新型冠状病毒肺炎防控时期眼外伤急救流程管理

2019年12月初开始于武汉的新型冠状病毒肺炎传染力强、致病率高、影响范围广,全国各地相继迅速启动紧急防控措施。新型冠状病毒肺炎防控期间,全民防疫为主,眼科疾病诊疗部分受限。眼外伤是眼科常见眼科急症,可导致不可逆转的视力丧失,甚至眼球摘除。眼外伤的急诊救治效果与患者的视力预后密切相关,需伤后短时间内做出正确诊断和及时处理。因此,新型冠状病毒肺炎防控期间如何能够安全完成眼外伤急诊的手术处理值得探讨。本文根据2020年1月24日天津市启动重大公共卫生事件一级防控响应以来,我科多例急诊眼外伤的处理流程,就疫情防控期间的眼外伤手术防控管理作一述评,以期为眼科同行在新型冠状病毒肺炎时期安全处理急诊眼外伤提供参考。     

新型冠状病毒感染防控中眼科医务工作者的防护建议

在眼病诊疗过程中与患者近距离接触,存在着新型冠状病毒交叉感染的风险。本文简介新型冠状病毒感染的特点与鉴别,从眼科医护人员个人防护、眼科门诊防控管理、眼科病房防控管理以及眼科器械清洁消毒等方面提出建议及意见,希望对眼科医务工作者在新型冠状病毒感染防控中有所帮助。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎的眼部表现

新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19,新冠肺炎)是由新型冠状病毒(novel coronavirus,SARS-CoV-2,新冠病毒)引起的一种具有高度传染性的疾病,目前在世界各地广泛流行,并引起全球性恐慌。研究表明,新冠病毒可以通过眼部黏膜传播,因此眼科医务人员更容易受到感染。新冠肺炎患者眼部表现主要累及结膜、角膜、巩膜、前房、瞳孔、视网膜、视神经和视皮层、眼外肌及其颅神经支配、眼眶和泪器系统等。病毒性结膜炎是新冠肺炎患者最常见的眼部表现。新冠肺炎流行期间,为了眼科医务人员免受感染,安全地开展临床工作,本文依据近年来相关文献报道总结了新冠肺炎的眼部表现,主要包括流行病学、病理生理、临床表现等方面。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下眼科急诊感染防控管理的体会

目的总结新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情下专科医院眼科急诊有效的感染防控措施。方法 2020年1月24日起从人员管理(包括医务人员和患者)、科室硬件环境、眼科器械消毒、病毒管理上报制度等方面着手,对新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)感染途径进行严格把控。结果共接诊1 936例眼科急诊患者(比去年同期增长21.7%),完成急诊工作的同时,所有医护人员在疫情期间无因工作原因导致2019-nCoV感染。结论思想重视、措施到位、严格把控,能够有效防范眼科医护人员感染2019-nCoV。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间眼科手术安全性及防控对策

目的:探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间开展眼科手术的安全性,并提出相关防控对策。方法:收集2020年1月25日至2020年2月28日新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间,在天津医科大学总医院眼科接受手术治疗者11例(12眼)的资料。其中眼球破裂,角膜穿孔伤,角膜穿孔伤合并外伤性白内障,眼内异物各1例(1眼),泪小管断裂2例(2眼),孔源性视网膜脱离4例(4眼),青光眼1例(2眼)。所有患者进行体温监测和流行病学调查。按照国家疫情防控要求和医院的应急管理流程,制订了眼科诊疗流程,所有患者均严格按照此流程进行管理,围手术期严格监测体温、呼吸道等全身情况。结果:11名患者就诊前行体温监测、流行病学调查、临床及影像学检查均正常,并请感染科专家会诊排除新型冠状病毒肺炎。所有患者均为眼外伤和急性眼病,包括急诊手术6眼,限期手术6眼,严格遵照眼科诊疗流程进行手术治疗,术后恢复良好,均未出现严重手术并发症。住院及随访期间患者、家属及医护人员均未发生新型冠状病毒肺炎。结论:新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间严格筛查患者,严格按照疫情期间防控工作流程要求,眼科手术是安全可行的。     

