Cytomegalovirus colitis with a new diagnosis of ulcerative colitis in an elderly woman

Objectives: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) colitis is generally diagnosed in immunocompromised patients. It is rare for patients who are not immunocompromised to develop CMV colitis. Cases of CMV colitis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease have also been reported. We encountered a case of CMV colitis with a new diagnosis of severe ulcerative colitis and demonstrated the importance of suspecting ulcerative colitis in immunocompetent patients with CMV colitis.Patient: A 78-year-old woman was hospitalized with fever and diarrhea that had lasted for a month. Colonoscopy revealed continuous diffuse edema, mucosal redness, and multiple punched-out ulcers with bleeding, suggesting cytomegalovirus (CMV) colitis, although she was not immunocompromised. Immunohistochemical staining revealed CMV-positive cells, and CMV colitis was diagnosed. One month later, a colonoscopy was conducted owing to persistent symptoms despite initiating the prescribed antiviral drug. A complete loss of vascular pattern, easy bleeding of the crude mucosa, and exacerbation of multiple punched-out ulcers were observed. She was diagnosed with severe ulcerative colitis. The symptoms of ulcerative colitis disappeared with prednisolone and 5-amino salicylic acid treatment.Conclusion: Ulcerative colitis should be suspected in immunocompetent patients with CMV colitis.     

抗原血症检测方法早期诊断白血病患儿的巨细胞病毒性肺炎

目的：了解白血病患儿巨细胞病毒（ＣＭＶ）肺炎的发生状况及ＣＭＶ抗原血症检测方法对ＣＭＶ肺炎的诊断意义。方法：实验组为３１例白血病患儿，对照组为３１例免疫功能正常的儿童，应用间接免疫荧光方法检测外周血白细胞ＣＭＶ抗原；应用ＥＬＩＳＡ方法检测血清抗ＣＭＶＩｇＭ、ＩｇＧ抗体。结果：白血病患儿中有９例发生活动性ＣＭＶ感染，感染率为２９１％，对照组为０，两者之间差异显著（Ｐ＜００１）。９例活动性ＣＭＶ感染患儿中，有６例为肺炎，临床表现无特异性，胸片表现多样化，病情轻重不一。６例ＣＭＶ肺炎患儿检测ＣＭＶ抗原血症均为阳性。结论：白血病患儿易发生ＣＭＶ肺炎。ＣＭＶ抗原血症检测技术可早期诊断白血病患儿ＣＭＶ肺炎，为临床早期治疗提供实验依据     

Cytomegalovirus infection associated with ulcerative colitis in immunocompetent individuals.

Gastrointestinal infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) is usually found in immunocompromised patients and rarely affects immunocompetent subjects. We describe two immunocompetent patients who had primary CMV infection, and in both the disease was associated with ulcerative colitis. Both patients recovered from the CMV infection spontaneously.     

Colonoscopy in the diagnosis of intestinal graft versus host disease and cytomegalovirus enteritis following allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Background Gastrointestinal graft versus host disease （GI-GVHD） and cytomegalovirus （CMV） enteritis are important complications following allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation （allo-HSCT）. We explored the role of colonoscopy in the diagnosis of GI-GVHD and CMV enteritis following alIo-HSCT to identify the endoscopic manifestations of GI-GVHD and CMV enteritis was made.
Methods A retrospective analysis of the colonoscopic manifestations of GI-GVHD, CMV enteritis and GI-GVHD with concurrent CMV enteritis （GconC） and their related clinical issues.
Results Forty-seven patients underwent 50 colonoscopies with diagnoses of 32 GI-GVHD, 7 CMV enteritis and 11 GconC. Both GI-GVHD and CMV enteritis had colonic mucosal lesions with various manifestations under colonoscopy. Tortoise shell like changes of the mucosa （12 of 32） and deep ulcers （2 of 7） were specific endoscopic manifestations for GI-GVHD and CMV enteritis, respectively, while mucosal oedema, erythema, congestion, erosion and shallow ulcers could not be used to differentiate GI-GVHD from CMV enteritis. GconC patients were prone to have oozing bleeding of the end ileal mucosa and typhlodicliditis. Of the biopsed specimens for GI-GVHD, CMV enteritis and GconC, 64%, 70% and 44% were taken from the rectum and sigmoid colon respectively.
Conclusions Following allo-HSCT, tortoise shell like changes and deep ulcers of the colonic mucosa are characteristic changes for GI-GVHD and CMV enteritis, respectively, while the other lesions are not. Most of the GI-GVHDs and CMV enteritis cases can be diagnosed by left colon examination and tissue biopsy, but total colon examination to the terminal ileum is preferred.     

