上海市学龄儿童青少年耐力跑百分位数参考值

建立符合上海市儿童青少年生长发育特点的耐力跑参考值及曲线,为监测该地区儿童青少年心肺耐力变化提供参照.方法 以2014年上海市学生体质与健康调研6个区15 308名7~18岁学生为样本,用LMS法建立年龄别耐力跑百分位数值.结果 获得上海市中小学生耐力跑百分位数值P3,P5,P10,P15,P25,P50,P75,P85,P90,P95,P97及曲线.2014年上海市7~ 12岁男、女生耐力跑水平均呈上升趋势,13~ 18岁男、女生耐力跑水平呈先上升后下降趋势.各年龄组耐力跑的P85,P95均高于全国同期水平.耐力跑百分位数曲线呈现性别、年龄特征,7~12岁男女生百分位数曲线基本一致,13~18岁男生百分位数曲线呈持续性上升,而女生13~15岁上升,15岁之后曲线下降,17~ 18岁曲线略有上升.结论 上海市儿童青少年耐力跑百分位数存在性别差异,儿童青少年耐力跑百分位数曲线图为本地区儿童青少年功能水平测量提供了一种直观评价方式.     

上海市儿童青少年肺功能百分位数参考值

建立符合上海市儿童青少年生长发育特点的肺活量参考值及曲线,为监测本地区儿童青少年功能水平变化提供参照.方法 以2014年上海市学生体质与健康调研6区15 421名7~18岁学生为样本,用偏度中位数—变异系数(LMS)法建立年龄别肺活量百分位数值及曲线.结果 随着年龄增长,男、女生肺活量呈上升趋势,在12岁之前差异不大,12岁之后差异逐渐增大,各年龄组均为男生高于女生(P值均<0.01).2014年上海市中小学生肺活量百分位数曲线随年龄增加呈增长趋势,各年龄组均高于全国同期水平,上海市儿童青少年肺活量百分位数存在性别差异.结论 儿童青少年肺活量百分位数曲线图为上海市儿童青少年功能水平测量提供了一种直观评价方式.     

北京市6~18岁儿童青少年LMS法体脂百分位数参考值分析

采用LMS法拟合北京市6~18岁儿童青少年体脂率百分位数参考值曲线,为进一步制订儿童青少年体脂率肥胖判定标准及儿童青少年肥胖的监测提供参考依据.方法 在北京地区抽取7 435名6~18岁儿童青少年,采用生物电阻抗方法(BIA,Inbody230)对北京市7 435名6~18岁儿童青少年进行身体成分测定,应用LMS chartmaker软件分别拟合男女生体脂率随年龄变化的百分位数曲线图.以P3,P10,P15,P20,P25,P50,P75,P80,P85,P90,P97作为参考曲线.结果 6~12岁儿童青少年在相同年龄段内男女生体脂率性别差异较小,但13~18岁男女生体脂率存在性别差异(P值均<0.01).百分位数曲线显示,6~11岁男生体脂率随年龄缓慢增长,11 ~ 15岁明显下降,15岁以后保持平稳状态,而女生体脂率在6~18岁呈现随年龄增长而持续增长的趋势.结论 用LMS方法构建的体脂率百分位数曲线可正确反映儿童青少年生长发育的规律.普及LMS方法对于制订与健康体质相关的儿童青少年百分位数标准具有重要意义.     

上海市儿童青少年腰围变化趋势及参考值

目的建立符合上海市儿童青少年生长发育特点的腰围的百分位数参考值,为监测该地区儿童青少年中心型肥胖筛查提供参照。方法以2014年、2016年上海市学生体质健康调研资料为研究样本,7~18岁学生分别为15 421、10 789名,用LMS法分性别建立年龄别腰围百分位数值。结果 2014年上海市中小学生腰围随年龄增长呈增长趋势,总体男生高于女生(P<0.01)。男生是18岁达到最大,女生17岁达到最高,之后趋于稳定。男生腰围增长较快的年龄为7、8、10岁,平均年增长都在3.0cm以上,女生腰围增长较快的年龄为8、9、10岁,平均年增长都在2.0cm以上。2016年变化趋势同2014年,年份比较发现男、女生总体均有显著性的增长(t=-5.05,P<0.01;t=-8.96,P<0.01)。具体分年龄来看,男生14、16、17岁年龄组均有所增长(P<0.01);女生除7、9、17岁年龄组外,其它年龄组均有显著性的增长,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。同时获得上海市中小学生腰围百分位数值P_3,P_5,P_(10),P_(15),P_(25),P_(50),P_(75),P_(85),P_(90),P_(95),P_(97)。结论上海市儿童青少年腰围百分位数存在性别差异,男生腹部脂肪堆积程度大于女生,2016年较2014年平均水平有所提高,获得儿童青少年腰围百分位数参考值为监测本地区儿童青少年中心型肥胖水平提供了一种直观评价手段。     

