私立与公立学校初中生心理健康状况对照研究

目的：探讨私立与公立学校初中生的心理健康状况。方法：用SCL－90量表和自编的定式问卷对230例私方和264例公立初中生进行了调查。结果：私立学校学生SCL－90总分及各因了分均高于公立学校学生，以各因子分≥2界定为存在某种心理异常。私立学校学生异常率为33．04％，高于公立学校学生的12．98％，前者的行为问题高于后者，如同学关系差（32．17％，15．15％），无矿旷课（10％，2．65％），逃学（5．2％，0．04％），违纪（26．96％，5．04％），结论：私立学校学生心理健康状况差，且范围广，值得重视。     

精神科与综合科医护人员心理健康水平状况调查

目的了解医疗机构医护人员心理健康状况,以及精神科与综合科医护人员之间心理健康水平有无差异。方法采用SCL-90症状自评量表及一般情况问卷,对我院及社区卫生服务中心在职医护人员共115人进行调查。结果受调查医护人员总体心理健康水平优于中国常模（P〈0.05）,社区卫生服务中心心理健康水平优于精神卫生中心（P〈0.05）。受调查医护人员24.35%存在不同程度的心理问题,不同工作年限之间有显著差异（P〈0.05）。结论医护人员的心理健康状况良好,可能与医护人员医学心理学知识的掌握与应用,处理心理压力源的效度提高有关。而精神科医护人员由于服务对象的特殊性及社会对精神科服务价值的低认可,导致心理压力过大,总体心理健康水平低于综合科。     

武汉地区视力残疾人群的抑郁症状：一项流行病学调查

背景：在中国目前还缺乏针对残疾人的心理健康状况的代表性研究。目的：在中国武汉具有代表性的严重视觉障碍的人群中,评估抑郁症状的发生率及其相关因素。方法：采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,从武汉市残疾人联合会注册的22000名严重视力残疾的人群中抽取1200例。训练有素的调查员使用流行病学研究中心抑郁量表（CES—D）及修订版艾森克人格问卷简式量表（EPQ-RSC）中文版对样本人群进行评估。结果：成功完成调查的1003个人中轻度,中度和重度抑郁症状的校正患病率分别为8．8％（95％CI=5．7-11．8％）,15．6％（95％C1=12．8-18．5％）和16．0％（95％C1=13．7—18．3％）。多因素逻辑回归分析显示,与严重抑郁症状显著相关的因素有（按重要性顺序）情绪不稳定（OR=5．84,C1=4．19-8．14）,内向性格（OR=2．94,C1=2．10—4．12）,有宗教信仰（OR=2．03,CI=I．06—3．90）,失明（相对于那些仅有视力受损）（OR=1．52,CI=I．09—1．95）,未婚（OR=1。51,CI=I．06—2．15）,以及文化程度低（OR=1．49,Cl=1．06—2．10）。结论：武汉残联注册的所有视碍人员有超过三分之一存在显著临床意义的抑郁症状。这些人几乎没有接受治疗。针对有严重视觉障碍患者的服务,也包括对其他严重的身体或感官残疾患者的服务,应包括开展改善心理健康的活动,定期筛查心理问题,以及必要时对精神障碍进行专业的治疗。     

精神病院与综合医院医护人员心理健康状况比较分析

目的 比较精神病院医护人员与综合医院医护人员心理健康状况.方法 随机选择精神病院医护人员41例及综合医院医护人员45例分别用症状自评量表（SCL-90）进行评定,评定结果 进行统计分析.结果 精神病院医护人员在精神自评量表中的人际关系、偏执、精神病性、强迫、恐怖及在反应睡眠和饮食情况的因子10均高于综合医院组（P＜0.05）有统计学意义.结论 应加强和重视精神病院医护人员的心理健康教育.     