RT-PCR,pp65抗原及组织病理学测定肾移植术后巨细胞病毒感染的比较研究

目的比较巨细胞病毒（CMV）定量PCR检测,CMV-pp65抗原检测及组织病理学在肾移植术后CMV感染中的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析28例肾移植患者临床资料,并结合文献进行讨论。结果共有11例患者发生无临床症状的巨细胞病毒感染,经静脉注射更昔洛韦,11例全部治愈。结论 CMV定量PCR,CMV-pp65抗原检测及组织病理学均能作为肾移植术后CMV感染早期诊断的有效手段,三者比较,CMV定量PCR更敏感,CMV-pp65抗原检测更特异,组织病理学则具有创伤性,因此三者共同应用对CMV感染早期诊断更有意义。     

手术患者输血相关的巨细胞病毒感染

用间接免疫荧光法和酶联免疫吸附试验,对39例外科手术患者输血前后双份血清巨细胞病毒抗体进行了检测,证实大量输血可以引起外科手术患者活动性 CMV 感染。输血后受血者活动性 CMV 感染者共20例,且与供血的人数和输血量密切相关,但未发现患者有与 CMV 感染有关的明显临床症状。     

Cytomegalovirus myocarditis following liver transplantation.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are commonly found in patients on immunosuppressive therapy following liver transplantation. However, acute myocarditis is an extremely rare manifestation of CMV infection in this setting. We report the case of a patient who developed acute myocarditis with severe biventricular failure with a cardiac ejection fraction of less than 10%, 6 weeks following orthotopic liver transplantation. Systemic CMV infection was diagnosed on the basis of a clinical viraemia, the presence of CMV antigen in urine, blood, and throat swab, and an associated four-fold rise in serum antibody titres to CMV. A full recovery ensued following treatment with standard anti-cardiac failure therapy and a 10 day course of intravenous ganciclovir.     

The changing pattern of cytomegalovirus retinitis in human immunodeficiency virus disease

There have been profound changes in the pattern of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis over the last two decades. The epidemiology and behaviour of CMV retinitis has been significantly altered by Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). It was uncommon prior to the AIDS epidemic, but soon became the most common retinal infection in AIDS patients. In the past several years, highly active anti-retroviral treatment (HAART) has achieved a dramatic improvement in the prognosis for patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). As a result, HIV patients are living longer and have a reduced risk of CMV retinitis. Some patients with CMV retinitis who respond to HAART develop a transient symptomatic vitritis while others undergo no reactivation of their retinitis despite having no specific anti-CMV therapy. This pattern is likely to undergo further change as the treatment of HIV and CMV disease continues to improve.     

Cytomegalovirus retinitis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy

A number of striking changes have occurred recently in the presentation and course of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who are receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Before the use of HAART, CMV retinitis was the most common intraocular infection in patients with AIDS, occurring in up to 40% of patients, typically when CD4+ cell counts have decreased to less than 0.10 x 10(9)/L. By studying CMV retinitis, clinicians can investigate whether the rejuvenated immune system that results from HAART can effectively control opportunistic infections in patients with AIDS. In some patients, retinitis has not progressed when specific anti-CMV therapy was discontinued, but a number of patients have developed substantial intraocular inflammation, which has resulted in decreased visual acuity. Anterior uveitis, cataract, vitritis, cystoid macular edema, epiretinal membrane, and disc edema may occur in patients with CMV retinitis who have experienced HAART-associated elevation in CD4+ cell counts. Since immune recovery uveitis does not occur in eyes without CMV retinitis, the ocular inflammation appears to be related to the CMV infection. Anti-CMV maintenance therapy likely can be safely discontinued in some patients with CMV retinitis if CD4+ cell counts are stable or increasing and have been higher than 0.10 x 10(9)/L for at least 3 months. Immune recovery in patients receiving HAART has been effective in controlling opportunistic infections, but it may also result in intraocular inflammation, which can have adverse effects on the eye.     

