下胸椎黄韧带骨化症合并腰椎管狭窄症的诊断与一期外科治疗

目的 探讨下胸段胸椎黄韧带骨化症合并腰椎管狭窄症的诊断和治疗特点.方法 2007年3月至2009年3月,治疗下胸段胸椎黄韧带骨化症合并腰椎管狭窄症患者11例,男4例,女7例;年龄42～71岁,平均56岁;病程6～72个月,平均42个月.所有病例均一期完成胸椎管后壁切除减压、腰椎后路减压、植骨融合内固定术.术前和末次随访时行视觉模拟评分(visual analogue score,VAS)、Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)、Cobb角测量,评价患者腰背疼痛、神经功能及胸腰段角度变化.结果 手术时间200～450 min,平均273 min;术中出血量600～1800 ml,平均954 ml;术中出现脑脊液漏2例.11例患者均获得完整随访,随访时间13～36个月,平均23.7个月.术前VAS、ODI、胸腰段Cobb角分别为(7.91±0.83)分、66.36%±10.91%、5.91°±0.83°.末次随访时VAS、ODI分别为(2.18±1.90)分和25.45%±12.19%,均较术前有明显改善;Cobb角度为12.18°±3.06°,较术前显著增大,出现病理性后凸.结论 下胸段胸椎黄韧带骨化症临床表现复杂,合并腰椎管狭窄症时容易漏诊.一旦诊断明确可一期行手术治疗,术后效果佳;对于女性骨质疏松患者,建议在行下胸段椎管后壁切除减压的同时行植骨融合内固定,以免造成胸腰段病理性后凸.     

黄韧带骨化症型胸椎管狭窄症的临床特点及手术治疗

[目的]探讨黄韧带骨化症型胸椎管狭窄症(OLF-TSS)的临床特点及手术治疗效果.[方法]1998年10月～2007年2月采用整块半关节突全椎板切除术治疗38例OLF-TSS患者.其中男25例,女13例;年龄29～71岁,平均48岁.病变位于T10～L13个椎间盘水平31例(占81.6%).平均病程10个月.5.3%合并胸椎间盘突出.[结果]38例患者全部获得随访1～8年,平均3年6个月.4例术中发生硬脊膜损伤;3例术后发生脑脊液漏,均经以俯卧位为主的综合保守治疗后痊愈.按照王自立临床疗效评价标准,优25例,良11例,无改变2例,优良率94.7%.未出现定位错误和神经功能恶化者.[结论]OLF-TSS临床表现复杂,常见症状包括下肢麻木无力、腰背痛、间歇性跛行、束带感和括约肌功能障碍.症状和体征结合X线、MRI及CT检查是确诊的有效手段.采用整块半关节突全椎板切除术进行胸椎管后壁减压是安全、有效的方法.减少失误和并发症的对策是确定责任节段和规范手术操作.     

腰椎黄韧带骨化伴腰椎管狭窄的治疗

目的:探讨腰椎黄韧带骨化伴腰椎管狭窄影像学特点和手术治疗效果。方法 :2013年1月至2016年1月治疗腰椎黄韧带骨化伴腰椎管狭窄患者9例,男5例,女4例;年龄51~63岁,平均57岁。患者均表现为间歇性跛行和下肢放射痛,CT和MRI检查提示病变部位:L4,5和L5S1双节段2例,L4,5单节段5例,L5S1单节段2例。4例单纯行椎板切除椎管减压术,5例行椎板和椎间盘切除、椎间融合及椎弓根螺钉内固定术。采用JOA评分(包括主观症状、日常活动受限度、临床体征和膀胱功能)对治疗前后的临床疗效进行评定。结果:患者术后无感染或神经损伤等并发症,9例患者均获得随访,时间12~60个月,平均24个月。末次随访腰背疼痛和下肢放射痛等明显改善,行走距离均接近正常,JOA评分较术前明显改善。结论:腰椎黄韧带骨化CT检查有特征性影像学表现,影像学表现决定具体手术方法,手术目的以最小创伤获得椎管有效减压并重建下腰椎稳定性。     