沈阳地区大学生心理健康状况分析

目的：探讨沈阳地区大学生的心理健康状况。方法：使用症状自评量表（SCL-90）对沈阳地区6所高校大学生进行抽样调查,并与中学生、其他大学生进行比较。结果：沈阳地区大学生心理问题检出率12.81%;心理问题以抑郁最多。SCL-90各因子评分均高于中国常模（P〈0.05）。与地震灾区大学生比较,SCL-90除人际敏感因子分外差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;与中学生比较,SCL-90除躯体化、强迫、精神病性因子分外差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：沈阳地区大学生存在一定心理健康问题,应对高危人群及时心理干预。     

精神科三班护士心理健康状况的调查研究

目的：了解精神科三班护士的心理健康状况。方法：应用症状自评量表（SCL－90）调查100名三班护士，其中精神科70人，非精神科30人（包括精神科门诊），将两组评分进行相互比较，并分别与中国成人常模比较。结果：精神科三班护士与常模比较，所有指标都差于常模，除阳性症状均分，人际关系敏感因子两指标为显性差异（0．05＞P＞0．01）外，其余统计指标均有高度显性差异（P＜0．01），与非精神科三班护士比较，全部指标都差于非精神科三班护士，有高度显性差异（P＜0．01），45．71％的精神科三班护士有心理问题，万以抑郁，强迫症状，焦虑和人际关系敏感为突出，结论：精神科三班护士心理健康状况欠佳，应对她们加强心理卫生保健工作，努力提高她们的心理健康水平。     

保定市重性抑郁障碍流行病学调查

目的：了解保定市重性抑郁障碍的患病率、人口学特征和社会生活功能状况。方法：采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法随机抽取≥18岁的人群10073人,以一般键康问卷12项（GHQ-12）为筛选工具,以美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版（DSM-Ⅳ）轴Ⅰ障碍定式临床检查病人版（SCID-I／P）为调查诊断工具。用功能大体评定量表（GAF）评价功能状况。结果：重性抑郁障碍的终生患病率为4．19％（95％CI：3．78％～4．60％）;时点患病率为2．64％（95％CI：2．31％～2．97％）。时点患病率女性3．26％明显高于男性2．00％（u=3．73,P〈0．01）;农村2．84％明显高于城市1．40％（u=2．76,P〈0．01）;50～69岁年龄段患病率较高;单次发作60．80％,复发39．20％;GAF平均为（50．74±6．73）分,社会和生活功能受损明显。结论：重性抑郁障碍的患病率相对较高,严重影响患者的社会生活功能。     

中学生心理健康水平与个性及防御方式的相关研究

目的 探讨中学生的心理健康水平及人格、防御方式对其心理健康的影响。方法采用整群抽样法抽取中学生463名，实施症状自评量表（SCL-90）、艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）、防御方式量表（DSQ）测量。结果中学生心理问题的检出率为26、78％，男女检出率分别为22．01％，和33．33％。两者比较差异显著（x^2=7．37，P〈0．01）；男女学生各因子分比较，女学生在躯体症状、焦虑、恐怖症状因子、不成熟防御方式、中间型防御方式、精神质、神经质得分均高于男性；对防御方式、人格各因子与SCL-90各因子进行相关分析，SCL-90各因子与防御方式各因子、EPQ神经质、精神质因子呈正相关。对中学生的心理健康水平与人格、防御方式的关系在0．10水平上进行逐步回归分析，不成熟防御方式、神经质因子依次进入回归方程。结论女学生心理健康状况较男学生差，主要表现为躯体症状、焦虑、恐怖症状，防御方式、个性类型与心理健康密切相关，不成熟防御方式、神经质个性是影响心理健康的重要因素。     

抗震救灾对救援官兵心理健康的影响及其干预性研究

目的探讨抗震救灾对官兵心理健康的影响及心理干预的效果。方法采用90项症状清单自评量表（SCL-90）对参加抗震救灾的258名官兵进行心理测试,采取针对性心理干预措施,干预后2周复测SCL-90。结果干预前有心理障碍者为35人（13．6％）,干预后为12人（4．7％）,二者差异有统计学意义（χ2=12．383,P〈0．01）;干预前救援官兵SCL-90大部分因子分、总分及阳性项目数显著高于军人常模（P〈0．01～0．05）;干预后除敌对外的各因子分均较干预前显著下降（P〈0．01～0．05）;干预后除忧郁、恐怖因子分略高于常模外,其他因子分均比常模低,且在躯体化、人际敏感、焦虑、偏执、精神病性和阳性项目数上具有显著性差异（P〈0．01-0．05）。影响救援官兵心理健康的主要因素是年龄,其次是职务、民族、文化程度等（均P〈0．01）。结论参加抗震救灾造成救援官兵心理健康不同程度损害,经针对性心理干预后心理健康状况明显好转。     

