体外培养的人胸腺上皮细胞与胸腺细胞的相互作用

人胸腺上皮细胞（ＴＥｃ）的体外培养和传代，使研究人ＴＥｃ的特性和功能成为可能。人ＴＥｃ体外培养成功的关键是抑制成纤维细胞的生长。体外培养的人ＴＥｃ除表达角蛋白外，还表达ＨＬＡ－Ｉ类抗原、ＬＦＡ－３，ＩＣＡＭ－１和ＣＤ４０等表面抗原；可分泌ＩＬ－１，ＩＬ－６，ＩＬ－８，ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ，Ｇ－ＣＳＦ和Ｍ－ＣＳＦ等多种细胞因子和胸腺素；静息的胸腺细胞与ＴＥＳ的结合由ＣＤ２／ＬＦＡ－３介导，激活的胸腺细胞与ＴＥＣ的结合由ＣＤ２／ＬＦＡ－３和ＬＦＡ－１／ＩＣＡＭ－１共同介导；ＴＥＣ对成熟的胸腺细胞有辅助增殖的作用，对不成熟的胸腺细胞有直接激活作用：胸腺细胞可通过直接作用和分泌细胞因子的间接作用来调节ＴＥＣ的细胞因子分泌和表面抗原表达。     

重组人IL－6对大鼠急性白血病细胞体外增殖的抑制

我们已报道重组大鼠ＩＬ－３和小鼠ＧＭ－ＣｓＦ对ＬＴ１２白血病细胞的增殖有不同程度的抑制活性。本研究发现重组人ＩＬ－６在１０００～５０００Ｕ／ｍｌ呈剂量依赖性抑制ＬＴＩ２白血病祖细胞集落形成及ＤＮＡ合成。５０００Ｕ／ｍｌ对ＣＦＵ－Ｌ的抑制率达５２．９％，而对ＤＮＡ合成则为４１．３％，此外，ＩＬ－６还明显增加ＩＬ－３和ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ对ＬＴ１２细胞的抑制活性，对ＣＦＵ－Ｌ的抑制强弱依次为ＩＬ－６＋ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ、ＩＬ－３＋ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ、及ＩＬ－６＋ＩＬ－３，ＩＬ－６＋ＩＬ－３＋ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ三因子的结合并不能增加抑制效应；对ＤＮＡ合成的抑制作用为ＩＬ－６＋ＩＬ－３＋ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ＞ＩＬ－６＋ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ＞ＩＬ－３＋ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ＞ＩＬ－６＋ＩＬ－３。提示上述造血因子除刺激正常造血外，在白血病的治疗中可能具有一定意义。     

抗细菌核心糖脂域McAb对LPS体外诱导细胞释放TNF－α和IL－6及其mRNA表达的影响

用细胞因子活性检测，Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ方法，在体外研究了抗细菌核心糖脂域ＭｃＡｂ（ＥＬ１、ＥＬ３和３Ｈ４）对ＬＰＳ诱导人外周血单核细胞（ｈＰＢＭＣ）释放ＴＮＦ－α和ＩＬ－６及其ｍＲＮＡ表达水平的影响。结果表明，ＥＬ１、ＥＬ３和３Ｈ４在体外有抑制ＬＰＳ诱导细胞释放ＴＮＦ－α和ＩＬ－６的作用；Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ结果证实，这３株ＭｃＡｂ能分别降低细胞ＴＮＦ－α和ＩＬ－６ｍＲＮＡ表达的水平；提示抗细菌核心糖脂域ＭｃＡｂ可能通过与ＬＰＳ的结合而中和ＬＰＳ，从而降低或阻碍了效应细胞炎性细胞因子ｍＲＮＡ的表达，达到降低相应细胞因子的作用。     

外周血T细胞亚群及细胞因子对外源性哮喘IgE生成的作用

对３０例哮喘患者及３０例健康成年人的外周血，采用单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）间接免疫荧光法测定Ｔ细胞亚群；ＥＬＩＳＡ双抗体夹心法测定ＩｇＥ、ＩＬ－４；ＦＩ２细胞株，生物学方法测定ＩＬ－２；ＩＬ－６依赖细胞株７ＴＤ１，掺入法测定ＩＬ－６；用抗人ＣＤ２３的ＭｃＡｂ测定ＣＤ２３。为研究Ｔ细胞、细胞因子对哮喘ＩｇＥ生成调节机理及细胞因子在哮喘发病过程中的作用。结果显示：发作期ＩｇＥ、ＩＬ－２、ＩＬ－４、ＣＤ２３、ＣＤ８~＋、ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８~＋比值较对照组及缓解期有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。缓解期ＩｇＥ与对照组之间无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；ＣＤ８＋、ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８比值，ＣＤ２３与对照组之间有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＣＤ２３、ＣＤ４、ＩＬ－６三组间无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结果表明，ＩｇＥ合成增加是哮喘发作的关键，Ｔ细胞对日细胞合成ＩｇＥ的调节是通过细胞因子实现的，细胞因子又参与气道炎症过程。     

