Cytomegalovirus infection associated with ulcerative colitis in immunocompetent individuals.

Gastrointestinal infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) is usually found in immunocompromised patients and rarely affects immunocompetent subjects. We describe two immunocompetent patients who had primary CMV infection, and in both the disease was associated with ulcerative colitis. Both patients recovered from the CMV infection spontaneously.     

Cytomegalovirus reactivation in critically ill immunocompetent patients

Ajit P. Limaye, MD; Katharine A. Kirby, MSc; Gordon D. Rubenfeld, MD; Wendy M. Leisenring, ScD; Eileen M. Bulger, MD; Margaret J. Neff, MD; Nicole S. Gibran, MD; Meei-Li Huang, PhD; Tracy K. Santo Hayes, BSc; Lawrence Corey, MD; Michael Boeckh, MD

JAMA. 2008;300(4):413-422.

Context  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is associated with adverse clinical outcomes in immunosuppressed persons, but the incidence and association of CMV reactivation with adverse outcomes in critically ill persons lacking evidence of immunosuppression have not been well defined.

Objective  To determine the association of CMV reactivation with intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay in critically ill immunocompetent persons.

Design, Setting, and Participants  We prospectively assessed CMV plasma DNAemia by thrice-weekly real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and clinical outcomes in a cohort of 120 CMV-seropositive, immunocompetent adults admitted to 1 of 6 ICUs at 2 separate hospitals at a large US tertiary care academic medical center between 2004 and 2006. Clinical measurements were assessed by personnel blinded to CMV PCR results. Risk factors for CMV reactivation and association with hospital and ICU length of stay were assessed by multivariable logistic regression and proportional odds models.

Main Outcome Measures  Association of CMV reactivation with prolonged hospital length of stay or death.

Results  The primary composite end point of continued hospitalization (n = 35) or death (n = 10) by 30 days occurred in 45 (35%) of the 120 patients. Cytomegalovirus viremia at any level occurred in 33% (39/120; 95% confidence interval [CI], 24%-41%) at a median of 12 days (range, 3-57 days) and CMV viremia greater than 1000 copies/mL occurred in 20% (24/120; 95% CI, 13%-28%) at a median of 26 days (range, 9-56 days). By logistic regression, CMV infection at any level (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 4.3; 95% CI, 1.6-11.9; P = .005) and at greater than 1000 copies/mL (adjusted OR, 13.9; 95% CI, 3.2-60; P < .001) and the average CMV area under the curve (AUC) in log₁₀ copies per milliliter (adjusted OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.3-3.2; P < .001) were independently associated with hospitalization or death by 30 days. In multivariable partial proportional odds models, both CMV 7-day moving average (OR, 5.1; 95% CI, 2.9-9.1; P < .001) and CMV AUC (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 2.1-4.7; P < .001) were independently associated with a hospital length of stay of at least 14 days.

Conclusions  These preliminary findings suggest that reactivation of CMV occurs frequently in critically ill immunocompetent patients and is associated with prolonged hospitalization or death. A controlled trial of CMV prophylaxis in this setting is warranted.

     

Cytomegalovirus colitis with a new diagnosis of ulcerative colitis in an elderly woman

Objectives: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) colitis is generally diagnosed in immunocompromised patients. It is rare for patients who are not immunocompromised to develop CMV colitis. Cases of CMV colitis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease have also been reported. We encountered a case of CMV colitis with a new diagnosis of severe ulcerative colitis and demonstrated the importance of suspecting ulcerative colitis in immunocompetent patients with CMV colitis.Patient: A 78-year-old woman was hospitalized with fever and diarrhea that had lasted for a month. Colonoscopy revealed continuous diffuse edema, mucosal redness, and multiple punched-out ulcers with bleeding, suggesting cytomegalovirus (CMV) colitis, although she was not immunocompromised. Immunohistochemical staining revealed CMV-positive cells, and CMV colitis was diagnosed. One month later, a colonoscopy was conducted owing to persistent symptoms despite initiating the prescribed antiviral drug. A complete loss of vascular pattern, easy bleeding of the crude mucosa, and exacerbation of multiple punched-out ulcers were observed. She was diagnosed with severe ulcerative colitis. The symptoms of ulcerative colitis disappeared with prednisolone and 5-amino salicylic acid treatment.Conclusion: Ulcerative colitis should be suspected in immunocompetent patients with CMV colitis.     