新兵心理适应不良及心理健康水平研究

目的：了解新兵入伍初期心理适应状况及心理健康水平，为开展心理教育提供科学依据。方法：应用陆军适应不良量表和军人心理健康症状问卷（SCL－90）对1440名新兵进行心理测试。结果：（1）新兵心理适应不良发生率为4．8％，其适应障碍表现按因子分高低依次为情绪障碍、行为问题、社交不良和人际关系不良。（2）新兵SCL－90量表评定中的F1、F2、F4、F5、F7、F8和F9因子分显高于国内常模（P＜0．01），而F3、F4、F5、F6和F9因子分显低于军人常模（P＜0．01）；新兵中度及以上心理痛苦水平（各因子分＞2）的发生率为9．8％－32．4％。（3）新兵心理适应不良量表与SCL－90问卷各因子分间相关系数为0．235－0．554，均呈高度正相关（P＜0．01）。结论：新兵心理健康水平总体上高于军人常模而低于国人常模，少数人员存在适应性障碍。     

Use of VA aftercare following military discharge among patients with serious mental disorders

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the use of Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) aftercare services among patients with serious mental disorders who were discharged from the military after a first admission to a Department of Defense (DoD) hospital. METHODS: Administrative data from the DoD and VA health systems were linked to identify active-duty servicemen and -women who were hospitalized in a military hospital with a diagnosis of major depression, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia between 1993 and 1996 and who were subsequently discharged from the military. Split population survival analysis was used to examine separately the correlates of contact with VA outpatient mental health services and, among those who had contact, the time to contact after military discharge. RESULTS: Fifty-two percent of 2,861 identified individuals had received outpatient care from VA mental health clinics by the end of September 1998. The rate of contact was lower than in virtually all studies of aftercare following hospital discharge. Women, older persons, and persons with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder were more likely to contact VA outpatient mental health services than men, younger persons, and those with major depression. Among those who made contact, older persons had a longer time to contact. CONCLUSIONS: Many people who leave the military because of serious mental illness do not receive aftercare from the VA. The reasons for such low rates of contact are not clear. Identifying patients who need aftercare but do not receive it and ensuring that they have access to needed services remains an important challenge for the DoD and the VA.     

Actions taken to deal with mental health problems in Australian higher education students

Aims: With approximately 50% of young people aged 18–24 in tertiary education, these are potential settings for programmes to improve mental health literacy. A survey was carried out with students and staff of a tertiary education institution to investigate psychological distress, actions to deal with mental health problems and first‐aid behaviours. Methods: Telephone interviews were carried out with 774 students of an Australian metropolitan university (with 422 staff as a comparison group). They answered questions relating to psychological distress, actions to deal with mental health problems and first‐aid behaviours. Results: Students were more likely to be psychologically distressed than staff (21% vs. 13%) and 27% reported experiencing a problem similar to that described in a depression vignette. The most common actions taken were talking to a close friend, physical activity and talking to close family. Over 72% of students with a problem had sought professional help, most often from a general practitioner or counsellor. Only 10% reported seeking help from a student counsellor. Helpful first‐aid behaviours were common and were seen in over 90% of students who had a family member or close friend with a similar problem. Conclusions: There is a need for further investigation of levels and factors associated with psychological distress in higher education students along with an exploration of barriers to and enablers of use of student counselling services. High levels of help seeking from friends and first‐aid behaviours provided point to the need for effective peer‐to‐peer education.     

The occupational burden of mental disorders in theU.S. military: psychiatric hospitalizations, involuntary separations, and disability

OBJECTIVE: A recent study showed that among U.S. military personnel, mental disorders were the leading medical correlate of separation from military service. The reasons for this association have not been determined. The purpose of this study was to characterize the risk and reasons for service separation for soldiers hospitalized with mental disorders compared with those hospitalized for other illnesses. METHOD: Population-based electronic health care data were linked with data on separations and disability. The authors constructed a cohort of 13,971 U.S. Army soldiers first hospitalized in 1998 and followed them for up to 2 years following this first hospitalization. RESULTS: The rate of service separation 6 months after first hospitalization was 45% among personnel whose primary hospital discharge diagnosis was a mental disorder, 27% among those with a secondary mental disorder discharge diagnosis, and 11% among those hospitalized for all other medical conditions. Separation from military service due to medical disability, misconduct and other legal problems, unauthorized work absences, behavior related to personality disorders, and alcohol rehabilitation failure was significantly more common following hospitalization for a mental disorder than for other medical conditions. Mental disorders were also significantly associated with medical separations in which there was evidence that the condition existed prior to service. CONCLUSIONS: In the military, the occupational impact of mental disorders compared with other medical conditions appears to be mediated not only by greater disease chronicity and severity but also by a variety of behavioral problems including misconduct, legal problems, unauthorized absences, and alcohol/drug-related problems. The study also points to the difficulties inherent in screening for mental disorders prior to entry into military service.     