上海市7~18岁儿童青少年身体形态长期变化趋势

了解上海市7~18岁儿童青少年2000--2014年身体形态指标的变化趋势,为儿童青少年生长发育监测提供理论依据.方法 从200-2014年上海市学生体质与健康调研数据中,抽取7~18岁儿童青少年为研究对象,运用LMS法拟合儿童青少年身高、体重主要百分位数值及曲线,并观察其变化趋势.结果 14年间,男生P5,P15,P5o,P85,P95身高平均增幅分别为3.5,3.4,3.2,3.1,3.1 cm,女生分别为2.6,2.5,2.3,2.3,2.4 cm;男生P5,P15,P50,P85,P95体重平均增幅分别为3.3,3.9,5.3,7.4,9.2 kg,女生分别为2.2,2.5,3.3,4.6,5.8 kg.男女生体重平均增长幅度均为高百分位数大于低百分位数,身高则是低百分位数大于高百分位数(P值均<0.01);不同群体的身高最大增幅的出现年龄均提前,城市男生、城市女生、郊区男生生长最大发育年龄提前,提前幅度表现为郊区男生(0.45)>城市女生(0.35》城市男生(0.26).结论 上海市儿童青少年身体形态正经历生长发育的长期变化趋势,需注意身高、体重不同百分位数人群增长特点.     

上海市学龄儿童青少年下肢力量百分位数参考值

目的建立符合上海市儿童青少年生长发育特点的立定跳远百分位数参考值,为监测该地区儿童青少年下肢肌肉力量水平提供参照。方法截取2014、2016年的上海市学生体质与健康调研资料进行分析,7~18岁学生分别为15 421、10 789名。应用国际通用LMS法分性别建立年龄别立定跳远百分位数值。结果 2014年上海市中小学生立定跳远随年龄增加呈增长趋势,总体男生高于女生(t=54.35,P0.01),男生立定跳远发展敏感期年龄为11、12岁(156.7~189.97cm),女生敏感期年龄为7、8、9岁(118.65~145.66 cm);与2014年相比,2016年男女生立定跳远变化特征基本一致,男生总体差异无统计学意义,而女生总体有所增长(t=-2.66,P0.01),分年龄段来看13岁男生组有所下降(t=1.97,P0.05),7岁女生组有所增长(t=-2.64,P0.01),而16岁女生组有所下降(t=2.09,P0.05);获得了2014年上海市中小学生立定跳远的百分位数参考值P3,P5,P10,P15,P25,P50,P75,P85,P90,P95,P97,高年龄组(高中生)百分位数参考值低于全国同期水平。结论 2014年上海市儿童青少年立定跳远发展敏感期年龄存在性别差异,女生较男生提前1~2年,2016年与2014年相比女生总体有所增长,个别中学生年龄组有所下降,上海市儿童青少年立定跳远百分位数参考值存在性别差异,研究获得的立定跳远百分位数参考值为本地区儿童青少年力量水平测量提供了一种直观评价方式。     

上海市7～18岁学生体质指数百分位数参考值研究

目的采用偏度-中位数-变异系数(LMS)法拟合上海市7~18岁学生体质指数(BMI)百分位数参考值曲线,为儿童青少年肥胖监测提供参考依据。方法采用分层随机整群抽样法在上海市抽取15 259名7~18岁学生,测量身高和体重,应用LMS Chartmaker软件分别拟合男女生BMI随年龄变化的百分位数曲线图。以P_3、P_5、P_(10)、P_(15)、P_(25)、P_(50)、P_(75)、P_(85)、P_(90)、P_(95)、P_(97)作为参考曲线。结果随着年龄增长,男、女生BMI均呈增长趋势;男生BMI在各年龄段均高于女生。上海市男、女生各年龄组BMI的P_(50)均高于全国水平,BMI的P_(85)和P_(95)前期基本与全国水平持平,后期则高于全国水平。百分位数曲线显示,男生自9岁开始进入BMI增长高峰,12岁之后增长缓慢,18岁曲线仍呈一定的上升;女生自10岁开始进入BMI增长高峰,14岁之后增长缓慢,16岁以后曲线趋于平稳。结论用LMS法构建的BMI百分位数曲线能直观反映儿童青少年生长发育的规律;上海市儿童青少年BMI高于全国水平。     

