二维电离室矩阵实时验证VMAT剂量价值研究

目的 探讨利用二维电离室矩阵进行VMAT患者透射剂量实时验证的临床价值。方法 将二维电离室矩阵面板粘贴固定在加速器EPID探测面板上,源到EPID探测面板距离为140 cm。电离室矩阵面板上加8 mm的RW3固体水以提高信躁比。选取食管癌、前列腺癌、肝癌患者计划,在圆柱形Cheese模体上照射测量5次,研究患者计划在模体中剂量验证的可行性与准确性。患者每次治疗时进行实时测量,第1次测量结果作为参考剂量,利用γ分析比较分次间剂量误差。结果采用3%3 mm标准,Cheese模体VMAT计划的γ通过率为98%左右,食管癌、前列腺癌和肝癌患者实时照射γ通过率分别约为92%、92%和94%。整个治疗过程中各分次的γ通过率都在90%以上。     

基于EPID三维剂量验证系统的物理模型测试及临床应用的初步研究

目的 使用EPID三维剂量验证系统进行物理建模和物理参数优化,并行临床应用前的初步研究。方法 通过EPID采集3、5、10、15、20、25 cm的方野图像建立物理模型,比较在均匀水模体中系统重建的百分深度剂量、射野总散因子及10 cm深度处的离轴比曲线,优化物理模型参数。采用指型电离室和免冲洗胶片,在均匀模体和仿真人模体中测量单野、组合野及IMRT计划点剂量和平面剂量,并与系统重建结果比较。在仿真人模体和 10例不同部位IMRT计划中,比较系统重建和TPS计算的5%/3 mm、3%/3 mm标准下的γ通过率,并对临床病例进行靶区和OAR剂量体积分析。结果 对于单野、组合野以及IMRT计划,系统重建剂量和电离室测量及TPS计算的点剂量平均偏差分别<0.5%和2.0%;在均匀或仿真人模体中以及临床病例中其平面或三维剂量的5%/3 mm、3%/3 mm平均γ通过率均>95%;但临床病例中体现小体积的OAR有较大剂量偏差。结论 通过一系列临床应用前测试,明确了该三维剂量验证系统可有效应用于临床剂量验证,并有较好的临床应用价值。     

基于EPID在体三维剂量验证系统的物理模型测试及初步临床探索

目的 使用模体验证基于电子射野影像装置(EPID)在体三维剂量验证建模的准确性,并进行临床应用的初步研究。方法 通过方野和调强计划在均匀和非均匀模体上检测EPID在体三维剂量验证系统应用于不同介质中的剂量计算精度和重建精度,比较不同剂量/距离一致性标准下的γ通过率。对临床病例进行靶区和危及器官剂量体积分析。结果 方野在均匀模体中3%/3mm标准平均γ通过率为(97.49±1.11)%,在非均匀模体中为(94.06±5.11)%(P>0.05)。不同出束方式的调强计划之间也相近(P>0.05)。临床病例疗前剂量验证3%/2mm标准γ通过率为(97.96±1.84)%,在体三维剂量验证3%/3mm标准为(90.51±6.96)%。临床病例中小体积和体积变化较大的危及器官有较大剂量偏差。结论 基于EPID建立的在体三维剂量验证模型,经初步测试可应用于临床提供更全面的质量保证,为以后自适应放疗工作提供了技术保障。     