Combat stress casualties in Iraq. Part 1: behavioral health consultation at an expeditionary medical group

PURPOSE: We review the role of military mental health professionals in consulting with inpatient medical patients and staff at a combat hospital and aeromedical evacuation staging facility in Iraq. CONCLUSIONS: Behavioral health consultation with medical and surgical patients during hospitalization and prior to aeromedical evacuation can help identify patients with combat stress exposure that may require future mental health follow-up. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Extensive use of civilian mental health practitioners including nurse psychotherapists and psychiatric nurse practitioners will be needed to provide psychiatric care for the large number of U.S. veterans who return from deployment with combat stress related disorders.     

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health of Healthcare Workers–A Perception of Indian Hospital Administrators

Since the coronavirus pandemic, many factors led to the change in the mental well-being of hospital administrators and their staff. The pandemic negatively impacted the availability and capability of health professionals to deliver essential services and meet rising demand. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the perspective of hospital administrators about issues and challenges that negatively impacted their staff’s mental health and hospital administrators’ coping response to mitigate those challenges and issues. An exploratory qualitative study was conducted with 17 hospital administrators (superintendents, deputy superintendents, nursing in charge and hospital in charge) working in a government district hospital of Rajasthan state during September 2022 and October 2022. This study revealed various emerging themes on mental health-related issues, challenges and coping strategies reported by the administrators. Themes and sub-themes that emerged from this study were 1) Perceived mental health of HCWs-perceived importance of mental health, 2) Impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of HCWs– common mental health issues, changes in mental health pre and post-pandemic, 3) Impact of COVID-19 on health behavior of HCWs-increased self-care and awareness, 4) Challenges responsible for poor mental health of HCWs-organizational, ethical and societal challenges and 5) Strategies to retain mental health of HCWs-effective coping strategies. The most common problems were increased levels of stress, feeling fatigued, tiredness, weak and anxiety among the HCWs. Keeping their staff motivated was the biggest challenge reported. Social support, counseling through professionals and demystifying myths were the most effective coping strategies adopted by the participants. In conclusion, this study reported poor mental health-related issues, challenges faced by the HCWs and effective strategies adopted by hospital administrators during tough situations. This study will assist hospital administrators in developing interventions such as regular training programs and workshops to teach effective coping skills to address poor mental health during crises.     

Evaluation of universal screening for military-related sexual trauma

OBJECTIVES: In response to growing concerns about sexual violence as an underrecognized traumatic consequence of military service, Veterans Health Administration policy requires universal screening for sexual trauma sustained during military service. This prospective study, the first to evaluate national efforts to screen for military sexual trauma, investigated whether sexual trauma screening is associated with increased utilization of mental health services. METHODS: This study examined data for all male (N=540,381) and female (N=33,259) veterans who had valid responses to screens for military sexual trauma in 2005. The use of mental health services during the three months after screening was examined for persons who screened positive for military sexual trauma and for those who screened negative. Findings were stratified by use of mental health services in the six months before the screening. RESULTS: Compared with negative screens, positive screens were associated with significantly increased rates of postscreen mental health treatment. A more than twofold increase was observed for patients without previous use of mental health treatment (women: relative risk [RR]=2.52, 95% confidence interval [CI]= 2.38-2.66; men: RR=2.47, 95% CI=2.34-2.61). In this group, the number of positive screens needed for one additional patient to access treatment was 5.5 for women and 7.2 for men. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that detection via screening is associated with increased rates of mental health treatment. An effective screening program that promotes detection of sexual trauma and access to mental health care can help to reduce the burden of psychiatric illness for those who have experienced military sexual trauma.     

