骨内微血管构筑特点进行观察。结果 :(1 )髋关节骨外静脉包括 :旋股内、外侧静脉 ,闭孔静脉 ,臀上、下静脉 ,颈后静脉 ,髂腰静脉 ,股骨头韧带静脉 ,颈升静脉 ;骨内静脉包括 :前、后、上、下骺静脉 ,内骺静脉 ,前、后、上、下干骺静脉。关节囊内存在丰富的滑膜下静脉网 ,髋关节周围形成两个彼此有吻合的环状结构。(2 )一条微动脉一般有两条微静脉伴行 ,微静脉间有丰富的横行吻合支 ,在微动脉移行为毛细血管的部位 ,常可见到环形缩窄。结论 :(1 )Legg Perthes病与股骨头、颈静脉回流障碍密切相关。 (2 )根据股骨头、颈骨内外静脉回流特点 ,Legg Perthes病可以设计骨内、外双重介入治疗 ,骨内、囊内静脉搭桥的显微外科治疗方案     

髋关节假体置换中股骨头直径及髋臼前倾角的作用

背景：后脱位在人工髋关节置换后并发症中发生率仅次于假体松动,严重影响髋关节的稳定性。目前在临床研究中股骨头直径及髋臼前倾角对髋关节稳定性的影响尚存争议。 目的：探讨股骨头直径和髋臼前倾角在人工髋关节置换后对髋关节稳定性的影响。 方法：在尸体骨上测量全髋关节置换后影响髋关节后向不稳定的股骨头直径和髋臼前倾角。前倾角在计算机导航引导下安装在0°-20°,其中每个间隔为5°。分别应用直径为28,32,36 mm的股骨头进行实验,观察髋关节屈曲90°内收0°以及屈曲90°内收30°时引起脱位的内旋角度。 结果与结论：当髋臼臼杯前倾角从0°增加到15°时,导致髋关节脱位的髋关节内旋角度随股骨头直径增加而增加(P < 0.05)。当髋臼臼杯前倾角度从15°增加到20°时,导致髋关节脱位的髋关节内旋角度随股骨头直径增加而增加的趋势不明显。在髋关节屈曲90°内收0°时,当髋臼臼杯前倾由15°增加到20°,股骨头直径36 mm组相对于28 mm和32 mm组有更高的稳定性(P< 0.01);当髋臼前倾角度大于10°时,股骨头直径32 mm组与28 mm组相比具有更好的稳定性(P < 0.05);当髋臼前倾角小于10°时,此种区别不是很明显。当髋关节屈曲90°内收30°,股骨头直径36 mm组相对于28 mm和32 mm组有更高的稳定性(P < 0.01);当髋臼前倾角度大于10°时,股骨头直径32 mm组与28 mm组相比具有更好的稳定性(P < 0.05);当髋臼前倾角小于10°时,此种区别不是很明显。结果提示髋臼前倾角的增加可减少髋关节后脱位的发生,但是当髋臼前倾角不是很好选择时,应用大直径的股骨头可增加髋关节的稳定性。     

髋关节表面置换改良杯的生物力学评价

髋关节表面置换术远期的松动率比全髋关节置换术高,且头杯的松动率较臼杯为高。但髋关节表面置换术具备一些全髋关节假体置换术所没有的优点,如:能保留健康的股骨颈,且尚有全髋关节假体置换术的余地。我们设计了新型的三翼头杯和杆栓杯,简称TC和BC。其中心杆使头杯与残存股骨颈一体化,使假体与残存骨质成为完整受力体系,均匀分散杯下应力。实验采用压力应变值和最大破坏扭矩来评价新头杯与传统头杯的力学稳定性。结果显示,TC综合力学性能最佳,有希望为临床提供一个较理想的头杯。     

骨小梁结构髋臼杯和实体结构髋臼杯的三维模型仿真分析

文题释义： 骨小梁结构：骨组织包括皮质骨和松质骨，松质骨由一系列小梁骨组成。骨小梁在人体内分布广，呈疏松多孔的网状结构，骨的这种结构使得骨能够承受来自各个方向的载荷，并将载荷分散化，减少集中载荷对骨的不良影响。 有限元分析：有限元分析是一种数值分析方法，它的根本思想是离散化。即利用简单而又相互作用的元素(即单元)，就可以用有限数量的未知量去逼近无限未知量的真实系统。有限元数值模拟技术是提升产品质量、缩短设计周期、提高产品竞争力的一项有效手段，所以，随着计算机技术和计算方法的发展，有限元法在工程设计和科研领域得到了越来越广泛的重视和应用，已经成为解决复杂工程分析计算问题的有效途径。 背景：髋关节置换是治疗股骨头坏死、骨性关节炎、髋关节发育不良以及老年股骨颈骨折等髋关节疾病最有效的方法，因此有必要对髋关节置换的生物力学行为展开研究。 目的：采用有限元仿真的方法模拟髋关节置换后骨小梁结构髋臼杯和实体结构髋臼杯模型的接触应力和米氏应力大小和分布情况，分析其对假体及髋关节的影响。 方法：通过3-Matic Research 11.0软件设计了2种不同结构的髋关节假体组件模型：骨小梁结构髋臼杯和实体结构髋臼杯模型。并将设计好的模型经Hypermesh 14.0软件划分网格并赋予材料属性，最后导入有限元分析软件Abaqus 6.13软件中仿真分析，比较相同状态下2种髋臼杯的应力值和应力分布情况。 结果与结论：骨小梁结构髋臼杯的应力呈散点状分布，分布范围广。实体结构髋臼杯容易出现应力集中现象，应力分布集中在受力点附近。骨小梁结构髋臼杯相对于实体结构髋臼杯而言，应力分布范围更大，应力分布更均匀，从而可以减轻髋关节假体之间的磨损，降低髋关节假体发生无菌性松动的风险。 ORCID: 0000-0003-4612-6111(王晖) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节；骨植入物；脊柱；骨折；内固定；数字化骨科；组织工程     