不同三维探测器对鼻咽癌VMAT计划MLC位置误差探测灵敏度的研究

目的 研究鼻咽癌容积旋转调强(VMAT)计划剂量验证中,Delta⁴和ArcCHECK两种三维探测器对多叶准直器(MLC)叶片位置误差检测的灵敏度。方法 选取10例鼻咽癌VMAT计划,对原始文件中每个MLC子野的叶片分别引入0.5~4.0 mm的位置误差,使子野整体扩大、缩小或偏向一侧平移,模拟VMAT治疗中MLC可能出现的位置误差。分别用Delta⁴和ArcCHECK进行验证测量,比较计划系统计算值与测量结果的γ通过率并行配对t检验。结果 当评价标准取3 mm/3%时,两种探测器所有患者的原计划验证绝对剂量γ通过率均>95%,Delta⁴和ArcCHECK可以检测出的MLC外扩、内收以及平移误差分别是1.5、1.0、2.0 mm和3.0、1.0、3.0 mm;而取2 mm/2%评价标准时,患者原计划验证绝对剂量γ通过率有较大幅度下降,此时Delta⁴和ArcCHECK能检出的MLC外扩、内收和平移误差分别是1.0、1.0、2.0 mm和1.5、0.5、2.0 mm。结论 Delta⁴和ArcCHECK鼻咽癌VMAT计划的剂量验证可以检测出不同类型和大小的MLC位置误差,但两者的检测灵敏性略有差异,而对<1.0 mm微小误差的检测都不够敏感,日常工作中仍需加强MLC的质量保证。     

ArcCHECK半导体探头特性及在容积调强弧形治疗剂量验证应用研究

目的 研究ArcCHECK半导体探头特性及在容积调强弧形治疗(VMAT)剂量验证应用。
方法 用PTWRW3型固体水模体对ArcCHECK探头测量固有敏感性、稳定性、剂量响应、剂量率响应、每脉冲剂量响应、射野大小依赖性、角度依赖性,并与PTW31010型0.125 cm³指形电离室测量值或VMAT计划系统计算值比较。随机选取211例已验证过的VMAT计划,分析计划与测量剂量分布的γ通过率差异,两两比较采用配对t检验。
结果 除角度依赖性外ArcCHECK探头其余特性均符合临床验证要求,当射束从探头底部入射时探头响应最小(180°时约为－3.9%),射束从两侧入射时响应最大(255°时约为 7.7%)。113例鼻咽癌、48例宫颈癌和50例直肠癌VMAT计划3 mm3%的γ平均通过率分别为93.5%、95.7%和97.5%,两两比较t=－12.69~－4.88,P均<0.01。
结论ArcCHECK半导体探头进行VMAT剂量验证前需精心校正,计划复杂度是影响VMAT计划验证通过率主要因素。     

基于蒙特卡罗实现容积调强弧形治疗计划独立剂量验证的应用研究

目的 开发基于蒙特卡罗(MC)的验证平台实现容积调强弧形治疗(VMAT)计划的独立剂量验证。方法 利用EGSnrc/BEAMnrc构建Varian TrueBeam医用直线加速器的机头和准直器模型,并基于机头模型和自编程序搭建患者VMAT计划的独立剂量验证平台,通过平台模拟不同射野大小百分深度剂量(PDD)曲线和离轴比、两个不规则野以及头颈部、胸部和盆腔各1例患者剂量分布。比较不同射野大小PDD曲线和离轴比与蓝水箱测量结果差异,不规则射野与ArcCHECK实测的差异,再通过γ分析法、剂量体积直方图对比分析患者MC模拟剂量、计划系统计算剂量、ArcCHECK实测剂量之间差异,验证平台是否可用于独立剂量验证。结果 对4cm×4cm~40cm×40cm的PDD曲线和离轴比,MC模拟结果和测量结果一致性较好。不规则射野MC模拟结果与ArcCHECK实测相比,在3%/2mm、3%/3mm下γ通过率都在98.1%、99.1%以上;3例不同部位VMAT患者MC模拟剂量和ArcCheck实测剂量在3%/2mm、3%/3mm下γ通过率均好于93.8%、95.9%。通过三维γ分析计划系统计算剂量和MC模拟剂量在3%/3mm下鼻咽癌、肺癌、直肠癌的γ通过率分别为95.2%、98.6%、98.9%;在3%/2mm下依次为90.3%、95.1%、96.7%。结论 基于MC开发的验证平台模拟结果与实际测量结果一致性较好,其模拟结果更接近于患者体内真实剂量分布,初步结果显示可用于VMAT计划的精准独立剂量验证。     

电离室灵敏体积对射波刀计划绝对剂量验证的影响

目的 研究电离室灵敏体积对射波刀计划绝对剂量验证的影响。 方法 CT扫描固体水模体后将影像导入计划系统,选用可变孔径准直器分别设计单野照射、多野等中心照射和非等中心适形计划。使用灵敏体积为0.007 cm³(ExradinA16)、0.240 cm³(ExradinA12s)和0.600 cm³(PTW30013)的电离室在固体水中分别测量各计划的绝对剂量,并计算相对误差。 结果 单野照射计划的相对误差随准直器孔径缩小而增加,相对误差在 ±2%内的最小准直器孔径分别为12.5 mm (ExradinA16)、25.0 mm (ExradinA12s)和30.0 mm (ExradinPTW30013);多野等中心照射计划测量中的相对误差为(0.26±3.9)%(ExradinA16)、(-6.28±14.33)%(ExradinA12s)和(-9.41±14.10)%(PTW30013);使用15.0 mm和7.5 mm准直器设计的非等中心适形计划相对误差分别为(0.79±1.43)%和(2.01±8.39)%。临床计划的绝对剂量验证中3种电离室测量的数据差异无统计学意义(P=0.985)。 结论 在较大准直器孔径情况下,若处方剂量完全包绕电离室灵敏体积则灵敏体积对测量结果影响不大。     

容积调强弧形治疗技术全身照射的初次临床应用及剂量学验证

目的 介绍香港大学深圳医院初次使用容积调强弧形治疗技术(VMAT)行全身照射(TBI)患者的计划设计及剂量学验证方法。方法 在头、脚位两套定位图像上共同确定全身计划靶体积,处方剂量12Gy分6次,设计含5个中心15个全弧的TBI计划。优化时先在脚位图像中进行,并以此为剂量基础进行头位计划优化,最后两段综合剂量累加并评估。多种剂量学验证方式:Delta 4模体验证单等中心VMAT计划剂量;EBT 3胶片验证两相邻中心射野衔接处剂量分布;PinPoint电离室测量两段图像衔接区点剂量;MOSFET剂量仪实时监测患者体表剂量。另对计划结果参数、治疗时间等进行分析。结果 患者两段靶区的平均剂量分别为12.45Gy和12.37Gy,肺平均剂量为10.8Gy。每次治疗总机器跳数2883 MU,出束时间平均约24.3min,床旁平均总时间约121min。与计划计算相比:单中心VMAT计划绝对剂量3%/3mmγ通过率平均为(99.74±0.42)%;射野衔接区域绝对剂量5%/5mmγ通过率平均为(90.11±2.72)%;头、脚位图像衔接区域点剂量平均偏差(3.6±0.4)%;实时监测患者体表8个点,各部位每次剂量在1.57~2.04Gy范围内。结论 基于多中心VMAT技术的TBI计划及剂量学验证结果显示能可靠实施于临床,但还需不断改进、改善剂量分布和测量结果,提高治疗效率。     

Compass 在食管癌IMRT三维剂量验证中应用研究

目的 探索Compass 三维QC系统在食管癌调强放疗剂量验证中的应用。方法 选取 12例食管癌病例在Eclipse 8.6治疗计划系统中进行优化设计,将计划分别传入Compass 系统和瓦里安Trilogy加速器。Compass 在患者解剖影像上重建三维剂量分布,将重建剂量与治疗计划系统计算剂量比较,验证PTV及各OAR体积γ通过率、D_mean偏差等参数。同时使用MatriXX对治疗计划做二维剂量验证,使用平面γ通过率(3%/3 mm)评估剂量验证结果。结果 二维剂量验证实际角度γ通过率普遍低于角度归零的γ通过率(P=0.018~0.001)。三维剂量验证PTV体积γ通过率>93%,D_95%、D_50%、D_2%偏离<3%;肺和心脏体积γ通过率>95%,D_mean偏离>3%;脊髓和气管体积γ通过率>98%。独立计算与TPS计算剂量有更好符合度,测量重建与TPS计算剂量偏差出现在射野边缘区域。结论 三维剂量验证可提供更多的信息全面来评价计划,对指导治疗更有意义。     

胸部肿瘤放疗中呼吸运动对偏中心处点剂量和面剂量的影响

目的： 评估呼吸运动的幅度、频率对放疗计划中偏中心处物理剂量产生影响的程度。方法： 入组肺癌病人12例,4DCT定位,最大密度投影确定IGTV,外扩CTV、PTV,而后设计IMRT放疗物理计划。将计划移植到四维程控运动模体QUASAR上生成模体计划,而后在QUASAR上以振幅为0、3、6、8、10、15、20mm和频率为15、20F/min做“模拟呼吸运动”的条件下,对模体计划偏中心处的点剂量和面剂量进行测量,比较分析测量的点剂量和面剂量与计划输出的差异。结果： 偏中心处点剂量的偏差与幅度有成正比的趋势, 频率对点剂量的影响很小;当振幅>8mm,平面剂量的γ通过率(3mm,3%,10%的标准)<60%,剂量偏差大。结论： 当振幅≧8mm时,振幅对偏中心处剂量的影响很大,受呼吸运动影响面剂量γ通过率降低了30%。     

Delta4模体通过率与其角度依赖性研究

目的 研究瑞典ScandiDos公司的Delta4模体在VMAT计划验证时摆位不确定性偏转对γ通过率的影响。方法 从接受VMAT患者中随机抽取2个头颈部、2个肺部和1个盆腔部位共5个病例。在Eclipse8.6 TPS中分别对5个病例的放疗计划制作验证计划,采用Delta4在瓦里安Clinac IX直线加速器下做剂量验证测量。在Delta4模体精确摆位后,分别将模体以直线加速器等中心为中心在水平方向偏转一定角度,完成11次剂量验证测量。分析Delta4模体发生偏转后对γ通过率的影响。结果 Delta4模体依次偏转0.0°、0.2°、0.4°、0.6°、0.8°、1.0°、1.2°、1.4°、1.6°、1.8°、2.0°时测量所得γ通过率略有下降,但均>90%(剂量偏差为3%,吻合距离为3 mm)。结论 Delta4在VMAT计划验证中,在模体摆位不确定性偏转≤2°范围内,其γ通过率对模体摆位的不确定性偏转无依赖性,而在模体不确定性偏转后剂量偏差、吻合距离的通过率均发生明显变化。     

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) dosimetry of the head and neck: a comparison of treatment plans using linear accelerator-based IMRT and helical tomotherapy

PURPOSE: To date, most intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) delivery has occurred using linear accelerators (linacs), although helical tomotherapy has become commercially available. To quantify the dosimetric difference, we compared linac-based and helical tomotherapy-based treatment plans for IMRT of the oropharynx. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We compared the dosimetry findings of 10 patients who had oropharyngeal carcinoma. Five patients each had cancers in the base of the tongue and tonsil. Each plan was independently optimized using either the CORVUS planning system (Nomos Corporation, Sewickly, PA), commissioned for a Varian 2300 CD linear accelerator (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) with 1-cm multileaf collimator leaves, or helical tomotherapy. The resulting treatment plans were evaluated by comparing the dose-volume histograms, equivalent uniform dose (EUD), dose uniformity, and normal tissue complication probabilities. RESULTS: Helical tomotherapy plans showed improvement of critical structure avoidance and target dose uniformity for all patients. The average equivalent uniform dose reduction for organs at risk (OARs) surrounding the base of tongue and the tonsil were 17.4% and 27.14% respectively. An 80% reduction in normal tissue complication probabilities for the parotid glands was observed in the tomotherapy plans relative to the linac-based plans. The standard deviation of the planning target volume dose was reduced by 71%. In our clinic, we use the combined dose-volume histograms for each class of plans as a reference goal for helical tomotherapy treatment planning optimization. CONCLUSIONS: Helical tomotherapy provides improved dose homogeneity and normal structure dose compared with linac-based IMRT in the treatment of oropharyngeal carcinoma resulting in a reduced risk for complications from focal hotspots within the planning target volume and for the adjacent parotid glands.     

