北京市中小学生腰围臀围腰臀比及其与相关指标关系

目的了解北京市7～18岁中小学生腰围、臀围和腰臀比水平及与年龄、性别、体型特征的关系,为儿童肥胖的早期防治提供科学依据。方法对北京市7～18岁中小学生的腰围、臀围和腰臀比进行描述性分析,研究其分布特征及与年龄、性别、体型特征的相关性。结果中小学生腰围、臀围水平随年龄的增长而增加,12岁以前增幅迅速。腰臀比有随年龄增长而下降趋势。各年龄组男生腰围和腰臀比均值大于女生,差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.01)。臀围除10～12,13～15岁性别间差异无统计学意义外(P值均>0.05),其他年龄组差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。不同体型学生腰围、臀围和腰臀比差异均有统计学意义,肥胖组>超重组>正常组(P<0.01)。男生腰臀比与身高呈负相关(r=-0.353,P<0.01),女生腰臀比与体重呈负相关(r=-0.084,P<0.01)。结论北京市不同性别学生腰围、臀围和腰臀比随年龄变化总趋势一致,但不同体型学生各指标差异显著。     

北京市城乡学生腰围臀围腰臀比分析

目的了解2010年北京市7～18岁中小学生腰围臀围和腰臀比的年龄、性别特征,为学生体质健康研究资料提供有益补充。方法对2010年北京市体质调研7～18岁中小学生的腰围、臀围和腰臀比进行描述性分析。结果男生腰围均值、腰臀比高于女生;城区男生臀围均值高于女生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01),郊区男、女生臀围差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。腰围均值12岁前有随年龄增长而增加的趋势。学生臀围均值有随着年龄的增长而增加的趋势,差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。城区男生腰围均值高于郊区男生(P<0.05);城区女生腰围均值与郊区女生差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);城区男女生臀围均值大于郊区学生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);城郊区男生腰臀比均值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);郊区女生腰臀比均值高于城区女生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论北京城乡7～18岁学生腰围、臀围和腰臀比随年龄变化总趋势一致,但城乡各指标间年龄、性别特征存在差异。     

儿童青少年体像不满与身体形态发育指标的关联分析

目的 分析儿童青少年体像不满与身体形态发育指标的相关性,为引导儿童青少年形成正确体像认知提供依据。方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法抽取中、小学生,测量学生身高、体重、腰围、臀围、皮褶厚度身体形态发育指标,采用Ma体形图测量儿童青少年体像认知,分单水平和两水平分析体像不满与身体形态发育指标的相关性。结果 儿童青少年体像不满率为77.1%(期望变胖率为23.1%,期望变瘦率为54.0%),体像曲解率为44.9%;期望变胖率男生高于女生(χ²=4.989,P=0.026),期望变瘦率女生高于男生(χ²=5.970,P=0.015)。男生和女生身高、体重、腰围、臀围、皮褶厚度、体质指数、腰围身高比、臀围身高比指标,“期望变瘦”学生均高于“体像满意”学生(P值均＜0.05);男生 “体像满意”学生高于“期望变胖”学生(P值均＜0.05);女生除身高、WHR 外,其余指标均“体像满意”学生高于“期望变胖”学生(P值均＞0.05)。以上组间差异均表现为男生高于女生,中学高于小学。结论 身高、体重、胸围、臀围、皮褶厚度、体质指数、腰围身高比、臀围身高比身体形态发育指标均与体像不满相关,且在性别和学校类型上存在差异。     

大理白族自治州2014年白族中小学生肺活量与形态指标相关性分析

目的 了解白族中小学生肺活量发育水平与其形态指标的相关性.方法 采用2014年大理州白族中小学生体质健康监测资料,对大理州7～18岁2 619名白族中小学生肺活量、身高、体重、胸围测量资料进行分析.结果 调查男生1 304人、女生1 315人.肺活量男生为2 345.57±1 004.07ml,女生为1 791.95±552.81ml;各组均为男生高于女生(P＜0.01);男生和女生均为随年龄增长不断增高(P＜0.01).男女生的肺活量均与身高、体重、胸围呈正相关性(P＜ 0.01).肺活量体重指数除第七年龄组外,均男生大于女生,男生和女生均随年龄的增长呈增大趋势,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 中小学生的肺活量与身高、体重、胸围呈正相关关系,肺活量体重指数更能反映肺功能发育水平.     