武汉市确诊COVID-19眼科医务人员的眼部症状调查研究

目的 调查武汉眼科医务人员确诊COVID-19的眼部症状情况。设计 横断面问卷调查。研究对象 2020年2月26日至3月20日武汉确诊COVID-19的28例眼科医务人员为病例组，根据1:3~4的比例随机抽取病例组所在医院未感染的96例眼科医务人员作为对照组。方法 使用“问卷网”进行问卷调查。主要指标 被调查者的基本信息、新冠病毒核酸检测结果、眼部症状。结果 病例组26例（92.9%）及对照组96例（100%）完成问卷调查。病例组平均年龄（41.9±11.7）岁，分布在武汉10所综合性及眼科专科医院，确诊时间为2020年1月16日至2月29日；对照组平均年龄（35.1±5.5）岁。感染组中女性19例（67.9%）；医生14例（50%），护士12例（42.9%），技师2例（7.1%）；感染时从事眼科临床工作者19例（67.9%），从事抗疫一线工作者9例（32.1%）。病例组重症8例（28.6%）（包括死亡3例，危重症1例），咽拭子核酸检测阳性15例（53.6%）。病例组中25.7%的人认为工作环境通风条件较差。病例组11例（42.3%）有眼部症状，显著高于对照组（15.6%）（P=0.003）。其中，眼痒10例（90.9%）显著高于对照组（73.3%）（P=0.001），流泪4例（36.4%）显著高于对照组（13.3%）（P=0.02）；病例组异物感7例（63.6%），眼红2例（18.2%），视物模糊2例（18.2%）。4例行结膜囊核酸检测的患者中1例阳性。轻症20例中9例（45%）有眼部症状，重症6例中2例（33.3%）有眼部症状。结论 武汉眼科医务人员COVID-19患者中约40%存在眼部症状。尽管结膜囊新冠病毒核酸检测样本量少，但证实结膜囊中确实存在新冠病毒。（眼科， 2020， 29： 332-338）     

新型冠状病毒与眼,我们所知道的与我们应该做的

新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)是引起近期新型冠状病毒肺炎暴发的病原体,具有高传染性,威胁全球公共卫生健康。笔者主要就2019-nCoV的特点,眼表与呼吸道的解剖学关系,既往呼吸道病毒与眼病的研究结果,眼表的血管紧张素转换酶2受体表达以及泪液SARS病毒检测等方面进行了回顾,并就眼科执业者如何对2019-nCoV进行感染防护以及将来进一步的临床和基础研究进行了述评。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间眼科急诊及手术的防控策略

新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)感染的肺炎,新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)已被中国列为按照甲类传染病管理的乙类传染病,由医院相关性传播导致的COVID-19并不少见,给临床医护人员和住院患者造成严重威胁。本文介绍眼科医生应掌握COVID-19的流行病学特点和临床表现,眼科医生如何应对眼科急诊患者,围绕眼科急诊及手术的感染防控要点和加强具体防控措施,为战疫在一线的眼科医护感染防控提供参考。     

新型冠状病毒感染疫情下眼科诊疗工作的困难和应对措施

新型冠状病毒感染（COVID-19）是一种新发的传染性很强的乙类传染病。由于疫情突发及对新发疾病特点不熟悉,眼科医护人员在诊疗过程中与患者近距离接触存在交叉感染的风险,且面临诸多困惑。本文从疫情对医院及患者的影响、眼科医护人员的防护对策等方面探讨如何在疫情下合理、安全地开展眼科诊疗工作及相应的应对措施。（眼科, 2020, 29: 81-83）     

免疫抑制剂治疗对非感染性葡萄膜炎患者新型冠状病毒感染率及感染后果研究

有研究表明, 存在免疫功能障碍或使用免疫抑制剂治疗的患者, 感染新型冠状病毒(以下简称为新冠病毒)的风险增高且症状通常较普通人群更严重[1]。非感染性葡萄膜炎(NIU)常使用免疫抑制剂治疗, 包括系统性糖皮质激素(以下简称为激素)、传统免疫抑制剂和生物制剂。本研究初步探讨免疫抑制剂治疗是否增加NIU患者感染新冠病毒的风险, 是否延长感染后的病程及增加住院率, 以期为未来可能出现的再次新冠病毒及其他传染病流行提供NIU患者安全用药的参考。现将结果报道如下。     