Investigations of peripheral dose for helical tomotherapy

PurposeWhenever treating a patient with percutaneous radiotherapy, a certain amount of dose is inevitably delivered to healthy tissue. This is mainly due to beam's entry and exit in the region of the target volume. In regions distant from the target volume, dose is delivered by leakage from the MLC and head scatter from the accelerator head and phantom scatter from the target volume (peripheral dose). Helical tomotherapy is a form of radiation therapy with a uniquely designed machine and delivery pattern which influence the peripheral dose. The goal of this work was to investigate peripheral dose in helical tomotherapy. The experiments were used to establish a complex characterization of the peripheral dose.Materials and methodsA 30*30*60cm³ slab phantom and TLD-100 (Lithium fluoride) were used for the experiments. Treatment procedures were generated with the tomotherapy planning system (TPS). Additionally, procedures were created on the Operator Station of the tomotherapy system without a calculation of the dose distribution. The peripheral dose which was produced by a typical tomotherapy treatment plan was measured. Furthermore, these procedures were used to differentiate the parts of the peripheral dose in phantom scatter dose and head scatter and leakage dose. Additionally, the relation between peripheral dose and treatment time and between peripheral dose and delivered dose was investigated. Additionally, the peripheral dose was measured in an Alderson phantom.ResultsDistances of 30cm or more resulted in a decrease of the peripheral dose to less than 0.1% of the target dose. The measured doses have an offset of approximately 1cGy in comparison to the calculated doses from the TPS. The separated head scatter and leakage dose was measured in the range of 1cGy for typical treatments. Furthermore, the investigations show a linear correlation between head scatter leakage dose and treatment time and between scatter dose parts and delivered dose. A peripheral dose of 0.28% of the target dose was measured in the Alderson phantom at a distance of 17.5cm from the edge of the target volume.ConclusionsThe peripheral dose delivered by a tomotherapy treatment is clinically unobjectionable. The measurements confirmed a linear correlation between head scatter and leakage and treatment time and between scatter dose and delivered dose.     

Helical tomotherapy for parotid gland tumors

PURPOSE: To investigate helical tomotherapy (HT) intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) as a postoperative treatment for parotid gland tumors. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Helical tomotherapy plans were developed for 4 patients previously treated with segmental multileaf collimator (SMLC) IMRT. A primary planning target volume (PTV64) and two secondary PTVs (PTV60, PTV54) were defined. The clinical goals from the SMLC plans were applied as closely as possible to the HT planning. The SMLC plans included bolus, whereas HT plans did not. RESULTS: In general, the HT plans showed better target coverage and target dose homogeneity. The minimum doses to the desired coverage volume were greater, on average, in the HT plans for all the targets. Minimum PTV doses were larger, on average, in the HT plans by 4.6 Gy (p = 0.03), 4.8 Gy (p = 0.06), and 4.9 Gy (p = 0.06) for PTV64, PTV60, and PTV54, respectively. Maximum PTV doses were smaller, on average, by 2.9 Gy (p = 0.23), 3.2 Gy (p = 0.02), and 3.6 Gy (p = 0.03) for PTV64, PTV60, and PTV54, respectively. Average dose homogeneity index was statistically smaller in the HT plans, and conformity index was larger for PTV64 in 3 patients. Tumor control probabilities were higher for 3 of the 4 patients. Sparing of normal structures was comparable for the two techniques. There were no significant differences between the normal tissue complication probabilities for the HT and SMLC plans. CONCLUSIONS: Helical tomotherapy treatment plans were comparable to or slightly better than SMLC plans. Helical tomotherapy is an effective alternative to SMLC IMRT for treatment of parotid tumors.     