更昔洛韦治疗先天性巨细胞病毒感染疗效观察

目的: 观察更昔洛韦治疗先天性巨细胞病毒感染的临床疗效。方法: 将先天性巨细胞病毒感染患儿随机分为病毒唑治疗组(26例)及更昔洛韦治疗组(27例),对两组患儿的临床表现及治疗效果进行观察。结果: 病毒唑治疗组和更昔洛韦治疗组疗程结束后,在临床表现、实验室检查及病毒学结果转归方面进行比较,差异均有显著性(P<0。05)。结论: 更昔洛韦对先天性巨细胞病毒感染有显著疗效,且副作用小,值得临床推广。     

更昔洛韦治疗巨细胞病毒性肝炎25例疗效观察

目的探讨更昔洛韦在巨细胞病毒（CMV）肝炎治疗中的方法及疗效。方法收集科内收治CMV肝炎病例,分析更昔洛韦不同治疗阶段的临床表现、GMV—IgM及肝功变化、不良反应。结果诱导期及维持期后均较治疗前有显著变化。结论更昔洛韦治疗OMV肝炎安全、有效,但应完成维持治疗阶段,以防复发。     

定量PCR检测CMV在异基因造血干细胞移植中的临床意义

目的通过监测造血干细胞移植后患者的外周血CMV DNA含量,探讨对患者进行抗病毒治疗的有效性。方法采用实时定量PCR方法对接受异基因造血干细胞移植（Allogeneic HCT）患者进行外周血CMV DNA定期检测。可评价患者57例,其中男38例,女19例,年龄13-59岁（中位年龄31岁）;含急性白血病30例（ALL 11例、AML 19例）,慢粒（CML）11例,淋巴瘤（NHL）8例,骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS）5例,急性重症再障（SAA）3例。在移植后每周检测1次,CMV DNA拷贝数〉102为阳性,连续2次〉103或1次〉1×10^4时行抗病毒治疗。结果57例患者中有32例（56.1%）在病程中检测到CMV DNA阳性,拷贝数1.2×10^2-7.8×10^5,行抗病毒治疗26例,死亡11例,仅1例与CMV感染有关。结论CMV DNA的定期检测可以使患者在病毒血症时及时接受治疗,减少CMV疾病的发生,有利于改善患者的生存。     

误诊为肺结核的马尔尼菲青霉病2例并文献复习

目的 报道2例较长时间误诊为肺结核的非HIV感染的马尔尼菲青霉病,结合文献复习,分析其临床表现.方法 收集2015年入住重庆医科大学附属第一医院的2例马尔尼菲青霉病患者的临床资料,并以马尔尼菲青霉病作为关键词,分别在Pubmed、中国知网检索马尔尼菲青霉病病例文献,对报道的临床资料进行总结分析.结果 病例1,男性,32岁,以发热、咳嗽、咳痰、咯血为主要表现,抗感染、抗结核治疗无效,支气管镜下见气管上段新生物,气管、支气管黏膜表面白色坏死物附着,气管黏膜组织、支气管镜抽吸液培养确诊为马尔尼菲青霉病.病例2,女性,28岁,以反复高热、咳嗽、咳痰为主要表现,胸部CT提示左上肺团块影伴左上肺不张,院外长时间抗结核治疗无效,并出现全身多处脓肿和溶骨性破坏,后经头顶部包块穿刺液培养确诊为马尔尼菲青霉病.对1980-2014年的文献进行回顾,中国知网共报道马尔尼菲青霉病1 826例,Pubmed共报道471例,78.3％ ～91.7％病例合并HIV感染,90％以上伴有发热,约50％患者伴有咳嗽、贫血、皮肤损害,近60％出现肺部浸润性阴影,40％左右的患者伴有肝脾、淋巴结肿大.结论 马尔尼菲青霉病常发生于HIV感染的患者,但免疫功能正常者亦可发生,临床表现各异,容易被误诊为结核病.临床中对于经常规抗感染、抗结核治疗效果欠佳的免疫功能正常者需高度警惕,早期诊断和治疗是提高预后的关键.     