氨基水杨酸与安慰剂治疗具有免疫活性的HIV感染者慢性腹泻和非特异性结肠炎：一项双盲对照的先导性研究

慢性腹泻与结肠炎在接受高活性抗逆转录病毒治疗（HAART）的人类免疫缺陷病毒（H1V）阳性患中很常见。该项前瞻性、双盲研究目的是比较氨基水杨酸与安慰剂治疗HIV阳性患的疗效。13例非感染性腹泻且〉250CD4^＋细胞／mm^3的HIV感染被随机分为两组，分别给予氨基水杨酸（2．4g／d；n=9）或安慰剂（n=4）治疗6周。在基线期及治疗6周时对患进行结肠镜检查，同时获取活组织标本计算活检组织的活性指数（BAI）。在基线期与治疗结束时应用疾病活性指数（DM）对腹泻进行评估。由患和医生在治疗2周和6周时完成患整体改善指数（PGI）及临床整体改善指数（CGI）。在治疗6周时比较氨基水杨酸组与安慰剂组的BAI（P=0．03）、DAI（P=0．007）、PGI（P=0．008）和CGI（P=0．008）均具有显性差异。     

非免疫缺陷宿主念珠菌血流感染

目的: 探讨非免疫缺陷宿主念珠菌血流感染的病原学与临床特点。方法: 回顾性分析2010年1月至2016年6月北京大学第三医院收治的念珠菌血流感染患者的临床与微生物学资料,比较非免疫缺陷与HIV阴性免疫缺陷宿主的基础疾病、念珠菌定植、临床表现、病原分布和药敏试验结果,以及治疗结局等方面的差异。结果: 62例患者纳入分析,男36例,女26例,年龄16~100岁,平均年龄(66.02±17.65)岁。非免疫缺陷与HIV阴性免疫缺陷宿主分别为30例和32例。非免疫缺陷宿主中,19例(19/30,63.33%)患者发生血流感染时入住重症监护室(intensive care unit,ICU),21例(21/30,70.00%)合并糖尿病或高血糖未控制,22例(22/30,73.33%)接受有创机械通气,多于HIV阴性免疫缺陷者[分别为8/32(25.00%),13/32(40.63%),7/32(21.88%)];入院与发生念珠菌血流感染时急性生理学及慢性健康状况评分(acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ, APACHEⅡ)分别为(19.98±5.81)分和(25.61±6.52)分,序贯器官衰竭评分(sequential organ failure assessment,SOFA)分别为(6.04±6.14)分和(12.75±8.42)分,高于HIV阴性免疫缺陷者[APACHEⅡ分别为(15.09±5.82)分和(22.15±5.98)分,SOFA分别为(2.87±2.73)分和(7.66±5.64)分];粗死亡率(21/30,70.00%)较HIV阴性免疫缺陷者升高(14/32,43.75%),上述结果差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组血培养念珠菌属均以白色念珠菌最常见,患者临床表现、念珠菌定植指数、病原学分布与药敏试验结果等均相似(P>0.05)。结论: 非免疫缺陷宿主念珠菌血流感染多发生于入住ICU、病情更加危重患者,其糖尿病或未控制高血糖、接受有创机械通气患者更为突出,预后更差;其临床表现、微生物学特点等与HIV阴性免疫缺陷患者均相似。     

免疫正常患者肺隐球菌病的CT征象分析

目的 研究免疫正常患者肺隐球菌病的CT表现。 方法 回顾分析台州恩泽医院2014年9月-2016年9月经病理确诊的32例无基础疾病及免疫缺陷肺隐球菌患者的临床资料和CT表现。 结果 32例肺隐球菌患者中,结节/肿块型24例(75.0%),实变型7例(21.9%),混合型1例(3.1%)。结节/肿块型中单发16例(66.7%),多发8例(33.3%);实变型中单发1例(14.3%),多发6例(85.7%)。15例多发病例中,单肺叶分布占据66.7%(10例)。所有患者共检出69个可评估病灶,其中周围型分布占据66.7%(46个),下肺区分布占50.7%(35个)。48个结节/肿块病灶中空气支气管征发生率为62.5%(30个),其中Ⅲ型为18个(ⅢA型13个,ⅢB型5个),Ⅴ型10个,Ⅳ型2个,未见Ⅰ/Ⅱ型;晕征、分叶、毛刺、空洞及胸膜改变发生率分别为41.6%、29.2%、16.7%、12.5%、25.0%。21个实变病灶中,晕征发生率为85.7%(18个),胸膜增厚发生率为76.2%(16个),空气支气管征发生率为81.0%(17个),其中ⅢA型3个,ⅢB型12个,Ⅴ型2个,未见Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅳ型;空洞发生率38.1%(8个)。 结论 免疫正常患者肺隐球菌病好发于下叶胸膜下,以单发结节/肿块型为主,ⅢA型、V型空气支气管征是其主要特征;而ⅢB型空气支气管征是实变型病灶的特征表现。      