上海市学龄儿童青少年速度素质百分位数参考值及曲线

建立符合上海市儿童青少年生长发育特点的速度素质参考值及曲线,为完善该地区儿童青少年身体素质评价体系提供参考.方法 以2014年上海市学生体质与健康调研黄浦、徐汇、闸北、闵行、奉贤和浦东6区15 422名7~18岁学生为研究样本,用偏度-中位数-变异系数(LMS)法建立年龄别50 m跑百分位数值.结果 2014年上海市中小学生50 m跑成绩随年龄增长不断提高,各年龄组均为男生高于女生,且均高于全国学生同期水平.获得上海市中小学生50 m跑百分位数值P3,P5,P10,P15,P2.5,P50,P75,P85,P90,P95,P97及曲线.男生随着年龄的增长,50 m跑成绩出现了7~8岁、11~13岁2个显著提高时期,17岁以后曲线趋于平稳;女生随着年龄的增长,50 m跑成绩提高最快的是7~9岁,之后幅度逐渐减小,14岁以后曲线趋于平稳.结论 本研究获得的百分位数及曲线图为儿童青少年速度素质测量提供了直观评价手段,完善了本地区儿童青少年身体素质常模参照评价体系.     

乌鲁木齐市维吾尔族和汉族7～18岁人群体重指数分类标准比较

目的探讨使用偏度-中位数-变异系数法（LMS法）建立并比较乌鲁木齐市7～18岁维吾尔族（维族）和汉族青少年超重、肥胖的体重指数（BMI）分类标准。方法采用分层整群抽样方法，调查新疆乌鲁木齐市7～18岁维、汉族中小学生9146人，绘制两民族7～18岁青少年年龄别、性别BMI百分位曲线，确定18岁时分别通过国际肥胖工作组（IOTF）和中国肥胖问题工作组（WGOC）成年人超重、肥胖标准的特殊百分位数曲线，由此获得两民族7～18岁人群超重和肥胖的界值标准。结果18岁时通过25及30kg／m^2的百分位曲线：维族男生为P94.46和P99.58，维族女生为P92.44和P99.64，汉族男生为P85.05和P97.26，汉族女生为P90.92和P99.03；通过24及28kg／m^2的百分位曲线维族男生为P90.54和P98.86，维族女生为P86.96和P98.77，汉族男生为P78.98和P94.72，汉族女生为P86.15和P97.56。结论BMI分布具有民族特异性；对维族青少年超重、肥胖筛检时建议参考使用该研究标准。     

中国1993-2015年儿童青少年腰围及腹型肥胖流行趋势

分析1993-2015年中国7~18岁儿童青少年腰围变化规律及腹型肥胖的流行趋势,为进一步探索原因和采取控制措施提供理论依据.方法 以“中国健康与营养调查”1993-2015年8轮调查中的7~18岁儿童青少年作为研究对象,采用偏度系数-中位数-变异系数法揭示腰围分布变化规律,并以《学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查标准》(WS/T 586-2017)为判断依据分析腹型肥胖流行趋势.结果 1993-2015年,中国7~18岁儿童青少年腰围分布曲线峰值下降、尾部右偏,期间男女生腰围均值分别增加3.84,1.55 cm.男生和女生的腰围百分位曲线P50、P85分位数均呈现增高趋势,且高百分点增幅更大.男女生腹型肥胖率分别从4.08%,6.29%增至20.64%,20.98%,且男生、城市学生的增幅高于女生、农村学生.无论体质量指数(BMI)是否超过超重阈值,儿童青少年腹型肥胖的发生率均呈上升趋势,腹型肥胖在BMI低于超重阈值学生中的发生率从3.03%增加至9.21%.结论 中国儿童青少年腰围水平和中心腹型肥胖率呈升高趋势,且腰围高百分点的增幅更大.中心型肥胖率在不同BMI水平的儿童青少年中均呈上升趋势,亟需采取有力措施抑制腰围过快增长.     