Ocular manifestations and SARS-CoV-2 detection in tears and conjunctival scrape from non-severe COVID-19 patients

AIM: To investigate whether the axial length (AL)/total corneal refractive power (TCRP) ratio is a sensitive and simple factor that can be used for the early diagnosis of Marfan syndrome (MFS) in children. METHODS: The relationship between the AL/TCRP ratio and the diagnosis of MFS for 192 eyes in 97 children were determined. The biological characteristics, including age, sex, AL, and TCRP, were collected from medical records. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to investigate whether the AL/TCRP ratio effectively distinguishes MFS from other subjects. The Youden index was used to re-divide the whole population into two groups according to an AL/TCRP ratio of 0.59. RESULTS: Of 96 subjects evaluated, 56 (110 eyes) had a definite diagnosis of MFS in childhood based on the revised Ghent criteria, 41 (82 eyes) with diagnosis of congenital EL were included as a control group. AL was negatively correlated with TCRP, with a linear regression coefficient of -0.3566 (r=0.081). A significant correlation was found between age and the AL/TCRP ratio (P=0.023). ROC curve analysis showed that the AL/TCRP ratio distinguished MFS from the other subjects at a threshold of 0.59. MFS patients were present in 24/58 (41.38%) subjects with an AL/TCRP ratio of <0.6 and in 34/39 (87.18%) subjects with an AL/TCRP ratio of ≥0.6.CONCLUSIONS: An AL/TCRP ratio of ≥0.59 is significantly associated with the risk of MFS. The AL/TCRP ratio should be measured as a promising marker for the prognosis of children MFS. Changes in the AL/TCRP ratio should be monitored over time.     

Insights on the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through the eyes

A novel coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or 2019-nCOV), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has rapidly spread to most countries and regions worldwide since it broke out at the end of 2019. Epidemic of the virus produces a tremendous pressure on the global health systems. With progressive insight into SARS-CoV-2, the role of eye tissue has attracted wide attention in the spread of COVID-19. Whether SARS-CoV-2 can enter the human body through eyes and cause infection? The fact that unprotected exposure of the eyes to 2019-nCoV might have allowed the virus to infect the body implies that 2019-nCOV can invade eye tissue and set foot in organism. Facing the severe challenge of preventing spread of the COVID-19, combined with the high-risk environment of ophthalmology, it is crucial to investigate ocular tropism of coronavirus. This paper explores the possibility of coronavirus transmission through the eye from aspects of probable mechanisms, clinical cases, detection of coronavirus; and puts forward precautions for ophthalmologists and nurses. Consequently, this review reveals our understanding of ocular tropism of coronavirus and contributes to determining risk of ocular transmission, raising awareness of necessary eye protection among medical workers and reducing further prevalence of SARS-CoV-2.     

冠状病毒眼部感染及检测

自严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)和中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(MERS-CoV)感染爆发以来,冠状病毒病原体研究和宿主生物鉴定一直是医学界的重要任务。2019年出现的新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)传染性和致病能力更强,迅速引起了全球的关注。目前已有临床报道冠状病毒感染患者可出现以结膜炎为主的眼部感染症状,并提出将眼部核酸检测等作为病毒早期鉴定的辅助手段。本文综述冠状病毒的眼部感染及其检测相关进展,以期为冠状病毒的进一步研究和防护提供参考。     

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a conjunctival swab sample in real-time-polymerase chain reaction positive COVID-19 patients and its association with comorbidity and severity at a designated COVID-19 hospital in Central India

Purpose:To evaluate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the conjunctival swab sample of positive confirmed COVID-19 patients and to find out its association with comorbidity and severity of COVID-19 disease.Methods:We conducted an observational cross-sectional study at a dedicated tertiary COVID-19 hospital in central India for a period of 8 weeks from February 2021to March 2021. We included patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA through nasopharyngeal swab and were above 18 years of age. Swab samples have been collected within 48 h of admission. Conjunctival swab was taken from the lower fornix of both eyes and sent to microbiology laboratory for real-time- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Results:Out of 150 patients, conjunctival swab RT-PCR was positive in five patients (3.33%). Two patients had conjunctival manifestations in the form of conjunctivitis but conjunctival swab RT-PCR was negative in those patients. Among the RT-PCR positive patients, two (40%) were from mild, one (20%) was from moderate, and two (40%) were from severe category. No association could be established between conjunctival swab RT-PCR positivity and severity of the disease or associated comorbidity.Conclusion:Our study provides evidence that SARS-CoV-2 RNA could be detected in conjunctival secretions, and though the risk is relatively low, the eye may act as source of transmission. Extra caution should be taken by healthcare workers, and use of proper precautions like face shields and goggles should be encouraged.     

Risk of SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission from donor corneal tissue: A review

Since the outbreak of respiratory coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, there is an ongoing discussion about whether the virus could be transmitted through corneal transplantation from donor to recipient. The purpose of this review was to summarize the current knowledge in the scientific community to provide aid in risk evaluation for potential virus transfer by corneal transplants. Literature was searched in PubMed.gov for relevant articles on coronavirus in conjunction with cornea processing, cornea transplantation and eye banking. Further, guidelines of health authorities and eye banking associations were reviewed. Studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in ocular swabs and/or fluid of patients with COVID-19. However, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission through these ocular tissues or fluid of patients is judged differently. To date, per literature and official guidelines, no evidence of viable virus in ocular tissue and no cases of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via tissue preparations have been reported.     

血清淀粉样蛋白A检测对感染性眼内炎诊断的临床价值

目的：探讨血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)在感染性眼内炎诊断中的临床应用价值。

方法：收集2016-06/2019-03我院就诊的270例患者,其中116例感染性眼内炎患者作为研究组,154例非感染性患者作为对照组。采用胶体金免疫层析法检测SAA水平,用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析诊断效能。

结果：感染性眼内炎患者和对照组SAA值中位数分别为14.98、2.56mg/L,两组比较有差异(P<0.001); CRP值和WBC值中位数两组比较均有差异(P<0.001)。SAA、CRP和WBC计数诊断感染性眼内炎的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.772、0.638、0.618,SAA检测取Youden指数最大值所对应的最佳临界值为6.975mg/L,其灵敏度为63.79%,特异度为84.42%。

结论：SAA联合CRP和WBC计数有助于提高感染性眼内炎的诊断效能。SAA可为感染性眼内炎的辅助诊断提供有用的参考信息。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间佩戴护目镜的正确选择和防雾指导

新型冠状病毒肺炎期间,为避免病毒感染,医护人员须做好各种有效防护,口罩、防护服和护目镜是必备的用具。多数医护人员佩戴护目镜期间镜片很快起雾,遮挡视线,严重干扰工作,导致护士不能有效治疗操作,医师不能精准诊疗,紧急时耽误患者抢救,防护不当甚至引发院内交叉感染。我们经过文献查询、临床实践结合专业知识,提出了如何正确选择护目镜,及解决护目镜防雾问题的七种方法。希望对抗疫的医护人员在新型冠状病毒肺炎防控中有所借鉴和帮助。     

Scar sarcoidosis with systemic involvement after blepharoplasty

AIM: To explore the ocular features of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 detection in tears and conjunctival scrapes in non-severe COVID-19 patients. METHODS: This is a multicenter observational clinical study with no intervention conducted from Jan 28th to March 1st 2020. Clinical data and samples of tears and conjunctival scraping were collected in consecutive laboratory-confirmed, non-severe COVID-19 patients from three hospitals. COVID-19 virus was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR kits. RESULTS: Totally 255 laboratory-confirmed, non-severe COVID-19 patients were recruited for ocular manifestation investigation. Of them, 54.9% were females, with a median age of 49.4y. None of the patients has evidence of uveitis, 11 patients (4.3%) complained of mild asthenopia, 2 (0.8%) had mild conjunctival congestion and serous secretion. Twenty-five of them had performed tears and conjunctival scrape for COVID-19 virus detection, with 4 yield possible positive results in the N gene. One of them were asymptomatic with normal chest CT and positive pharyngeal swab result. CONCLUSION: Ocular manifestations are neither common nor specific in non-severe COVID-19 patients. Meanwhile, COVID-19 virus nucleotides can be detected in the tears and conjunctival scrape samples, warranting further research on the transmissibility by the ocular route.