手术治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化症的疗效及其影响因素

目的：探讨胸椎黄韧带骨化症手术治疗的疗效及其影响因素。方法：回顾性总结1986年1月至2003年4月我院采用“揭盖式”胸椎管后壁切除术治疗的135例胸椎黄韧带骨化症患者的资料，随访术后脊髓功能恢复情况，分析患者年龄、术前病程、手术节段与部位、影像学分型及JOA评分等与疗效的关系。结果：135例中82例获得随访，随访率60．7％，平均随访时间5年6个月（2-14年），术后优良率74.4％，有效率92．7％；68．4％的患者在术后2年内恢复停滞，26．3％的患者主诉术后2～5年仍有缓慢恢复；患者的术前病程、年龄、手术节段对术后疗效有显著影响（P〈0．05）；手术节段累及胸腰段者术后疗效较局限于中上胸椎者差。结论：“揭盖式”椎管后壁切除术是治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化症可靠、有效的手术方式。患者术前病程、年龄及手术部位是影响手术疗效的主要因素。     

Clinical outcome of lumbar spinal stenosis based on new classification according to hypertrophied ligamentum flavum

Background

The ligamentum flavum hypertrophy is considered to be one of the important causes of development of lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). Several histologic and biologic mechanisms in hypertrophied flavum have proposed. However, no study that investigated the relationship between clinical outcome and ligamentum flavum hypertrophy has been published. The purpose of this study was to identify a new classification of LSS, in ligamentous and nonligamentous stenosis, according to the cutoff value of the area proportion of the ligamentum flavum in the spinal canal, and to assess the value of surgical and conservative treatments for LSS based on the classification of the ligamentous stenosis.

黄韧带骨化所致胸椎管狭窄症的诊断及手术治疗

目的：总结黄韧带骨化所致胸椎管狭窄症的诊断和治疗特点。方法：1995年9月－2000年12月手术治疗黄韧带骨化所致胸椎管狭窄症患12例，男8例，女4例，平均年龄55岁。该病常见于下胸椎，临床表现为多椎管狭窄引起的胸髓压迫症，其影像学检查具有特征性表现。所有病例均行整块半关节突全椎板切除术。结果：11例随访6－62个月，平均23个月。根据评定标准，优6例，良2例，中2例，差1例，优良率72．7％。结论：临床表现结合MRI和CT检查，是诊断胸椎黄韧带骨化的重要手段，整块半关节突全椎板切除术为治疗的有效术式。     

胸椎黄韧带骨化症的临床研究进展

胸椎黄韧带骨化症（thoracic ossification of ligamentum flavum,TOLF）是相对少见的脊柱退行性疾病,其中以下胸段较为常见。TOLF是导致胸椎椎管狭窄和胸椎脊髓压迫的主要原因之一,且往往合并有其他局部或全身病变,临床表现复杂多样,为诊断和治疗都带来了一定的困难。     

胸椎黄韧带骨化症的临床研究进展

胸椎黄韧带骨化症（thoracic ossification of ligamentum flavum, TOLF）是相对少见的脊柱退行性疾病,其中以下胸段较为常见。TOLF是导致胸椎椎管狭窄和胸椎脊髓压迫的主要原因之一,且往往合并有其他局部或全身病变,临床表现复杂多样,为诊断和治疗都带来了一定的困难\[1\]。     

