高磷血症治疗新进展

高磷血症是慢性肾脏病(CKD)的常见并发症,是引起继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进、钙磷乘积变化、维生素D代谢障碍、肾性骨病的重要因素,与冠状动脉、心瓣膜钙化等严重心血管并发症密切相关。近年研究发现,新型的磷结合剂镧制剂,能有效降低血清磷水平,并不引起继发骨损害和高钙血症,是一种相对较安全的磷结合剂,尤其适用于长期血液透析患者高磷血症的治疗。     

高磷血症治疗新进展

高磷血症是慢性肾脏病(CKD)的常见并发症,是引起继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进、钙磷乘积变化、维生素D代谢障碍、肾性骨病的重要因素,与冠状动脉、心瓣膜钙化等严重心血管并发症密切相关.近年研究发现,新型的磷结合剂镧制剂,能有效降低血清磷水平,并不引起继发骨损害和高钙血症,是一种相对较安全的磷结合剂,尤其适用于长期血液透析患者高磷血症的治疗.     

慢性肾衰竭与高磷血症

慢性肾衰竭病人普遍存在高磷血症 ,近来的研究证实了高磷血症是引起心血管发病率增高的独立因素之一。本文就慢性肾衰竭病人高磷血症的病因、后果及目前的治疗进展作一综述。     

上海市慢性肾脏病矿物质和骨异常临床实践变迁

目的:调查上海地区维持性血液透析患者慢性肾脏病矿物质和骨异常（chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder,CKD-MBD）的管理现况,了解CKD-MBD的临床实践变迁。方法:选取截至2019年3月上海市血液透析质量控制中心单位64家医院进行CKD-MBD问卷调查,并...     

慢性肾脏病非糖尿病非透析患者动脉僵硬度及其相关因素

目的 研究慢性肾脏病(CKD)3~5期非透析非糖尿病患者的动脉僵硬度,并探讨相关影响因素。 方法 采用Complior SP脉搏波速度(PWV)测定仪测定CKD患者颈动脉-股动脉PWV（CFPWV）。用多部位X线平片检测血管钙化情况。常规检测血压、相关血生化指标和全段甲状旁腺素（iPTH）水平。多元逐步回归方法分析影响PWV的因素。30例性别、年龄匹配的健康成人作为对照,检测CFPWV。 结果 入选患者96例,平均年龄（53.7±14.2）岁。CKD3、4、5期患者分别为32例、30例和34例,其CFPWV分别为（11.63±2.39） m/s、（11.70±2.80） m/s、（12.88±2.49） m/s,均高于健康对照（9.70±1.66） m/s（P < 0.05）。多元逐步回归分析结果显示,年龄、平均动脉压、血管钙化和iPTH是CFPWV的独立影响因素。 结论 CKD非糖尿病非透析患者大动脉僵硬度显著增加。年龄、平均动脉压、血管钙化和iPTH是CFPWV的独立影响因素。     

慢性肾脏疾病运动康复治疗的研究进展

运动康复治疗在糖尿病、心血管疾病和脂质代谢异常方面的有效性已得到普遍认识。但是，运动对于这些疾患的肾功能障碍的进展以及相关因素却不是很明了。慢性肾脏疾病患者的运动康复治疗仍然存在很多争论。长期以来对肾疾病患者一律倾向于限制其运动，这是因为急性运动会导致肾血流量和肾小球滤过率下降，使肾疾病患者的肾病变进一步恶化，而且剧烈运动造成肾功能低下的临床病例确实存在。但是近年来许多研究证明运动训练对改善慢性肾疾病患者的心血管功能、高血压、高脂血症及贫血有一定的好处，而且还能增加这些患者的最大耗氧量（VO2max），增强体力，提高其营养状况和生活质量。欧洲的一些肾脏科专家提出应该将运动训练作为慢性肾脏疾病及透析患者的常规治疗的一部分。本文就运动对肾功能的影响，以及慢性肾疾病的运动康复治疗进行介绍。     

高磷血症透析患者膳食管理的研究进展

高磷血症是透析患者常见并发症,科学的膳食管理是有效控制高磷血症方式之一。本文就高磷血症透析患者膳食磷摄入的评估方法、膳食管理现状、其他管理策略进行综述,旨在为高磷血症透析患者膳食管理提供借鉴。     

醋酸钙片治疗腹膜透析患者高磷血症的疗效观察

目的：观察醋酸钙片治疗腹膜透析患者高磷血症的临床疗效。方法：41例CAPD腹膜透析伴有高磷血症患者,口服醋酸钙片治疗,观察8周。检测治疗前、治疗2周、4周和8周血磷、血钙、碱性磷酸酶和全段甲状旁腺激素等。结果：与治疗前比较,治疗2周、4周、8周血磷明显下降,差异有统计学意义（P值〈0.05）;与治疗前比较,治疗2、4、8周校正血钙、白蛋白、血红蛋白、血肌酐、全段甲状旁腺激素和碱性磷酸酶差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。醋酸钙片治疗高磷血症总有效率82.93％,轻度不良反应发生率4.88％,高钙血症2例,发生率4.88％。结论：醋酸钙片治疗腹膜透析患者高磷血症具有明显疗效且安全。     