基于三维影像解剖结构的调强剂量验证的初步研究

目的 对调强治疗计划进行点、平面和三维剂量验证,在γ通过率基础上具体分析三维解剖结构的剂量误差。方法 分别用指形电离室、Matrixx和ArcCheck测量鼻咽癌和肺癌调强治疗计划各 6例,分别比较IMRT和VMAT治疗计划中心点测量剂量偏差,并行成组t检验。比较IMRT和VMAT治疗计划在3%/3 mm、2%/2 mm标准下剂量验证的γ通过率,并行单因素方差分析。使用3DVH来分析患者靶区和OAR的测量剂量偏差。结果 IMRT和VMAT治疗计划中心点剂量平均偏差分别为(0.59±1.31)%和(－1.00±1.03)%,最大偏差均<3%。在3%/3 mm标准下,IMRT计划Matrixx、ArcCheck和3DVH的γ通过率分别为96.28%、97.55%和99.02%,VMAT计划的分别为97.24%、99.67%和98.48%。3DVH系统比较结果表明γ通过率较高情况下(3%/3 mm标准>95%),有 2例治疗计划(占总计划16.7%)测量结果中的靶区和OAR的DVH存在明显偏差,包括GTV、脊髓和脑干等在临床指标下的差异。结论 通过γ分析基于三维影像解剖结构来分析测量结果能更有效评估剂量误差对临床计划执行的影响和对临床治疗的损害。     

Feasibility of cranio-spinal axis radiation with the Hi-Art tomotherapy system.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Helical tomotherapy can eliminate the need for junction lines. The goal of this study is to evaluate tomotherapy in the delivery of CSA radiation and measurement of plan quality using physical parameters in comparing conventional (CSA-RT) and helical tomotherapy (CSA-TOMO) plans. PATIENTS AND METHODS: CSA-TOMO and CSA-RT plans were created for dosimetric comparison. Integral dose values were calculated. The ratios D50% (dose received by 50% of the organ at risk's volume) and D10% (dose received by 10% of the organ at risk's volume) were calculated representing large volumes and small volumes of organs at risk receiving significant dose. RESULTS: When considering D50% and D10%, CSA-TOMO has a dosimetric advantage over CSA-RT for most organs at risk. The body integral dose was higher for the CSA-TOMO plan by approximately 6.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Tomotherapy is a feasible alternative for treatment of CSA. Analysis shows that tomotherapy improves dose ratios over conventional radiation for most organs at risk. The impact of a small increase in whole body integral dose is unknown. Long-term follow-up will be needed to answer this question as others have argued of the possibility of increased risk of secondary malignancies due to delivery of radiotherapy with IMRT.     

A prospective evaluation of helical tomotherapy

PURPOSE: To report results from two clinical trials evaluating helical tomotherapy (HT). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Patients were enrolled in one of two prospective trials of HT (one for palliative and one for radical treatment). Both an HT plan and a companion three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) plan were generated. Pretreatment megavoltage computed tomography was used for daily image guidance. RESULTS: From September 2004 to January 2006, a total of 61 sites in 60 patients were treated. In all but one case, a clinically acceptable tomotherapy plan for treatment was generated. Helical tomotherapy plans were subjectively equivalent or superior to 3D-CRT in 95% of plans. Helical tomotherapy was deemed equivalent or superior in two thirds of dose-volume point comparisons. In cases of inferiority, differences were either clinically insignificant and/or reflected deliberate tradeoffs to optimize the HT plan. Overall imaging and treatment time (median) was 27 min (range, 16-91 min). According to a patient questionnaire, 78% of patients were satisfied to very satisfied with the treatment process. CONCLUSIONS: Helical tomotherapy demonstrated clear advantages over conventional 3D-CRT in this diverse patient group. The prospective trials were helpful in deploying this technology in a busy clinical setting.