上海地区精神科病房中痴呆的诊断和护理状况调查

目的调查上海市精神科病房痴呆的分布及护理配备情况。方法采用横断面调查的方法,对8个精神卫生机构,对共计714例诊断为痴呆的患者进行了社会人口学调查表、ADL、MMSE等的调查。结果在精神科病房中的患者有44．3%患痴呆,75岁以上约占90%,5年以上病程的约占47．2%。80%以上患者生活能力严重受损,90%以上患者认知严重受损。结论精神科病房中的痴呆患者负担很重,给痴呆病人提供照料的护理配备相对不足。     

某部特种兵驻训期间心理健康状况调查

目的为了解这个特殊群体的心理健康状况,有针对性的给予心理咨询及疏导,提高官兵的心理健康水平。方法采用心理卫生自评量表（SCL-90）,以连为单位,严格按照测试要求进行测验。结果（1）驻训特种兵SCL-90总分〉160分者占总人数19.6%。主要表现在：躯体化6.6%,强迫5.1%,人际关系敏感4.2%,精神病性5.1%。（2）驻训特种兵躯体化因子较中国男性军人明显增高（P＜0.01）,而人际关系敏感及敌对因子较后者明显降低（P＜0.01）;与中国正常男性比较显示：在躯体化、强迫、焦虑、恐怖、偏执及精神病性较中国正常男性明显增高（P＜0.01）。（3）不同军龄的SCL-90结果比较：躯体化、抑郁因子分1年军龄组均高于其他两组（P＜0.05）。1年组焦虑因子分高于其他两组（P＜0.05）。结论（1）驻训特种兵的心理问题发生率较高,有必要在驻训期间对官兵进行心理健康教育,提高官兵的适应能力。（2）驻训特种兵较中国男性军人有更多的躯体化症状,其心理健康水平低于中国普通男性。（3）不同军龄的驻训特种兵SCL-90结果比较显示：低军龄官兵的心理健康水平相对较低。说明低军龄特种兵是心理健康教育的重要群体。     

Attitudes of hospital staff toward mentally ill patients in a teaching hospital,Turkey

The aim of this study was to examine the attitudes of hospital staff toward major mental diseases: schizophrenia and depression. Negative attitudes were common among all of the hospital staff, and were more common among academicians, resident physicians and nurses. Causes of attitude variations were discussed. BACKGROUND: Attitudes of hospital staff are important for admission, early diagnosis and treatment, and the rehabilitation process of mentally ill patients. AIMS: The main objective of this study was to investigate and compare hospital workers' attitudes toward and knowledge of schizophrenia and depression. METHODS: In 2001, a total of 160 hospital staff (40 academicians, 40 resident physicians, 40 nurses and 40 hospital employees) in a teaching hospital were interviewed with a questionnaire. The questionnaire included items about background information, a one-paragraph vignette, questions on social distance and expected burden, recognition of mental illness, hospitalization, prognostic outcome, and to whom and where the patient should be admitted. RESULTS: Although academicians, resident physicians, and nurses have sufficient knowledge about schizophrenia and depression, the frequency of their negative attitudes towards mentally ill subjects was more than that for uneducated hospital employees. CONCLUSIONS: It was commented that this difference might be as a result of negative effects of the medical education system.     

Training,attitudes and practice of district health workers in Kenya

BACKGROUND: The 1994 mental health policy in Kenya was rooted in the concepts of Primary Health Care articulated at Alma Ata, and required that mental health care be decentralized to all levels of the health care system, and delivered by all cadres of health staff rather than just mental health specialists. However, effective implementation of this policy was likely to be influenced by the degree to which the training, attitudes and practice of health staff was consistent with and supportive of the mental health policy. OBJECTIVE: This article therefore reports a study conducted in 1997, which examined the training, attitudes and practice of district level health staff in relation to mental health care and compared them with the national mental health policy of 1994. METHOD: A semi-structured questionnaire was sent to the medical superintendents of all district hospitals in Kenya, for distribution to respondents from each cadre of health staff. A total of 148 health workers from 28 districts out of 44 eligible districts (63%) responded. RESULTS: District health workers did not think general health workers ought to manage most psychiatric patients, even if they were capable of doing so, preferring a system where these patients were managed by specialists and were not admitted into general wards. They also tended to equate mental illness with psychosis. CONCLUSION: Despite their training in mental health care and their theoretical knowledge of the principles of Primary Health Care, the attitude and mental health care practice of most health workers were in keeping with a more medical model of health care, emphasising pharmacological treatment and expecting psychiatric patients to conform to the standard Sick Role. This orientation, being at variance with the orientation of the 1994 mental health policy, may have contributed to difficulties in implementation of the policy.