胸椎黄韧带骨化的MRI分型对胸椎管狭窄手术方法选择的影响

目的 探讨胸椎黄韧带骨化的MRI分型对胸椎管狭窄手术方法 选择的影响.方法 1991年6月至2006年2月,黄韧带骨化性胸椎管狭窄患者34例,男23例,女11例;年龄33～72岁,平均52.6岁.均经CT确诊,并按MRI特征分型,选择不同手术方法 .孤立型5例,选择椎管后壁切除减压法;连续型20例,选择全椎板整块漂浮法减压;跳跃型或合并其他部位压迫型7例,全椎板整块漂浮法-期或分期减压;复合型2例,次环状减压法.记录手术前、后6、12、24、36个月JOA评分.采用Epstein标准评价手术效果.对不同时期JOA评分进行统计学分析.结果 30例患者术后获得36个月的随访.JOA评分比较,术后不同时期均与术前有显著差异(P＜0.05);术后不同时期两两比较,6个月与12个月、12个月与24个月、24个月与36个月比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);但术后6个月与24个月比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).按Epstein标准评价,术后36个月时30例患者:优18,良5例,改善6例,差1例;优良率为76.7%.结论 正确分辨胸椎黄韧带骨化的MRI特征有利于确定胸椎管狭窄的具体手术范围及术式.     

胸椎黄韧带骨化所致椎管狭窄症的诊断及手术治疗

报告胸椎黄韧带骨化所致椎管狭窄症并手术２１例。临床表现多为椎管狭窄引起的胸髓压迫症，其影像学检查具特征性表现，故可对黄韧带骨化进行早期诊断。椎板切除减压术范围应充分，包括切除部分小关节以及骨化灶上下各一椎节的椎板。随访１８例，平均随访时间２３个月，优良率６６．７％，有效率７７．８％。     

胸椎黄韧带骨化症合并脊髓型颈椎病手术方案选择

目的 探讨胸椎黄韧带骨化(ossification of ligamentum flavum,OLF)合并脊髓型颈椎病(cervical spondylotic myelopathy,CSM)手术方案的选择.方法 1991年1月至2003年1月,手术治疗胸椎OLF合并CMS患者56例,其中40例获得2年以上随访,男22例,女18例;确诊时年龄27～70岁,平均58岁;病程1～120个月,平均16.5个月.其中OLF 25例,OLF合并后纵韧带骨化(ossification of posterior longitudjnal ligament,OPLL)12例,OLF合并胸椎间盘突出3例;同时合并颈椎OPLL 23例,退变性颈椎管狭窄17例.18例一期行颈后路"单开门"椎板成形术+上胸椎椎管后壁切除术,9例一期行胸椎管后壁切除术,13例分期行颈后路和胸椎管后壁切除术.结果 40例患者的随访时间为24～227个月,平均67.5个月.根据改良Epstein手术疗效评定标准评价优良率,18例一期行颈后路"单开门"椎板成形术+上胸椎椎管后壁切除术者为88.9%(16/18),9例行胸椎管后壁切除术者为66.7%(6/9);13例分期行颈后路和胸椎管后壁切除术者为53.8%(7/13).结果 显示分期手术者术后优良率低于一期手术者,手术间隔时间在1年以内者的优良率高于间隔1年以上者.结论 上胸椎OLF合并CSM者应一期行颈椎和上胸椎脊髓减压术;下肢症状严重而上肢症状轻微者应先行胸脊髓减压术;上、下肢症状均重者应一期或分期行颈脊髓减压术和胸脊髓减压术,而分期手术者的手术间隔时间不宜过长.     

Surgical outcome of thoracic myelopathy secondary to ossification of ligamentum flavum

ObjectivesThoracic myelopathy secondary to OLF is a rare disease described almost exclusively in Japanese patients. Few series of OLF in South Korean subjects has previously been published. This study is to describe the clinical and radiologic aspects, as well as surgical outcomes in a group of South Korean patients.MethodsA retrospective study of 8 consecutive patients, including 4 men and 4 women (mean age, 55.6 years), was conducted from 2002 to 2005. Diagnosis in each case was established using CT. Magnetic resonance imaging was also performed in every case. All patients treated surgically and pathologic studies were performed. A comparison between the preoperative neurological status and the status at follow-up was done using Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scoring system.ResultsWalking difficulties were the most common presenting complaint. A picture of spastic paraparesis associated with sphincter dysfunction was the most common finding on initial examination. In each case, CT provided sufficient information to establish a diagnosis of OLF, while magnetic resonance imaging was helpful for showing spinal cord involvement. In most of the patients, OLF was located in the lower thoracic spine (T10–T11). Decompressive laminectomy with excision of the OLF resulted in significant improvement in motor weakness and gait in 5 (2 excellent, 3 good) patients who had short duration and no hyperintense intramedullary lesion of spinal cord on MRI. All patients improved in their gait and spasticity, but 2 patients had persistent sensory deficit.ConclusionOLF is a rare cause of thoracic myelopathy. The frequency appears to have been rarely reported in South Korean subjects. CT with sagittal reconstructions and MRI are helpful for diagnosis and spinal cord involvement. When neurologic symptoms develop, decompressive laminectomy should be done immediately and the surgical outcome is generally good if hyperintense intramedullary signal changes of spinal cord have not yet developed.     