Trichosporon asahii urinary tract infection in immunocompetent patients

Trichosporonosis is an emerging infection predominantly caused by Trichosporon asahii which is a ubiquitous and exclusively anamorphic yeast. T. asahii urinary tract infection is rare and remains scantily reported.T. asahii was isolated from urine of two immunocompetent patients who were receiving in-patient treatment for multiple comorbidities. T. asahii was identified phenotypically by a combination of manual and automated systems. Antifungal susceptibility done by E-test revealed multiresistance with preserved susceptibility to voriconazole.The ubiquity and biofilm formationposes difficulty in establishing pathogenicity and delineating environmental or nosocomial infections. Risk factors such as prolonged multiple antimicrobials, indwelling catheter and comorbidities such as anemia and hypoalbuminemia may be contributory to the establishment of a nosocomial opportunistic T. asahii infection. Dedicated efforts targeted at infection control are needed to optimize management and control of Trichosporon infections.     

Cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is the most common intra-ocular infection in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and a leading cause of AIDS-related morbidity. Untreated CMV retinitis in AIDS patients is a progressive and potentially blinding disorder. The diagnosis of CMV retinitis is a clinical one and it is important for physicians to be familiar with the clinical features of the disease. Ophthalmic screening of AIDS sufferers should be undertaken at regular intervals, and this is dictated, in part, by the patient's CD4+ T-lymphocyte (CD4) counts. CMV retinitis may be treated with systemic ganciclovir, foscarnet or cidofovir, or with local (intravitreal) therpy. CMV-related retinal detachment is treated surgically. In some patients with quiescent CMV retinitis receiving highly active anti-retroviral therapy, anti-CMV maintenance therapy may be discontinued in favour of close ophthalmologic observation and CD4 count monitoring.     

烧伤患者人巨细胞病毒感染状况的研究

目的：了解烧伤患者人巨细胞病毒感染状况。方法：采用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）和ＥＬＩＳＡ法分别对１４５例烧伤患者尿中人巨细胞病毒ＤＮＡ（ＨＣＭＶＤＮＡ）和血清中ＨＣＭＶ－ＩｇＭ抗体进行检测。结果：烧伤患者ＨＣＭＶＤＮＡ阳性率为６１．３８％,正常对照组为２９．４９％,差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）;烧伤总面积（ＴＢＳＡ）≥３０％患者阳性率为７３．１３％,显著高于ＴＢＳＡ＜３０％患者５１．２８％（Ｐ＜０．０５）;小儿烧伤组阳性率为７８．７９％显著高于成人烧伤组５６．２５％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。同时,烧伤患者血清中ＨＣＭＶ－ＩｇＭ抗体阳性率为１０．３４％,在ＰＣＲ检测阳性８９例患者中有１５例ＨＣＭＶ－ＩｇＭ为阳性。结论：烧伤后人巨细胞病毒感染率显著升高,尤其以大面积烧伤患者更甚,在临床上应引起广泛重视。     

Gastrointestinal Cytomegalovirus infection in non-human immunodeficiency virus infected patients

This is a retrospective study of fourteen patients who had proven Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection of the gastrointestinal tract with no Human Immunodeficiency virus infection. The median age was 60.5 (Range 28 to 81) years. Eight patients were below (Group 1) and six above sixty five years old (Group 2). Areas of gastro-intestinal involvement were: oesophagus (2), stomach (1), colon (10) and multiple sites (1). Seven patients from Group 1 had received immunosuppressive therapy at the time of presentation and one had diabetes mellitus. We found a high prevalence of co-morbidities such as chronic renal failure and diabetes mellitus in Group 2. At median follow up of 13.9 months, there was a mortality rate of 50%. Only four patients were treated with ganciclovir. Our study concludes that the gastrointestinal CMV diseases in young patients were associated with immunosuppression whereas the older patients had chronic renal failure or diabetes.     

免疫健全与免疫缺损宿主肺隐球菌病临床对比分析

目的 探讨不同免疫状态患者肺隐球菌病的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院2002年8月-2012年8月经病理学检查确诊为肺隐球菌病患者的临床资料.结果 39例患者中,入选免疫健全组20例,免疫缺损组19例.所有患者人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)抗体均为阴性.首发症状依次为咳嗽、咳痰和发热,其中13例(33.3％)无明显症状.免疫缺损组的CD3 T淋巴细胞百分比显著低于免疫健全组(P=0.048).影像学检查显示,免疫缺陷组的双肺弥漫混合性病变构成比显著高于免疫健全组(P=0.022).11例患者行手术治疗,3例行手术联合抗真菌药物治疗,22例予抗真菌单药治疗,1例予氟康唑联合抗肿瘤治疗,2例未行治疗即出院.随访资料完整者27例,均获不同程度的症状改善及病灶吸收.结论 肺隐球菌病可发生在免疫健全宿主,临床和影像学表现缺乏特异性,与患者的免疫状态有关.诊断主要依赖病理学检查.可根据不同患者的免疫状况进行治疗,预后良好.     