Mid-arm circumference and mid-arm circumference: head circumference ratio for assessing longitudinal growth in hospitalized preterm infants

In order to study the usefulness of upper mid-arm circumference (MAC) and mid-arm circumference:head circumference ratio (MAC:HC) measurements in assessing longitudinal growth in hospitalized preterm infants, we prospectively measured weights, lengths, occipitofrontal head circumferences (OFC), MACs, MAC:HCs, weight/length for age, nutritional intakes, and serum transthyretin and albumin levels in 50 preterm, low-birth-weight, appropriate for gestational age newborn infants during their first 4 postnatal weeks and at hospital discharge. At some time during hospitalization, weight measurements were abnormal (greater than or equal to 2SD from the gestational age mean) in 48% of the infants as compared with 24% with abnormal MAC measurements (p = 0.002). Abnormal MAC:HCs occurred in 25% of the infants as compared with 68% with abnormal weight/length for age values (p less than 0.001). During weeks 2-4, when nutritional intakes were adequate and serum transthyretin and albumin levels were normal, mean weight gain velocity was less than intrauterine rates and was significantly slower than MAC velocities, which were at or greater than intrauterine rates (p less than 0.001). At discharge, when all infants were gaining weight at intrauterine rates, weight measurements were still abnormal in 28% of the infants as compared with 10% of infants who had abnormal MACs (p = 0.005). Similarly, only 12% of infants had abnormal MAC:HCs as compared with 25% of infants with abnormal weight/length for age values at discharge (p = 0.05). The MAC and MAC:HC are useful for assessing longitudinal growth in preterm infants since they do not overestimate the prevalence of malnourishment during periods of apparent protein-calorie sufficiency.     

Mid-arm circumference and mid-arm circumference: head circumference ratio for assessing longitudinal growth in hospitalized preterm infants.

In order to study the usefulness of upper mid-arm circumference (MAC) and mid-arm circumference:head circumference ratio (MAC:HC) measurements in assessing longitudinal growth in hospitalized preterm infants, we prospectively measured weights, lengths, occipitofrontal head circumferences (OFC), MACs, MAC:HCs, weight/length for age, nutritional intakes, and serum transthyretin and albumin levels in 50 preterm, low-birth-weight, appropriate for gestational age newborn infants during their first 4 postnatal weeks and at hospital discharge. At some time during hospitalization, weight measurements were abnormal (greater than or equal to 2SD from the gestational age mean) in 48% of the infants as compared with 24% with abnormal MAC measurements (p = 0.002). Abnormal MAC:HCs occurred in 25% of the infants as compared with 68% with abnormal weight/length for age values (p less than 0.001). During weeks 2-4, when nutritional intakes were adequate and serum transthyretin and albumin levels were normal, mean weight gain velocity was less than intrauterine rates and was significantly slower than MAC velocities, which were at or greater than intrauterine rates (p less than 0.001). At discharge, when all infants were gaining weight at intrauterine rates, weight measurements were still abnormal in 28% of the infants as compared with 10% of infants who had abnormal MACs (p = 0.005). Similarly, only 12% of infants had abnormal MAC:HCs as compared with 25% of infants with abnormal weight/length for age values at discharge (p = 0.05). The MAC and MAC:HC are useful for assessing longitudinal growth in preterm infants since they do not overestimate the prevalence of malnourishment during periods of apparent protein-calorie sufficiency.     

Waist circumference and mortality

The authors examined the association between waist circumference and mortality among 154,776 men and 90,757 women aged 51-72 years at baseline (1996-1997) in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Additionally, the combined effects of waist circumference and body mass index (BMI; weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) were examined. All-cause mortality was assessed over 9 years of follow-up (1996-2005). After adjustment for BMI and other covariates, a large waist circumference (fifth quintile vs. second) was associated with an approximately 25% increased mortality risk (men: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.22, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15, 1.29; women: HR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.16, 1.41). The waist circumference-mortality association was found in persons with and without prevalent disease, in smokers and nonsmokers, and across different racial/ethnic groups (non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians). Compared with subjects with a combination of normal BMI (18.5-<25) and normal waist circumference, those in the normal-BMI group with a large waist circumference (men: > or =102 cm; women: > or =88 cm) had an approximately 20% higher mortality risk (men: HR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.39; women: HR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.36). The finding that persons with a normal BMI but a large waist circumference had a higher mortality risk in this study suggests that increased waist circumference should be considered a risk factor for mortality, in addition to BMI.     