成都市学龄儿童腰围及其相关指标特征分析

[目的]了解成都市学龄儿童腰围、臀围、腰臀围比和腰围身高比水平及年龄性别特征，探讨其与身高、体重的关系。[方法]随机整群拍取成都市城区两所小学6—12岁儿童为研究对象，测量其身高、体重、腰围、臀围，计算其腰臀围比、腰围身高比，并对各指标进行描述性及相关分析。[结果]儿童腰围和臀围值随年龄增加而增加，男生大干女生（P〈0．05）；腰臀围比随年龄增加而下降，男生大于女生（P〈0．05）；腰围身高比有随年龄增加降低的趋势，男生大于女生（P〈0．05）；腰围和臀围分别与身高、体重均呈明显正相关，腰臀围比与身高呈负相关（男生r=-0．116，P（0．05，女生r=-0．442，P（0．05），腰围身高比与体重呈正相关（男生r=0．532，P〈0．05，女生r=0．198，P〈0．05）。[结论]该市学龄儿童腰围、臀围和腰臀围比均存在年龄和性别差异．腰围和臀围均与其身高、体重有关。     

广州市6～18岁儿童青少年腰围和腰围身高比分布特征

目的探讨广州市6～18岁儿童青少年腰围（WC）和腰围身高比（wH氓）分布特征。方法采用年级分层整班抽样方法对参加2010年全国学生体质健康调研的广州市12所监测学校（广州市城乡各3所中学和3所小学）6～18岁学生进行腰围和身高检测,计算各个年龄组城乡男女生腰围和腰围身高比百分位数、腰围身高比的均值,比较腰围和腰围身高比年龄、城乡和性别差异。结果2010年调查5141名学生,城市男生1287名、城市女生1256名、农村男生1300名、农村女生1298名。广州市6-18岁学生随年龄增长腰围不断增加,女生在青春发育期腰围值接近男生,其他年龄组均是男生超过女生。同性别各年龄组的腰围城市大于乡村。城乡男女生6-18岁WHtR在0．40至0．45范围内波动,13岁前城乡男生WHtR高于女生,13岁后女生wHtR大于男生或与男生重叠。同性别各年龄组的WHtR均是城市大于乡村。结论广州市6～18岁城乡学生腰围和腰围身高比在年龄、性别、城乡表现出差异;该数据为制定全国儿童青少年腰围：腰围身高比的体质量超标、肥胖筛查标准提供广州地区基础资料。     

同龄同性别腰围第85百分位值对儿童非酒精性脂肪肝的预测价值

[目的]了解在校学生(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)检出率及腰围百分位值对儿童非酒精性脂肪肝NAFLD的预测价值. [方法]对上海市浦东新区6～14岁学生1 180名进行检查.所有学生采集人体测量指标(体重、身高、腰围、臀围)、体脂含量和肝脏超声. [结果] 1 180名在校学生NAFI,D发生率为2.1%(25/1 180).男生NAFLD检出率远高于女生.体质指数正常学生NAFLD检出率仅为0.6%(6/934),而超重和肥胖学生则分别为3%(4/137)和13.8%(15/109).6～9岁和10～14岁女性/男性儿童腰围P85分别为63/70 cm和72/72 cm.同龄同性别腰围P85值对NAFLD诊断的敏感性和特异性分别为76.0%和86.9%. [结论]上海地区6～14岁在校儿童NAFLD总检出率为2.1%.同龄同性别腰围P85值可作为儿童NAFLD的早期预测指标.     

兰州市中小学生睡眠时间和血压的关系

探讨兰州市7~18岁中小学生睡眠时间和血压的关系,为预防青少年高血压提供参考.方法 采用分层随机整群抽样的方法,选取兰州市4 200名中小学生进行身高、体重和血压测量,并调查睡眠时间.采用t检验和多元线性回归分析睡眠时间和血压之间的关系.结果 男生收缩压和舒张压均高于女生,差异有统计学意义(t值分别为11.115,4.402,P值均<0.01);在7~12,13~15,16~18岁3个年龄组中,无论男女,睡眠时间充足学生的收缩压和舒张压均低于睡眠时间不足的学生,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01).在调整了身高、体重、体质量指数等因素的多元线性回归模型中,中小学生的睡眠时间与收缩压、舒张压的关联均有统计学意义(JP值均<0.05).结论 兰州市中小学生睡眠时间和血压之间存在关联性,保证学生睡眠时间可能有助于儿童青少年高血压的预防.     