Histology of the ligamentum flavum in patients with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis

The degree of calcification as well as the structural changes of the elastic fibres in the ligamentum flavum in patients with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis were evaluated and the results were compared to those of patients without spinal stenosis. In 21 patients (13 male, 8 female) with lumbar spinal stenosis the ligamentum flavum was removed, histologically processed and stained. The calcification, the elastic/collagenous fibre ratio as well as the configuration of the fibres were evaluated with an image analyzing computer. As a control group, 20 ligaments of 10 human corpses were processed in the same way. The results were statistically analysed using the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test (α = 0.05) and the t-test (α = 0.05). Nearly all the ligaments of patients with lumbar spinal stenosis were calcified (average 0.17%, maximum 3.8%) and showed relevant fibrosis with decreased elastic/collagenous fibre ratio. There was a significant correlation between age and histological changes (P < 0.05). In the control group we only found minimal calcification in 3 of 20 segments (average 0.015%). No relevant fibrosis was found and the configuration of elastic fibres showed no pathologic changes. The results of this study illustrate the important role of histological changes of the ligamentum flavum for the aetiology of lumbar spinal stenosis. Received: 31 July 1998 Revised: 19 March 1999 Accepted: 12 April 1999     

腰椎黄韧带骨化并椎管狭窄

黄韧带骨化可见于脊柱各节段，临床相关报道均集中于颈椎及胸椎，腰椎黄韧带骨化较少提及。与胸椎黄韧带骨化的起因不同，腰椎黄韧带骨化多为腰椎管狭窄症中黄韧带增生、肥厚及钙盐沉着为特征的一种退行性变，严重者易导致不可逆性重度椎管狭窄。自2000年7月至2006年10月共收治该类患者5例，本文就其临床表现、影像学特征、治疗方法等问题进行探讨。     

Clinical features and surgical outcomes of patients with thoracic myelopathy caused by multilevel ossification of the ligamentum flavum

Background contextThoracic myelopathy caused by multilevel (three or more levels) ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF) is rare. Little is known about its clinical features, and the surgical outcomes along with its related factors are also unclear.PurposeTo describe the clinical features, assess the safety and effectiveness of surgical decompression, and determine the prognostic factors relevant for patients with thoracic myelopathy caused by multilevel OLF.Study design/settingA retrospective clinical study.Patient sampleSeventy-five consecutive multilevel OLF patients who underwent surgical decompression were analyzed.Outcome measuresModified Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scale and the recovery rate.MethodsPatients who underwent surgical decompression for symptomatic multilevel OLF during January 1996 to June 2010 were all included. Clinical data were collected from medical and operative records; patients were evaluated by using the JOA scale preoperatively and during the follow-up. Correlations between the surgical outcome and various factors were also analyzed.ResultsForty-three men and 32 women with a mean age of 54.7 years (range 36–78 years) were included. The mean number of involved levels is 4.6 and contiguous OLF presented in 73.3% of these patients. The most common involved levels were T10/T11 (15.4%), T9/T10 (13.3%), and T11/T12 (12.5%). Coexisting spinal disorders were found in 41 patients (54.7%). Preoperative evaluation showed the mean JOA score was 5.8±1.7; 37.3% of these patients had mild myelopathy, 53.3% had moderate myelopathy, and 9.3% had severe myelopathy. All patients received posterior laminectomy. The JOA score (mean 8.2±2.1) significantly increased postoperatively (p<.05), and multiple regression analysis showed that preoperative duration of symptoms and preoperative JOA score were important predictors of surgical outcome.ConclusionsLaminectomy with partially internal fixation is safe and effective in treatment of patients with symptomatic multilevel OLF. The results of our study show that preoperative JOA score and preoperative duration of symptoms were important predictors for the clinical outcome.     