56例儿童重症腺病毒肺炎的胸部CT影像表现特点

目的总结56例儿童重症腺病毒肺炎的胸部CT影像表现特点,提高该病的影像诊断能力。方法选择本院2010年4月至2011年4月经临床确诊的儿童重症腺病毒肺炎56例,男性43例,女性13例,年龄1个月至7岁,回顾性分析其临床和胸部CT表现特点。结果 56例患儿鼻咽部脱落细胞用免疫荧光法检测腺病毒抗原均阳性,临床均符合WHO儿童急性呼吸道感染防治规划中的重症肺炎诊断标准。胸部CT表现:肺实变56例,其中双侧受累45例,向心分布28例,团簇状影43例,胸膜病变28例,淋巴结肿大16例。气胸2例,纵隔气肿2例。在治疗过程中或随访中出现小气道改变40例。结论儿童重症腺病毒肺炎以多发团簇状肺实变为主要改变,可伴胸膜病变、气胸、纵隔气肿等肺外表现,如出现小气道改变应警惕闭塞性细支气管炎的发生。     

职业性急性丙烯腈中毒的临床分析

目的分析职业性急性丙烯腈（AANP）中毒的原因及临床表现,探讨有效治疗职业性AANP中毒的措施及疗效。方法回顾性分析2009年2月～2011年2月102例来鞍山市职业病防治院的AANP中毒患者的临床治疗资料。结果轻、重度中毒患者使用亚硝酸异戊酯吸入,静注硫代硫酸钠方法,不同的方案治疗效果存在差异,其中＂亚硝酸异戊酯吸入,静注50%硫代硫酸钠60 mL＂治疗方案无论对于轻度中毒患者还是重度中毒患者的治疗效果均超过90%,可作为急性丙烯腈中毒的首选治疗方案。结论职业性AANP中毒的临床研究,对于该病的及时治疗具有着重要的临床意义。     

AIDS合并巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎73例临床分析

目的 探讨获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)合并巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎的临床特点及其与CD4+T细胞计数关系.方法 对449例HIV/AIDS病人进行间接检眼镜检查,并对其中合并巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎73例患者的临床表现、眼底改变及CD4+T细胞计数进行分析.结果 449例HIV/AIDS病人中检出巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎73例,检出率为16.26%,其中单眼受累28例,双眼受累45例;有视力改变61例,占83.56%.眼底表现为沿血管分布的黄白色病理改变,伴有片状出血,很少累及玻璃体.449例患者中CD4+T细胞计数≤50个/μl的患者巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎检出率为19.74%(45/228),明显高于CD4+T细胞计数＞50个/μl患者的12.67%(28/221)(P＜0.05).结论 巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎多发生于AIDS晚期患者,多数患者视力未发生改变时,其眼底早就发生病变,对CD4+T细胞低下而眼部无症状的AIDS患者应常规行眼底镜检查,对于改善巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎的预后有重要意义.     

Cytomegalovirus retinitis associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Background  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is the most severe intraocular complication that results in total retinal destruction and loss of visual acuity in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This study aimed to investigate the fundus characteristics, systemic manifestations and therapeutic outcomes of CMV retinitis associated with AIDS.

Methods  It was a retrospective case series. CMV retinitis was present in 39 eyes (25 patients). Best corrected visual acuities, anterior segment, fundus features, fundus fluorescence angiography (FFA) and CD4⁺ T-lymphocyte counts of the patients with CMV retinitis associated with AIDS were analyzed. Intravitreal injections of ganciclovir (400 µg) were performed in 4 eyes (2 patients).

Results  Retinal vasculitis, dense, full-thickness, yellow-white lesions along vascular distribution with irregular granules at the border, and hemorrhage on the retinal surface were present in 28 eyes. The vitreous was clear or mildly opaque. Late stage of the retinopathy was demonstrated in 8 eyes characterized as atrophic retina, sclerotic and attenuated vessels, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) atrophy, and optic nerve atrophy. Retinal detachment was found in 3 eyes. The average CD4⁺ T-lymphocyte count in peripheral blood of the patients with CMV retinitis was (30.6±25.3) ×10⁶/L (range, (0–85) ×10⁶/L). After intravitreal injections of ganciclovir, visual acuity was improved and fundus lesions regressed.

Conclusions  CMV retinitis is the most severe and the most common intraocular complication in patients with AIDS. For the patients with yellow-white retinal lesions, hemorrhage and retinal vasculitis without clear cause, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serology should be performed. Routine eye examination is also indicated in HIV positive patients.