臀围相关肥胖指数筛查儿童高血压的诊断价值

比较臀围相关肥胖指数识别儿童高血压的诊断价值,为促进儿童高血压的早期筛查提供参考.方法采用分层整群随机抽样法,抽取秦皇岛市5所小学1 352名7~12岁汉族学生进行问卷调查及身高、体重、臀围、血压等指标测量.结果 共检出高血压小学生82例(6.1%),其中男生46例,检出率为6.8%;女生36例,检出率为5.3%.男生收缩压(SBP)与体质量指数(BMI)(r=0.49)、腰围(WC)(r=0.50)、臀围(HC)(r=0.50)、人体肥胖指数(BAI)(r=0.26)和儿童人体肥胖指数(BAIp)(r=0.45)均呈正相关,舒张压(DBP)与BMI(r=0.23),WC(r=0.24),HC(r=0.24),BAI(r=0.11)和BAIp(r=0.21)均呈正相关(P值均<0.01).女生SBP与BMI(r=0.44),WC(r=0.40),HC(r=0.48),BAI(r=0.20)和BAIp(r=0.44)均呈正相关,DBP与BMI(r=0.30),WC(r=0.28),HC(r=0.34),BAI(r=0.14)和BAIp(r=0.31)均呈正相关(P值均<0.01).男生各臀围相关指数识别高血压的ROC曲线下面积分别为HC:0.87,BAI:0.61,BAIp:0.79(P值均<0.05),女生各臀围相关指数识别高血压的ROC曲线下面积分别为HC:0.84,BAI:0.71,BAIp:0.82(P值均<0.01).HC识别儿童高血压的ROC曲线下面积与BMI和WC比较差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).结论 臀围相关肥胖指标可作为识别儿童高血压的有效指标.BAI和BAIp并不优于HC.     

山东省2010年7～18岁中小学生腰围和臀围发育状况调查

目的了解山东省儿童少年腰围(WC)和臀围(HC)发育水平,为建立中心性肥胖筛查标准提供参考。方法以2010年山东省学生体质健康调查研究中42275名7～18岁中小学生为研究对象,测量身高、WC和HC,分析WC、HC、腰臀比(腰围/臀围,WHR)和腰围身高比(腰围/身高,WHtR)的发育状况,并与国内文献资料比较。结果山东省7～18岁中小学生WC随年龄的增长而增加,各年龄组男生显著高于女生(P<0．01)。男女生HC的发育曲线存在两次交叉：在11岁前男生大于女生,进入青春发育突增期后(12～14岁)女生超过男生,15岁后男生再次超过女生。山东省7～18岁中小学生WC第50百分位数(P₅₀)比2008年国内15省调查数据高1_3～3．1 cm(男)、1．2～2．0 cm(女),比2005年香港调查数据高1．9-5．4 cm(男)、2．0-6．5 cm(女)。以2008年国内15省调查WC P₉₀为界值,山东省7～18岁中小学生中心性肥胖总检出率男生为20．20%,女生为16．57%,男生显著高于女生(P<0.01);以WHtR≥0．5为界值,中心性肥胖总检出率男生为15．73%,女生为7．38%,男生同样显著高于女生(P<0．01)。结论山东省7～18岁中小学生WC发育水平较高。     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

---

Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

---

La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

---

---

Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.     

Eggs enriched in omega-3 fatty acids and alterations in lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and in blood pressure

Effects of dietary eggs enriched with omega-3 fatty acids on lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and blood pressure were determined in 11 men and women in two groups. Group 1 consumed four omega-3 eggs per day during the first 4-wk period and four control eggs for the second 4-wk period. Group 2 ate the same number of eggs in the reverse order. Mean plasma cholesterol concentration was significantly increased by control eggs (P less than 0.01) but unchanged by omega-3 eggs. Mean plasma triglyceride concentration was decreased by omega-3 eggs but increased by control eggs. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lowered by omega-3 eggs in group 1 whereas only systolic pressure was significantly decreased on omega-3 eggs in group 2. The control eggs did not change blood pressure. In conclusion, the omega-3 eggs may be more healthful than the control eggs.     

Bacteriology and constitutional health--genomics and proteomics: concepts in medicine and concepts in health insurance in the past and future

Future discussions on health issues on the individual or society level will be fundamentally linked to genetic dispositions. This genetic world will become reality in the same way the world of hygiene and bacteriology has become real for everyone. Approaches of molecular medicine for public health issues have not yet been created so far. The secret dreams of molecular eugenics must be made public and critically discussed. Up to now only a few monogenetically recessive hereditary diseases can be detected by screening. This kind of screening should be carefully considered. However, for the sciences, for medicine and thus for the physicians in practice, for health care sciences as well as for public health care, new tasks will emerge from genetics and molecular medicine. In individual as well as public health these new tasks will at first mainly turn in on the sphere of diagnosis and specific screening as well as health education and consultation. With regard to the considerable social implications the public health care sector should be aware of the coming issues of molecular medicine in time.     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries