高通量血液透析在尿毒症患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进治疗中的应用

目的分析高通量血液透析在尿毒症继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT)患者中的应用效果。方法选取2018年6月至2020年6月在本院行血液透析的64例尿毒症合并SHPT患者, 随机将其分为试验组和对照组, 每组各32例。试验组接受高通量血液透析, 对照组接受低通量血液透析;对比两组治疗前以及治疗3、6、9、12个月后的血钙、血磷、甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、骨型碱性磷酸酶及碱性磷酸酶水平, 比较两组的生存率。结果透析后的两组患者各个时间段的血磷、iPTH以及骨型碱性磷酸酶水平均明显优于透析前(均P<0.05), 且试验组在各个时间段的血磷、iPTH、骨型碱性磷酸酶水平显著优于对照组, 差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。血钙水平与iPTH水平呈正相关(r=0.931, P=0.023), 血磷、骨型碱性磷酸酶水平与iPTH水平均呈负相关(r=-1.654、-0.796, P<0.05)。血钙、血磷、骨型碱性磷酸酶均是iPTH水平的影响因素(均P<0.05)。试验组患者的生存率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论高通量血液透析可有效降低血磷水平及骨型碱性磷酸酶水平...     

西那卡塞联合小剂量骨化三醇治疗血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的疗效观察

目的:研究西那卡塞联合小剂量骨化三醇对维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)合并继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(secondary hyperparathyroidism,SHPT)疗效。方法:选取2016年03月~2016年09月扬州大学附属医院血液净化中心MHD合并SHPT患者84例,随机分为西那卡塞治疗组和联合治疗组。观察两组患者钙、磷、钙磷乘积、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)的差异。结果:治疗后,两组血磷、钙磷乘积、ALP、iPTH均显著降低(P0.05);联合治疗组血磷、钙磷乘积、iPTH较西那卡塞治疗组低(P0.05)。联合治疗组的iPTH、血磷达标率、不良反应发生率和西那卡塞使用剂量低于西那卡塞治疗组(P0.05)。结论:西那卡塞联合小剂量骨化三醇治疗MHD患者合并SHPT有效率高,用药剂量小,副作用少,值得临床推广。     

甲状旁腺全切除自体前臂移植术治疗肾功能不全继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进

目的:研究甲状旁腺全切除(PTX)自体前臂移植术治疗慢性肾功能衰竭继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT)的疗效和安全性。方法:回顾性分析2011年12月—2015年12月接受PTX自体前臂移植的30例慢性肾功能衰竭终末期并SHPT患者的临床资料,观察患者术后临床症状改善情况、血清全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、钙、磷及钙磷乘积的变化,以及术后并发症与复发情况。结果:所有患者均手术成功。术后患者临床症状均明显改善;血清iPTH、钙、磷及钙磷乘积水平均较术前明显降低(均P0.05)。12例患者出现一过性喉返神经损伤,均自行好转。术后8例(2.7%)复发,7例再次手术后症状缓解。结论:PTX自体前臂移植术是治疗慢性肾功能衰竭SHPT的一种安全有效的方法。     

尿毒症继发性甲状旁腺亢进两种手术方式的疗效比较

目的：比较甲状旁腺次全切除与甲状旁腺全切除加自体前臂种植术治疗尿毒症维持性血透患者严重、继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进（SHPT）的临床疗效。方法：对2002年8月~2007年12月期间在我院接受甲状旁腺切除术13例患者资料（甲状旁腺次全切6例,甲状旁腺全切加自体前臂种植7例）进行回顾性分析,包括定位诊断,以及手术前后完整甲状旁腺激素（iPTH）、血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积、红细胞比容（Hct）进行比较。结果：术前分别行B超和颈部放射性核素显像断层扫描（ECT）的6例患者,B超对肿大甲状旁腺的检出率明显高于ECT。两组患者组内iPTH术后（3d,1周,1月,3月）较术前有明显的下降,有统计学意义;术后血钙、血磷及其乘积较术前明显下降,有统计学意义;术后Hct与术前水平接近,无统计学意义。两组间术前、术后iPTH及血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积水平接近,无统计学意义。结论：在两种术式均能有效的治疗SHPT和均有复发可能的情况下,甲状旁腺全切除加自体前臂种植术的二次手术简单易行,有一定的选择优势。     

维持性血液透析患者血清SG K1水平与血管钙化的相关性研究

目的探讨维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)患者血清和糖皮质激素诱导激酶1(serum and glucocorticoid induced protenin kinase 1,SGK1)水平与血管钙化的相关性,为探究MHD患者血管钙化的发生机制提供理论依据。方法选取2019年1月至2019年12月山东第一医科大学附属青岛医院随访的MHD患者60例,采用胸部和腹部计算机断层扫描检测MHD患者血管钙化情况,根据胸主动脉、腹主动脉和冠状动脉存在的钙化或者斑块,分为血管钙化组和无血管钙化组,比较各组临床资料,包括性别、年龄、透析时间、体质量指数、既往基础疾病(高血压病等疾病)以及血磷、血钙、全段甲状旁腺素(intact parathyroid hormone,iPTH)、糖化血红蛋白、透析前后BUN、Scr和尿素氮下降率等实验室指标;采用酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA法)测定MHD患者血清SGK1水平。结果与无血管钙化组患者相比,血管钙化组患者年龄、透析时间、高血压病、吸烟史、C反应蛋白、糖化血红蛋白、血磷、iPTH、钙磷乘积和碱性磷酸酶显著增高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。血管钙化组患者血清SGK1浓度较无血管钙化对照组患者显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。血清SGK1水平与血磷、iPTH以及钙磷乘积有相关性(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,透析时间、血磷、iPTH、钙磷乘积和高水平SGK1为MHD患者发生血管钙化的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论伴有血管钙化的MHD患者血清SGK1水平显著升高,且是MHD患者发生血管钙化的独立危险因素,SGK1可能在血管钙化发生中发挥重要的作用。     

高通量透析对尿毒症继发甲状旁腺功能亢进症的影响

目的了解高通量透析对继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(SHPT)的影响。方法将37例维持性血液透析患者随机分成两组：高通量与低通量交替使用的混合透析组(混合透析组，n=20)、低通量常规透析组(常规透析组，n=17)。混合透析组交替采用高通量透析器F60和低通量透析器F6，常规透析组采用低通量透析器F6，进行血液透析2年，观察两组患者临床症状、血肌酐(SCr)、尿素氮(BUN)、全段甲状旁腺素(iPTH)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、血钙、血磷水平的变化。结果透析前后混合透析组血磷下降率显著优于常规透析组；随着透析时间的推移，常规透析组患者甲状旁腺功能亢进症状明显加重，iPTH、AKP显著升高，血磷呈升高趋势，血钙呈下降趋势；混合透析组患者甲状旁腺功能亢进症状无明显加重，血钙显著升高，iPTH、AKP升高不明显，血磷呈下降趋势；两组比较，混合透析组iPTH、AKP、血磷显著低于常规透析组，血钙显著高于常规透析组，疗效明显优于常规透析组。结论高通量透析可以延缓维持性血液透析患者SHPT的发生。     

甲状旁腺全切＋自体移植术治疗继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症疗效分析

目的探讨甲状旁腺全切＋自体移植术(tPTX＋AT)治疗维持性血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(SHPT)的有效性、安全性以及术后低钙的危险因素。 方法纳入我院2013年1月至2016年11月因SHPT行tPTX＋AT手术的维持性血液透析患者93例,收集术前术后症状、血钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、病理类型、并发症等临床资料。依据术后24 h血钙水平分为正常血钙组(Ca≥2.11 mmol/L)及低钙血症组(Ca<2.11 mmol/L),应用单因素分析及逐步Logistic回归分析术后早期低钙血症的危险因素。 结果手术成功率92.5%。切除360枚甲状旁腺腺体,异位甲状旁腺10枚。病理结果多为腺瘤样增生(96.4%)。同术前相比,术后血清iPTH、磷、ALP明显下降(P<0.05)。低钙血症是术后最常见并发症,发生率82.8%,血钙水平与术前血钙、年龄正相关(r＝0.300, P<0.01;r＝0.265, P<0.01),与术前iPTH、ALP水平负相关(r＝－0.461, P<0.01;r＝－0.477, P<0.01)。术前低血钙(OR＝0.113, P＝0.045)、高ALP水平(OR＝1.050, P<0.001)、高iPTH水平(OR＝1.002, P＝0.004)是术后早期低钙血症发生的独立危险因素。 结论tPTX＋AT可以安全、有效、快速的降低维持性血液透析患者血清iPTH水平,改善机体的钙磷代谢紊乱,但需重视并积极纠正术后低钙血症。针对存在术前低血钙、高iPTH及高ALP水平等高危因素的患者,术前积极纠正低钙血症可能是预防术后低钙的有效干预方式。     

维持性血液透析患者主动脉钙化相关影响因素分析

目的：探讨维持性血液透析（MHD）患者主动脉钙化的相关影响因素。方法：采用胸部正位X线成像技术检测183例MHD患者主动脉钙化情况,将入选患者分为主动脉钙化组（A组）和主动脉无钙化组（B组）,透析前抽血检测血钙、血磷、全段甲状旁腺激素（iPTH）、C反应蛋白（CRP）和血清白蛋白（Alb）等指标,并计算钙磷乘积,比较两组年龄、透析龄和血清学指标的差异,将上述指标与主动脉钙化进行相关性分析,并对筛选出来的危险因素进行非条件Logistic回归分析。结果：A组和B组在年龄、透析龄、血磷、钙磷乘积和CRP水平方面,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）;MHD患者主动脉钙化的相关影响因素包括：年龄、透析龄、血磷、钙磷乘积及CRP;Logistic回归分析表明,年龄、透析龄和血磷是主动脉钙化的独立危险因素（P〈0.01）。结论：MHD患者主动脉钙化相当常见,主动脉钙化与年龄、透析龄、钙磷代谢和炎症状态有关。     

慢性肾脏病矿物质-骨代谢异常发病率及治疗状况调查

目的 通过调查慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者的钙磷代谢情况及甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)水平,了解、分析CKD各期继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(SPHT)发生及治疗情况.方法 回顾性分析我院肾内科于2007年3月到2008年4月住院的318例CKD患者血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积、iPTH水平及治疗情况等.结果 ①81.13%的CKD患者存在着不同程度的SPHT.②CKD患者的iPTH水平与血磷、钙磷乘积呈线性正相关(P<0.001),与矫正钙呈负相关(P<0.001);体表面积标准化的肾小球滤过率(cGFR)与iPTH水平、血磷、钙磷乘积呈线性负相关(P<0.001),与血钙呈正相关(P<0.05).③治疗状况:依据美国肾脏基金会关于肾脏病/透析患者生存质量指南(NKF-K/DOQI)建议,应使用活性维D治疗的有131例,其中59.54%服用了骨化三醇,未治疗比例达40.46%.④血液透析(HD)组,腹膜透析(PD)组及非透析组3组之间的血磷和iPTH水平差异均无统计学意义(P值均大于0.05).结论 CKD患者普遍存在SPHT,并随着cGFR的下降而加重;临床医生对CKD患者的SPHT诊断及治疗缺乏足够的重视;本组资料提示HD和PD治疗并不能纠正患者的SHPT.     

药用活性炭有效降低顽固性高磷血症透析患者血磷水平与钙磷乘积

目的 研究口服药用活性炭对未能控制的高磷血症透析患者血磷与钙磷乘积的作用.方法 采用单中心、前瞻性、自身前后对照研究.经含钙的磷结合剂治疗后仍存在高磷血症的血液透析或腹膜透析患者,餐中加服药用活性炭4.5～7.2 g/d治疗3个月.检测治疗前后血磷、钙、钙磷乘积、全段甲状旁腺激素( iPTH)、白蛋白、血红蛋白水平.用配对t检验进行统计学分析.结果 与治疗前比较,治疗3个月后患者血磷水平显著下降[(1.85±0.30)mmol/L比(2.16±0.34) mmol/L,P＜0.01];血钙磷乘积也相应显著下降[(54.12±8.37) mg2/dl2比(63.93±8.83) mg2/dl2,P＜0.01];有更多并发继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的患者可以接受维生素D治疗(83.3％比50％);血钙与iPTH水平无显著性变化(P=0.734,0.665).活性碳治疗期间血白蛋白水平较前下降[(40.1±2.2)g/L比(41.7±2.9) g/L,P=0.001].结论 顽固性高磷血症透析患者在继续原有磷结合剂治疗基础上,口服药用活性炭可以有效地降低血磷水平与钙磷乘积,对血钙及iPTH水平没有显著性影响.活性炭治疗可使患者血白蛋白水平轻度下降.     

Analysis of risk factors related to patients with Sagliker syndrome

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and related risk factors in patients with severe uremic secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) complicated with Sagliker syndrome (SS). Methods A total of 229 patients with severe uremic SHPT admitted in our hospital from February 2011 to April 2015 were enrolled, among which 33 cases were taken as positive group (SS group), and 196 cases as control group. The differences between two groups in demographic data (such as gender and age), complications, and biochemical indexes were compared, with potential risk factors of SS being analyzed. Results There were significant differences between median duration of dialysis in positive group (11 years) and that in control group (8 years, P＜0.001). Compared to control group, the patients in SS group had lower levels of serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin (Alb), phosphorus (P), and higher serum levels of parathyroid hormone (iPTH), ferritin, hypersensitive C-reactive protein and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as well as higher calcification in heart valves and abdominal aortic (all P＜0.05). The unadjusted logistic regression models showed that longer duration of dialysis (＞10 years, OR=6.182, P=0.002), higher serum levels of ALP (＞347 U/L, OR=5.786, P=0.002) and iPTH (＞1764 ng/L, OR=4.960, P=0.001), and calcification in heart valves and abdominal aortic (OR=8.635, P＜0.001; OR=5.039, P=0.001) were associated with increased risks of SS, and higher serum Alb was a protect factor for SS (OR=0.904, P=0.014). The multivariate regression analysis showed that longer duration of dialysis (＞10 years, OR=5.121, P=0.036), higher serum level of iPTH (＞1764 ng/L, OR=4.130, P=0.017), calcification in heart valves (OR=11.714, P＜0.001) were independent risk factors of SS. Conclusions Severe uremic SHPT patients with longer duration of dialysis and higher serum level of iPTH are more likely to develop SS.     

Influencing factors of hungry bone syndrome in maintenance hemodialysis patients after parathyroidectomy

Objective To investigate the influencing factors of hungry bone syndrome (HBS) in maintenance hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) after parathyroidectomy (PTX). Methods A retrospective study was conducted on maintenance hemodialysis patients with SHPT undergoing successful parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation. Clinical data and perioperative indicators of the selected patients were collected. The enrolled patients were divided into HBS group and non-HBS group based on whether the lowest level of blood calcium less than 2.0 mmol/L after surgery. The difference of general clinical data and perioperative indicators between the two groups were compared. The risk factors of HBS were analyzed by logistic regression analysis. Multiple linear regression method was used to analyze the independent factors affecting the maintenance time of intravenous calcium supplementation, the total amount of calcium supplementation during intravenous calcium supplementation and the highest serum level of potassium within 24 h after surgery. Results A total of 306 patients were included in the study. All patients had low levels of serum calcium after operation. There were 230 patients (75.16%) with the lowest blood calcium＜2.00 mmol/L after PTX (HBS group), and 76(24.84%) cases in the non-HBS group. Predialysis coefficient of serum calcium=(preoperative blood calcium-2.20) mmol/L÷0.01 mmol/L. Logistic regression analysis showed that higher predialysis coefficient of serum calcium (B=-0.063, OR=0.939, 95%CI 0.894-0.987, P=0.013) and lower level of preoperative serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (B=0.035, OR=1.033, 95%CI 1.019-1.050, P＜0.001) were independent risk factors for HBS. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that preoperative blood intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) (B=0.017, P＜0.001 and B=0.041, P＜0.001), preoperative serum ALP (B=0.052, P＜0.001 and B=0.107, P＜0.001) and preoperative hemoglobin (Hb) (B=-0.453, P=0.041 and B=-1.058, P=0.007) were independent factors affecting the maintenance time of intravenous calcium supplementation and the total amount of calcium supplementation in HBS patients. Preoperative predialysis level of serum potassium (B=0.859, P＜0.001) was the independent influencing factor of the maximum level of serum potassium within 24 hours after surgery. Conclusions Patients with lower levels of preoperative serum calcium and higher levels of serum ALP are prone to HBS after PTX. Postoperative calcium supplementation may need to be strengthened in HBS patients with higher preoperative iPTH and ALP levels and lower preoperative Hb levels. High preoperative basal potassium levels may increase the risk of hyperkalemia after PTX.     

维持性血液透析患者心血管钙化的发生率及相关因素

目的 探讨维持性血液透析患者心血管钙化的发生率及相关因素.方法 选择接受维持性血液透析≥3月的非住院患者60例,完善相关实验室检查,腹部侧位X线片检测腹主动脉钙化评分(Kauppila法),心脏超声检测心脏瓣膜钙化情况,并计算心血管钙化指数.结果 本组患者影像学检查可见钙化的总发生率为68.3％,腹主动脉钙化的患者中5≤腹主动脉钙化评分＜ 16者占41.4％,瓣膜钙化以主动脉瓣为主(占64.5％).有钙化组与无钙化组患者的年龄、血钙、心血管钙化指数存在差异(均P ＜0.05),而透析龄(月)、身高、体质量、握力、血磷、血红蛋白、血清总蛋白、血清白蛋白、血脂未见差异(均P≥0.05).结论 本组患者心血管钙化部位不均衡,随患者年龄和血钙水平的增加,心血管钙化的发生风险升高.     

甲状旁腺切除术对血液透析患者合并继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进骨代谢及骨密度的影响

目的 观察甲状旁腺切除术(parathyroidectomy,PTX)对继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(secondary hyperparathyroidism,SHPT)的维持性血液透析患者骨代谢及骨密度(BMD)的影响.方法 26例SHPT患者行PTX.术前及术后1、3、6、12、18、24个月时常规检测血钙、血磷、血清碱性磷酸酶,化学发光法检测血清全段甲状旁腺素(intact parathyroid,iPTH)、骨钙素(OC)、Ⅰ型前胶原氨基末端前肽(PINP)、β胶原蛋白(β-C TX),术前及术后24个月时双能X线法测定腰椎、股骨颈、骨盆各部位骨密度,观察患者甲状旁腺切除术前、术后骨代谢指标及骨密度变化.结果 (1)与术前比较,血清OC水平[(104.49±25.42) μg/L比(695.46±355.62) μg/L,P＜ 0.01]、PINP水平[(248.36±159.38) μg/L比(809.28±283.50) μg/L,P＜0.01]于手术3个月后明显降低,β-CTX水平于手术1个月后明显降低[(1.60±0.64) μg/L比(3.37±1.34) μg/L,P＜0.01].(2)与术前比较,术后24个月时腰椎BMD[(0.88±0.23) g/cm2比(0.78±0.23) g/cm2,P＜0.01]、股骨颈BMD[(0.96±0.19) g/cm2比(0.84±0.24) g/cm2,P＜ 0.01]及腰椎Z评分[(-1.24±0.55)比(-1.66±0.24),P＜0.01]、股骨颈Z评分[(-1.51±0.72)比(-1.93±0.40),P＜0.01]均升高.(3)相关分析显示,术前血清iPTH水平与⊿腰椎Z评分(r=0.584,P=0.002)、⊿股骨颈Z评分(r=0.400,P=0.043)呈正相关,术前血清OC水平与⊿腰椎Z评分(r=0.651,P＜0.001)、⊿股骨颈Z评分(r=0.509,P=0.008)呈正相关.结论 PTX术可以降低患者升高的iPTH、OC、PINP及β-CTX水平,增加骨密度,同时改善多项生化指标,提高患者生活质量.     

Analysis of risk factors of severe hypocalcemia after total parathyroidectomy

Objective To analyze the incidence and risk factors of hypocalcemia after total parathyroidectomy without autotransplantation. Methods A total of 783 maintenance hemodialysis patients who underwent TPTX in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from September 2008 to September 2017 were included in the study. The preoperative blood biochemical examination, preoperative iPTH, total mass of parathyroid gland (M) and postoperative iPTH and electrolyte results were collected. The incidence of severe hypocalcemia after TPTX were analyzed retrospectively. Binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the risk factors of severe hypocalcemia after TPTX. Results The age of 783 patients with TPTX was (46.90±10.78) years old, and the average dialysis age was (91.36±41.75) months. Postoperative severe hypocalcemia occurred in 235 cases (30.01%). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that higher preoperative blood iPTH (OR=7.56, 95%CI: 1.55-36.79, P=0.01), higher blood alkaline phosphatase (OR=36.71, 95%CI: 14.75-91.36, P＜0.01), blood phosphorus (OR=1.74, 95%CI: 1.11-2.71, P=0.02) and greater mass of resected glands (OR=1.18, 95% CI: 1.06-1.31, P＜0.01) were the risk factors for post-hypocalcemia. The higher preoperative serum calcium can reduce the risk of postoperative hypocalcemia (OR=0.02, 95%CI: 0.01-0.07, P＜0.01). Conclusions The incidence of hypocalcemia after TPTX treatment for SHPT is very high. Blood iPTH, alkaline phosphatase, phosphorus, and total mass of intraoperative parathyroid gland excision are the independent risk factors for severe hypocalcemia after surgery.     

Clinical characteristics of 496 secondary hyperparathyroidism patients undergoing parathyroidectomy

Objective To retrospectively analyze the characteristics of age distribution and clinical nutritional parameters in secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) patients undergoing parathyroidectomy (PTX). Methods Clinical data of 496 SHPT patients undergoing PTX from 2011 to 2015 in the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University were collected and recorded. Age stratification of SHPT patients was observed. The levels of nutritional parameters in different age groups were compared using ANOVA analysis. The relationship between intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and nutritional parameters was explored using Spearman's correlation. Results There were 274 males in 496 SHPT patients who were aged (46.0±11.4) years. Chronic glomerulonephritis was the major primary cause of patients (92.1%). Their dialysis vintage was (7.7±3.6) years. The proportion of SHPT patients receiving hemodialysis was 92.9%. In SHPT patients serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, iPTH and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were (2.6±0.2) mmol/L, (2.2±0.5) mmol/L, (2290.0±1294.2) ng/L, and (564.7±537.8) U/L, respectively. Levels of serum albumin (Alb) in all age groups were lower than the reference range. Serum calcium, ALP, and iPTH levels among age groups were different with statistical significance, while serum phosphorus levels among age groups shown no statistically significant difference. Compared with patients aged ≤18 years old and 19~30 years old, the level of ln[ALP] was lower in patients aged 61-70 years old (P＜0.05). Conclusions Severe SHPT patients are mainly receiving hemodialysis and aged between 30 and 60 years old. Chronic glomerulonephritis is a primary cause of SHPT patients. In order to increase the patients' endurance of operations and reduce the occurrence of postoperative complications, malnutrition in SHPT patients is to be alleviated before PTX.     

Effects of parathyroidectomy on plasma iPTH, (1-84)PTH and (7-84)PTH levels in patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease

Objective Currently, parathyroid hormone (PTH) is mainly measured by the second generation intact PTH (iPTH) assay which detects both full-length (1-84)PTH and (7-84)PTH fragments. The third generation whole PTH (wPTH) assay however has turned out to be specific for (1-84)PTH. The aim of this study is to investigate the features of plasma iPTH, (1-84)PTH, (7-84)PTH levels in patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD), and evaluate the effects of parathyroidectomy (PTX) on above markers in severe secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) patients. Methods A cross-sectional study including 90 controls and 233 stage 5 CKD patients, and a prospective follow-up study in 31 severe SHPT patients were conducted. Plasma iPTH and (1-84)PTH levels were measured by the second and third generation assay, respectively. Circulating (7-84)PTH level was calculated by subtracting the (1-84)PTH value from the iPTH value. Results Plasma levels of iPTH, (1-84)PTH, (7-84)PTH were higher (P＜0.01), and (1-84)PTH/iPTH was lower (P＜0.01) in stage 5 CKD patients than in controls. For severe SHPT patients with PTX (n=74), plasma iPTH, (1-84)PTH and (7-84)PTH concentrations were significantly increased compared to non-PTX group (n=159) (P＜0.01), and the increase of (7-84)PTH level was more striking than (1-84)PTH. Meanwhile, the value of (1-84)PTH/iPTH was decreased (P＜0.01). Plasma iPTH level was strongly correlated with (1-84)PTH level (r=0.980, P＜0.01) in stage 5 CKD patients. Also, both iPTH and (1-84)PTH levels were positively correlated with serum alkaline phosphatase, dialysis vintage and serum phosphorus (P＜0.01). After PTX (median interval of follow-up: 7.1 months), plasma iPTH, (1-84)PTH, (7-84)PTH concentrations were decreased (by 92.9%, 89.7%, 95.8%, P＜0.01, respectively) greatly and (1-84)PTH/iPTH was increased (P＜0.01). Conclusions In stage 5 CKD patients, plasma iPTH, (1-84)PTH, (7-84)PTH levels are greatly increased while (1-84)PTH/iPTH is decreased, and PTX can significantly improve abnormality of above markers in severe SHPT patients. The second generation PTH assay overestimates the severity of SHPT, and the accurate measurement of (1-84)PTH by the third assays is more conducive to diagnosis and treatment of CKD and SHPT patients.     

Evaluation of the role of severe hyperparathyroidism on coronary artery calcification in dialysis patients

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are at a high risk of dying from a cardiovascular event, mainly due to coronary calcification. Among the various uremic and dialysis-specific risk factors for coronary calcification are mineral metabolism disorders. The role that secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) consequent to the altered calcium and phosphate metabolism plays in the pathogenesis of coronary calcification remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of coronary artery calcification in dialysis patients with severe SHPT submitted to multislice coronary tomography (MSCT) and to identify risk factors for coronary calcification. METHODS: This study involved 23 adult dialysis patients (age >18 years) with severe SHPT who were candidates for parathyroidectomy (PTX). All were submitted to MSCT and bone densitometry during the month preceding PTX. Fasting blood samples were collected immediately before surgery. Markers of mineral metabolism, including ionized calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, intact-parathyroid hormone (iPTH), osteoprotegerin (OPG) and soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand, were analyzed. Dyslipidemia was assessed by determination of LDL, HDL and VLDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Agatston units (AU) were used to calculate calcium scores. RESULTS: No coronary calcification was found in 30% of the patients. Moderate (calcium score > 100 AU) and severe (calcium score >400 AU) calcification was observed in 12 and 36% of the patients, respectively. In the univariate analysis, calcium volume correlated positively with VLDL-cholesterol (r = 0.44; p = 0.03) and, albeit less than significantly, with age (r = 0.35; p = 0.09), triglycerides (r = 0.39; p = 0.05) and Framingham risk index (r = 0.37; p = 0.07). We also found that OPG correlated negatively with bone mineral density at the L2-L4 lumbar vertebrae (r = -0.54; p = 0.007) and femoral neck (r = -0.43; p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Although high levels of PTH should be considered a risk factor for cardiovascular death, the real role of severe SHPT on coronary calcification is to be clarified.     

Total parathyroidectomy with forearm autograft in the treatment of uremic patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism

Objective To analyze the efficacy and safety of total parathyroidectomy (PTX) with forearm autograft in uremic patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). Methods One hundred and eighteen cases undergoing PTX with forearm autograft in our hospital from 2001-2010 were included in this study. Their preoperative and postoperative serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), biochemistry tests (total calcium,inorganic phosphate and alkaline phosphate) were collected and postoperative symptom relief, complications and recurrence were investigated. Results Of all the 118 cases, 32 underwent endoscopic surgery and 86 open surgery. The surgery was performed successfully in 110 cases (93.2%) and one case died in perioperative period. Thyroid carcinoma was diagnosed during surgery in 2 cases and radical operation was performed at the same time. Temporary injury of recurrent laryngeal nerve was found in nine cases (7.6%). Postoperative hypocalcemia was frequently seen in 108 cases (91.5%) and it was effectively controlled by postoperative calcium administration. After operation, bone pain and itching were alleviated, and weakness, anemia and malnutrition status were improved in all the cases who received successful surgery. The postoperative levels of serum iPTH (P＜0.01), calcium (P＜0.01), phosphorus (P＜0.01) and calcium×phosphorus (P＜0.01) were decreased significantly than those in preoperative period. A long-term follow-up of over 3 years was carried out in 21 cases. Six cases recurred, among them, 4 cases relieved after removal of autografted parethroid tissue, and another two cases received the second operation. The longest follow-up period lasted for 9 years in two cases without recurrence. Conclusions PTX with forearm autograft is safe and effective in the treatment for uremic patients with SHPT. No severe complication is found during the long-term follow-up period.