Comparison of two stretching methods and optimization of stretching protocol for the piriformis muscle

Piriformis syndrome is an uncommon diagnosis for a non-discogenic form of sciatica whose treatment has traditionally focused on stretching the piriformis muscle (PiM). Conventional stretches include hip flexion, adduction, and external rotation. Using three-dimensional modeling, we quantified the amount of (PiM) elongation resulting from two conventional stretches and we investigated by use of a computational model alternate stretching protocols that would optimize PiM stretching.Seven subjects underwent three CT scans: one supine, one with hip flexion, adduction, then external rotation (ADD stretch), and one with hip flexion, external rotation, then adduction (ExR stretch). Three-dimensional bone models were constructed from the CT scans. PiM elongation during these stretches, femoral neck inclination, femoral head anteversion, and trochanteric anteversion were measured. A computer program was developed to map PiM length over a range of hip joint positions and was validated against the measured scans.ExR and ADD stretches elongated the PiM similarly by approximately 12%. Femoral head and greater trochanter anteversion influenced PiM elongation. Placing the hip joints in 115° of hip flexion, 40° of external rotation and 25° of adduction or 120° of hip flexion, 50° of external rotation and 30° of adduction increased PiM elongation by 30–40% compared to conventional stretches (15.1 and 15.3% increases in PiM muscle length, respectively).ExR and ADD stretches elongate the PiM similarly and therefore may have similar clinical effectiveness. The optimized stretches led to larger increases in PiM length and may be more easily performed by some patients due to increased hip flexion.     

髓芯减压术后二次减压治疗早中期股骨头坏死

目的回顾性分析髓芯减压术后二次减压术治疗早中期股骨头坏死(ONFH)的临床疗效。 方法选取2008年7月至2013年4月于安徽医科大学解放军第三〇七医院只接受股骨头髓芯减压、死骨刮除、人工骨打压植入术治疗的30例(50髋)ONFH患者,设为单次减压组;选取2010年1月至2013年4月于安徽医科大学解放军第三〇七医院接受单次髓芯减压术术后半年同意行二次减压治疗的30例(42髋)ONFH患者,设为二次减压组。按照国际骨循环研究会分期,所有ONFH均为Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期。采用髋关节Harris评分系统评估术后患髋功能改善情况,应用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)进行临床疼痛测定,通过影像学(X线、CT、磁共振成像)评定股骨头是否塌陷及病灶修复情况。组间数据采用t检验、χ²检验进行比较分析。 结果60例(92髋)ONFH患者术后均获得随访,随访时间为25～84个月。术后25个月时,两组髋关节Harris评分较术前均有显著提高,差异均有统计学意义(P值均小于0.05);二次减压组髋关节Harris评分[(91.21±3.32)分]显著高于单次减压组[(81.60±2.60)分],差异有统计学意义(t＝－15.592,P<0.05)。两组VAS评分较术前均有显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(P值均小于0.05);二次减压组VAS评分[(2.20±0.71)分]显著低于单次减压组[(3.27±1.51)分],差异有统计学意义(t＝3.503,P＝0.001)。单次减压组髋关节Harris评分优2髋,良36髋,尚可5髋,优良率为76.0%,股骨头保存率为86.0%;二次减压组髋关节Harris评分优35髋,良5髋,尚可2髋,优良率为95.2%,股骨头保存率为100.0%。两组髋关节Harris评分优良率比较差异有统计学意义(χ²＝6.548,P＝0.011),两组股骨头保存率比较差异有统计学意义(χ²＝4.529,P＝0.033)。两组髋关节Harris评分为优的37髋的股骨头外形修复均完整;评分为良的41髋中有6髋外形不圆,但股骨头内未出现骨折,剩余基本维持球形;评分为差的7髋出现软骨下骨折、关节间隙狭窄,其中3髋行全髋关节置换术。 结论髓芯减压术后二次减压术可再次诱发股骨头内创伤修复过程,进一步改善患髋功能、减轻髋关节疼痛,起到较好的治疗作用。     

Anatomical study of the synovial plicae of the hip joint

Observations and measurements of the synovial plicae of the hip joints were made on 63 embalmed cadavers. The cadavers were divided equally among three age groups (fetuses, children, and adults). Our observations showed that the plicae appeared in two forms (flat and villous) and were mainly confined to the external surface of the lower medial part of the acetabular labrum (labral plicae), the base of the ligament of the head of the femur (ligamental plicae), and along the reflecting line of the synovial membrane on the base of the femoral neck (neck plicae). The ligamental plicae were well padded with a fibroelastic pad of fat filling the acetabular fossa, and the neck plicae were far away from the articular surfaces of the joint; as a result, neither was likely to be injured or entrapped during joint movements. The labral plicae were larger than the ligamental or neck plicae and had an incidence of 73.8% in the fetal group. The fetal plicae were found only after the fetal age of 5 months. In nine cases of the child and adult groups, the labral plicae extended between the articular surface of the femoral head and the lower part of the acetabulum during medial rotation of the thigh. When the thigh was rotated laterally, the plicae in six of the same cases could be returned to their original positions. In the remaining three cases, there was continual impingement. Clin. Anat. 10:235-238, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.