Collagen profiling of ligamentum flavum in patients with lumbar spinal canal stenosis

BackgroundAlthough several causes of ligamentum flavum (LF) hypertrophy have been identified, the pathomechanisms underlying LF hypertrophy are not fully understood. Because collagen fibers are essential for the maintenance of LF tissues, characterization of the collagen composition of hypertrophied LF may help to elucidate the pathology of lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LCS). This study aimed to determine the association between the collagen composition and LF hypertrophy.MethodsLF tissues were collected from 23 patients who underwent spinal decompression surgery for lumbar disorders. The cross-sectional area of LF was measured using the axial images of lumbar MRI. The expression of each collagen in human surgical samples was evaluated by real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis. To investigate the impact of inflammatory cytokines on the expression of each collagen, we treated primary human LF cells with TNF-α or IL-1β.ResultsReal-time RT-PCR analysis and immunohistochemistry showed that of the 28 types of collagen, collagen type I, III, V, VI, VIII were highly expressed regardless of LF hypertrophy. In addition, we found the moderate correlation between the cross-sectional area of LF and the mRNA expression level of collagen type I, III, and VI. In vitro analysis showed that the mRNA expression of collagen type I, III, V, VI, and VIII was up-regulated by treatment with TNF-α and with IL-1β.ConclusionOur results suggested that collagen type I, III, V, VI, and VIII were the main components of the LF extracellular matrix and that collagen type I, III, and VI may serve as useful markers of LF hypertrophy. These findings may contribute to the future development of diagnostic and treatment modalities for LF hypertrophy and even LCS.     

黄韧带骨化型胸椎管狭窄症15例治疗分析

目的 对经手术治疗的黄韧带骨化型胸椎管狭窄症病例进行分析,探讨其手术效果及并发症的预防.方法 回顾性分析15例胸椎管狭窄症病例的临床资料,随访12～34个月,平均随访24个月.结果 15例患者全部获得随访.术中4例发生硬脊膜破裂,经修复后愈合良好.疗效评价:优5例,良5例,改善2例,差3例,优良率66.67%,总有效率80%.结论 手术减压仍是治疗该病的唯一有效的方法,但手术难度高、并发症发生率高,应重视并发症的预防.     

胸椎黄韧带骨化症的手术治疗

目的探讨胸椎黄韧带骨化症的手术治疗效果。方法MRI及CT检查确定病变范围后,手术治疗黄韧带骨化所致胸椎管狭窄症患者12例38个节段（下胸段22个,中胸段6个,上胸段10个）,均采用磨钻加＂揭盖法＂切除椎管后壁减压。结果12例均获随访,时间6～41个月。参照Epstein et al标准评分：优6例,良4例,可2例。结论临床表现结合MRI及CT检查是诊断胸椎黄韧带骨化症的有效手段;用磨钻加＂揭盖法＂切除椎管后壁减压是安全、有效的方法。     

胸椎黄韧带骨化症的外科治疗

[目的]探讨胸椎黄韧带骨化症的手术方法和治疗效果。[方法]回顾性分析10例胸椎黄韧带骨化症患者的临床表现、影像学特征，手术经后路在病变的头侧和尾侧寻找宽松点，用枪式咬骨钳开始减压，逐渐向病变严重处会师，用气动高速磨钻将骨化黄韧带磨薄分割切除。[结果]全部病例经术后随访6个月-8a，手术优良率为80％（8／10）。[结论]改良的手术方法治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化症较为安全，疗效满意。