免疫功能正常的肺奴卡菌病3例临床分析

目的 探讨免疫功能正常的肺奴卡菌病的临床特点,以提高对该病的认识和诊治水平.方法 报告3例免疫功能正常的肺奴卡菌病的临床资料并进行临床分析.结果 3例免疫功能正常的肺奴卡菌病患者均为农民.临床表现为慢性病程、发热、咳嗽、咳痰、呼吸困难、体形消瘦、精神疲惫等.实验室检查示中性粒细胞数升高、乳酸脱氢酶升高、血沉增快、血清白蛋白减少、T淋巴细胞亚群正常.胸部CT表现无特异性.2例依据痰中查见奴卡菌,1例依据肺组织病理确诊.明确诊断后均给予复方磺胺甲噁唑联合其他抗生素治疗,治疗有效.结论 免疫功能正常的肺奴卡菌病呈慢性肺部感染性疾病表现,不易血行播散,T淋巴细胞亚群正常,临床上易被误诊为肺结核等感染性疾病,病原学及病理诊断可以帮助诊断,治疗方案为复方磺胺甲噁唑联合其他抗生素.     

溃疡性结肠炎患者血中D-二聚体的检测及临床分析

目的检测溃疡性结肠炎(UC)患者的D-二聚体的水平及分析临床意义。方法用ELISA法检测。抗凝血离心后分离血浆存放-30℃冰箱待测。UC的疾病活动度、内镜分级分别用Truelove-Witts、Truelove标准评分。结果活动性UC患者血中D-二聚体水平63. 3% (19 /30)升高。活动性全结肠炎的D-二聚体水平更高(0. 79 ±0. 13mg/l, p<0. 01)。不同疾病活动度、内镜分级无差异,P>0. 05。结论UC的D-二聚体水平升高提示治疗时应考虑预防微血栓形成的措施。     

AIDS合并巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎73例临床分析

目的 探讨获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)合并巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎的临床特点及其与CD4+T细胞计数关系.方法 对449例HIV/AIDS病人进行间接检眼镜检查,并对其中合并巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎73例患者的临床表现、眼底改变及CD4+T细胞计数进行分析.结果 449例HIV/AIDS病人中检出巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎73例,检出率为16.26%,其中单眼受累28例,双眼受累45例;有视力改变61例,占83.56%.眼底表现为沿血管分布的黄白色病理改变,伴有片状出血,很少累及玻璃体.449例患者中CD4+T细胞计数≤50个/μl的患者巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎检出率为19.74%(45/228),明显高于CD4+T细胞计数＞50个/μl患者的12.67%(28/221)(P＜0.05).结论 巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎多发生于AIDS晚期患者,多数患者视力未发生改变时,其眼底早就发生病变,对CD4+T细胞低下而眼部无症状的AIDS患者应常规行眼底镜检查,对于改善巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎的预后有重要意义.     

溃疡性结肠炎患者凝血功能的改变

溃疡性结肠炎 (UC)是一种以结肠黏膜和黏膜下炎症为特点的慢性炎症 ,病因不明。临床表现为腹痛、腹泻、脓血便及里急后重 ,常规应用水杨酸偶氮磺胺吡啶 (SASP)及糖皮质激素治疗 ,但对部分患者 ,尤其是重度患者疗效欠佳。 1982年 ,国外学者报道了一组病例 ,在传统治疗基础上联合应用肝素 ,使患者直肠出血、大便次数明显改善 ,降低了手术率和病死率。黏液血便或便血是UC活动期的主要症状之一 ,但这种出血并非凝血功能低下引起。为了解UC患者的凝血功能 ,作者检测了 4 8例UC患者的血浆凝血酶原时 (PT)、部分活化凝血酶原时 (APTT)、纤…     

Disseminated herpes zoster in immunocompetent patients not due to varicella-zoster virus gene mutation

To the editor:varicella-zoster virus (VZV) exclusively infects humans,causing varicella and herpes zoster (HZ).It is primary infection that varicella characteristically occurs early in life.However,VZV can reactivate,typically after the age of 50 years,to cause HZ.HZ is common due to a variety of factors such as age,fatigue,certain diseases and immunosuppressive therapy.Despite the chief reason that it has been reported also as immunocompromised states,disseminated herpes zoster (DHZ) with generalized eruption occurs only about 1％ in HZ.1 Here we report two cases of DHZ in immunocompetent patients and a result of identification for VZV strain genotype.