IL-3体外造血支持效应的初步研究

探讨ＩＬ－３体外促进脐血细胞增殖分化的效应。方法：连续２次Ｆｉｃｏｌｌ－Ｈｙｐａｑｕｅ分离,初步纯化脐血造血细胞,将其单个核细胞接种于经γ射线预处理的成人骨髓基质细胞层上,加入适量ＩＬ－３,并设不加ＩＬ－３的对照组,持续培养６ｗ,定期检测非粘附细胞和集落形成细胞（ＣＦＣ）。结果：ＩＬ－３组３－６ｗ非粘附细胞数和ＣＦＣ产率显著高于对照组,分别为对照组的２．７－４．５倍和１．６－２．３倍。结论：ＩＬ－     

163体外培养的人胸原上皮细胞与胸腺细胞的相互作用

人胸腺上皮细胞（ＴＥＣ）的体外培养和传代。使研究人ＴＥＣ的特性和功能成为可能。人ＴＥＣ体外培养成功的关键是抑制成纤维细胞的生长。体外培养的ＴＥＣ除表达角蛋外，还表达ＨＬＡ－Ｉ类抗原，ＬＦＡ－３，ＩＣＡＭ－１和ＣＤ４０等表面抗原；可分泌ＩＬ－１，ＩＬ－６，ＩＬ－８，ＧＭ＿ＣＳＦ，Ｇ＿ＣＳＦ和Ｍ＿ＣＳＦ等多种细胞因子和胸腺素；静息的胸腺细胞与ＴＥＣ的结合由ＣＤ２／ＬＦＡ－３介导，激活的胸腺细胞与ＴＥＣ     

OKT3＋rhIL－2激活胎儿脾细胞的研究

观察了１８～２８周龄胎儿脾单个核细胞（ＦＳＭＣ）在体外对ＯＫＴ３＋ｒｈＩＬ－２联合刺激的反应性，结果发现：ＯＫＴ３单独能活化ＦＳＭＣ，最适浓度ＯＫＴ３与ｒｈＩＬ－２联合对ＦＳＭＣ有强协同刺激作用。ＯＫＴ３刺激ＦＳＭＣ后明显促进ＩＬ－２Ｒ表达，表明ＯＫＴ３对ＦＳＭＣ的括化作用与ＩＬ－２／ＩＬ－２Ｒ途径相关。ＯＫＴ３＋ｒｈＩＬ－２协同诱导的ＦＳＭｃ能产生ＮＫ和ＬＡＫ活性，且ＬＭ活住较单用ｒｈＩＬ－２诱导者强，间接免疫荧光染色ＦＡＣＳ分析显示，ＯＫＴ３＋ｒｈｌＬ－２协同激活的ＦＳＭＣ主要是ＣＤ８￣＋Ｔ细胞。结果表明ＦＳＭＣ与成人ＰＢＭＣ－样能被ＯＫＴ３活化。     

脐血单个核细胞表达IL-12、IFN-γ及其mRNA的观察

白细胞介素１２（ＩＬ－１２）的主要作用是促进ＴＨ１细胞和自然杀伤细胞（ＮＫ）产生γ－干扰素（ＩＦＮ－γ）,介导细胞免疫。脐血单个核细胞（ＣＢＭＣ）产生ＩＬ－１２的能力鲜见报道。重组ＩＬ－１２（ｒＩＬ－１２）在体外能促进新生儿ＣＤ４＋Ｔ细胞产生ＩＦＮ－...     

经rIL-2及CD3 McAb激活的脐血单个核细胞免疫表型及细胞因子的比较研究(简报)

用间接玫瑰花结法测定脐血单个核细胞免疫表型,试验分３组,Ⅰ组为２３例未活化的脐血单个核细胞,Ⅱ组为单个核细胞中加入ｒＩＬ－２,Ⅲ组为加入ｒＩＬ－２＋ＣＤ３ＭｃＡｂ。用ＥＬＩＳＡ双抗夹心法测定肿瘤坏死因子－α（ＴＮＦ－α）、白介素－６（ＩＬ－６）、白介...     

抗细菌核心糖脂域McAb对LPS体外诱导细胞释放TNF…

用细胞因子活性检测，Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ方法，在体外研究了抗细菌核心糖脂域ＭｃＡｂ和ＬＰＳ诱导人外周血单核细胞释放ＴＮＦ－α和ＩＬ－６及其ｍＲＮＡ表达水平的影响。结果表明，ＥＬ１，ＥＬ３和３Ｈ４在体外有抑制ＬＰＳ诱导细胞释放ＴＮＦ－α的作用；Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ结果证实，这３株ＭｃＡｂ能分别降低细胞ＴＮＦ－α和ＩＬ－６ｍＲＮＡ表达的水平；提示抗细菌核心糖脂域ＭｃＡｂ可能通过与ＬＰＳ的结     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.