北京市城乡学生腰围臀围腰臀比分析

目的了解2010年北京市7～18岁中小学生腰围臀围和腰臀比的年龄、性别特征,为学生体质健康研究资料提供有益补充。方法对2010年北京市体质调研7～18岁中小学生的腰围、臀围和腰臀比进行描述性分析。结果男生腰围均值、腰臀比高于女生;城区男生臀围均值高于女生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01),郊区男、女生臀围差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。腰围均值12岁前有随年龄增长而增加的趋势。学生臀围均值有随着年龄的增长而增加的趋势,差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。城区男生腰围均值高于郊区男生(P<0.05);城区女生腰围均值与郊区女生差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);城区男女生臀围均值大于郊区学生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);城郊区男生腰臀比均值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);郊区女生腰臀比均值高于城区女生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论北京城乡7～18岁学生腰围、臀围和腰臀比随年龄变化总趋势一致,但城乡各指标间年龄、性别特征存在差异。     

不同胎龄初生儿头围与胸围比值关系研究

目的:研究孕26～44周初生儿头围与胸围比值关系,探索初生儿胎内体格发育规律。方法:引用2005年深圳不同胎龄初生儿头围、胸围均值和1986年中国15城市不同胎龄新生儿头围、胸围均值,研究孕26～44周初生儿头围与胸围比值关系。结果:2005年深圳孕26～28周初生儿平均头围均值为26.3cm、胸围均值为24.3cm,头围与胸围的比值为1.08:1;孕37周头围均值为32.9cm、胸围均值为32.2cm,比值为1.02:1;孕41周头围均值为34.1cm、胸围均值为33.4cm,比值为1.02:1;孕44周头围均值为34.9cm、胸围均值为33.7cm,比值为1.04:1。结论:头围与胸围的比值与孕周大小有关,孕周越小比值越大,随着孕周增大比值不断变小;孕26～37周是头围发育的快速增长期,显示了脑部优先发育的生长规律,男性头围发育明显快于女性;孕37～43周是头围与胸围的均衡发育期。     

山东省2010年7～18岁中小学生腰围和臀围发育状况调查

目的了解山东省儿童少年腰围(WC)和臀围(HC)发育水平,为建立中心性肥胖筛查标准提供参考。方法以2010年山东省学生体质健康调查研究中42275名7～18岁中小学生为研究对象,测量身高、WC和HC,分析WC、HC、腰臀比(腰围/臀围,WHR)和腰围身高比(腰围/身高,WHtR)的发育状况,并与国内文献资料比较。结果山东省7～18岁中小学生WC随年龄的增长而增加,各年龄组男生显著高于女生(P<0．01)。男女生HC的发育曲线存在两次交叉：在11岁前男生大于女生,进入青春发育突增期后(12～14岁)女生超过男生,15岁后男生再次超过女生。山东省7～18岁中小学生WC第50百分位数(P₅₀)比2008年国内15省调查数据高1_3～3．1 cm(男)、1．2～2．0 cm(女),比2005年香港调查数据高1．9-5．4 cm(男)、2．0-6．5 cm(女)。以2008年国内15省调查WC P₉₀为界值,山东省7～18岁中小学生中心性肥胖总检出率男生为20．20%,女生为16．57%,男生显著高于女生(P<0.01);以WHtR≥0．5为界值,中心性肥胖总检出率男生为15．73%,女生为7．38%,男生同样显著高于女生(P<0．01)。结论山东省7～18岁中小学生WC发育水平较高。     

Consistent accuracy of mid arm circumference and calf circumference as birth weight surrogates during first few days

Measurement within 24 hours and then daily for 10 days after birth was made of mid arm, calf, and thigh circumference, and birth weight among infants delivered by the Dayanand Medical College and Hospital in Ludhiana, Punjab State, India. The results of the correlation procedures was that mid arm an calf circumference were highly correlated with birth weights: r = .60 and r = .76 respectively. Thigh circumference data was discarded, due to technical errors. Analysis of variance found that there were not significant differences between the values of arm and calf circumference and birth weight. This information was found useful for determining birth weight with colored strips during the first 10 days after birth. The criteria of health workers in field conditions to assess birth weight with surrogate measures were satisfied: high correlation, easy measurement, and consistently accuracy over the first few days of life. Health workers do not always see new borns in the first few days. The significance of measuring birth weight is in the determination of low birth weight and the need for special care or monitoring as a means of enhancing child survival.     

Fever in pregnancy and offspring head circumference

Purpose

To examine whether maternal fever during pregnancy is associated with reduced head circumference and risk of microcephaly at birth.