     

HFOV叠加CMV联合西地那非、注射用牛肺表面活性剂治疗重度PPHN的效果

［摘要］ 目的探讨高频振荡通气（high frequency oscillatory ventilation,HFOV）叠加常频通气（constant frequency ventilation, CMV）联合西地那非、注射用牛肺表面活性剂治疗重度新生儿持续性肺动脉高压（persistent pulmonaryhypertension of newborn,PPHN）的临床效果。 方法选取重度PPHN患儿86例，按照随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组各43例，对照组给予西地那非、CMV治疗，研究组给予HFOV叠加CMV联合西地那非，注射用牛肺表面活性剂治疗。比较2组患儿治疗前及治疗后6，12，24，36 h的氧合指数（oxygenation index,OI）、血氧饱和度（oxygen saturation of blood,SpO2），治疗相关指标及治疗疗效。 结果研究组治疗后各时点的OI明显低于对照组，研究组治疗后12，24，36 h的SpO2明显高于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。各组治疗后不同时点的OI与治疗前比较明显降低，研究组治疗后各时点的SpO2与治疗前比较明显升高，对照组治疗后36 h的SpO2与治疗前比较明显升高，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。研究组的吸氧时间、呼吸机使用时间、住院时间、住院费用明显少于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。研究组治疗总有效率明显高于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。 结论HFOV叠加CMV联合西地那非，注射用牛肺表面活性剂治疗重度PPHN患儿，可有效改善肺氧合功能，减少呼吸机使用时间、氧疗时间，提高治疗疗效。     

造血干细胞移植受者免疫抑制治疗 与巨细胞病毒感染的关系

目的：探讨异基因造血干细胞移植(HSCT)术后免疫抑制治疗个体外周血中巨细胞病毒(CMV)脱氧核糖核酸( DNA)与免疫抑制剂环孢素A(CsA)血药浓度变化的关系,并评价其潜在的临床应用价值。方法：选择行异基因HSCT的32例患者进行回顾性分析。移植前采用更昔洛韦预防CMV感染。移植后应用核酸扩增(PCR)荧光检测法定期进行CMV DNA监测。根据CMV DNA检测结果将患者分为CMV DNA阴性组和CMV DNA阳性组。用酶放大免疫技术（EMIT）定期监测CsA血药浓度,分析CMV DNA与CsA血药浓度的关系。结果：异基因造血干细胞患者CMV感染率为53.13%(17/32);DNA阳性组的CsA血药浓度明显高于CMV DNA阴性组（P＜0.05）;通过ROC曲线得出异基因干细胞移植患者使用CsA药物第7,14,21天时曲线下面积与0.5比较,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,分别对应的血药浓度为203.15, 215.55和302.65 ng/mL。结论：免疫抑制药物浓度可影响CMV DNA的动态变化,CsA血药浓度偏高可能是导致造血干细胞移植受者移植后对CMV易感的原因之一,适时监测CsA血药浓度对指导临床用药有一定的辅助价值。     

Immunomodulatory therapy of cytomegalovirus pneumonia after liver transplantation

Background There has been increasing interest in the research into cytomegalovirus （CMV） pneumonia agter liver transplantation （LT）. This study was undertaken to investigate the immunomodulatory therapy of CMV pneumonia after LT. Methods Six patients with CMV pneumonia after LT from October 2003 to November 2005 were analyzed retrospectively. They were diagnosed according to clinical manifestations, chest X-ray findings and pathogenic changes and given comprehensive therapy including mainly immunomodulation therapy and anti-viral medication. At the early stage of CMV pneumonia, the dose of immunosuppressive agents was decreased or ceased, instead replaced by immunoenhancement therapy. During recovery period from CMV pneumonia, the dose of immunosuppressive agents was given again or enhanced, and immunoenhancement therapy was ceased. The liver function of the patients was monitored closely during the treatment. Results In this series, five patients were survived and one died. The liver function of the six patients remained normal during the treatment, and no episode of acute rejection took place. Conclusions Poor immunity is the pathogenic basis of CMV pneumonia after LT. At early stage of CMV pneumonia, the immunity of the patients should be enhanced, and during the recovery period from CMV pneumonia, immunosuppresants shoud be given again but immunoenhancement therapy ceased. Individualized immunomodulatory therapy is essential to the treatment of CMV pneumonia after LT.