针对性宣传教育降低血液透析患者的高磷血症

目的 探讨针对性宣传降低血液透析患者高磷血症的发生.方法 对87例符合入选标准的患者进行问卷调查(包括对高血磷危害的知晓程度;对高含磷食物的了解;正确服用磷结合剂人数及用量).结合患者对问卷调查的回答,对每例患者及家属反复进行针对性宣传教育,直到患者及家属能正确回答有关知识为止.进行宣传教育前与宣传教育3个月后进行血磷检查.结果 通过宣传教育前、后比较,患者对高血磷危害的知晓人数由35例次增加至78例次;对高磷食物种类的了解人数由47例次增加至80例次;争取服用磷结合剂的人数由39例次增加至77例次;对碳酸钙的平均用量由3.1例次增加至3.8例次;血磷水平由(2.28±0.55)mmol/L 降低至(1.80±0.62)mmol/L,平均血液透析前血磷降低至正常高值以下.结论 通过对患者进行专门的宣传教育,针对患者不了解的知识进行反复宣教,可以收到良好的效果,患者知识的掌握以及血磷水平的降低说明了这一点.     

慢性肾脏病非透析患者心理状况的相关性研究

本研究对慢性肾脏病非透析患者的情绪、心理健康状况、人格等心理因素与病情的相关性进行研究。     

Early response to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients

Background

Renal anemia complicated with chronic kidney disease is usually treated with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). However, few studies have compared the early response of hemoglobin (Hb) to different kinds of ESAs.

Methods

The effects of three types of ESAs—epoetin alfa or beta (EPO), darbepoetin alfa (DPO), and epoetin beta pegol (EPObp)—on renal anemia were followed in 416 pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. After the initial 12-week administration of ESAs, ΔHb/ESA dose/kg was calculated as an index of efficacy of each ESA. Furthermore, independent variables associated with ΔHb/ESA dose/kg (dependent variable) were determined using multiple linear regression analysis. The ten independent variables selected for analysis were: presence of diabetic nephropathy, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), Hb, albumin, iron (Fe), transferrin saturation (TSAT), ferritin, phosphate (P), intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), and C-reactive protein.

Results

The efficacy of DPO and EPObp were similar and higher than EPO. TSAT was most strongly correlated with ΔHb/EPO dose/kg in all three types of ESAs. Other significant independent factors were Hb, albumin, P, iPTH, and diabetic nephropathy in the EPO group, eGFR in the DPO group, and Fe in the EPObp group. The adjusted coefficient of determination (R ²) ranged from 0.415 to 0.520 in the three ESA groups.

Conclusions

The study results suggest that TSAT is the best predictor of the initial 12-week responsiveness to ESA, irrespective of the type. Variables not investigated in this study also affect responsiveness to ESA in Japanese pre-dialysis CKD patients.

     

Salt sensitivity of blood pressure in non-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a world-wide public health problem. Hypertension is both a cause and a complication of CKD, and a risk factor for progression of kidney disease. The effect of salt intake on blood pressure (BP) and the salt sensitivity in non-dialysis patients with CKD were studied. Methods: One hundred and thirty non-dialysis patients with CKD were enrolled in the present study. Daily urinary excretion of sodium (representative of daily sodium intake) and BP was monitored in conditions of original eating habits. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was measured by the creatinine clearance (Ccr). Results: There was a linear positive relationship between the salt intake and systolic blood pressure (SBP) (β?=?0.250, p?=?0.004). It had been found that the log of BP/24-h urinary sodium (salt sensitivity index) had linear relationship with the log of eGFR (β_syst?=??0.364, p?=?0.000, β_diast?=??0.345, p?=?0.000, respectively). Multi-stepwise regression analysis showed SBP was mainly influenced by salt intake and eGFR. There was a negative correlation between diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and age. Conclusion: These results demonstrated a linear relationship between the salt intake and SBP in non-dialysis patients with CKD. The salt sensitivity of BP rose with the decline of renal function.     

Treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney disease on maintenance hemodialysis

Treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney disease on maintenance hemodialysis. Hyperphosphatemia in patients with ESRD leads to secondary hyperparathyroidism, renal osteodystrophy, and is independently associated with mortality risk. The exact mechanism by which hyperphosphatemia increases mortality risk is unknown, but it may relate to enhanced cardiovascular calcification. National Kidney Foundation K/DOQI bone metabolism and disease guidelines recommend maintenance of serum phosphorus (P) below 5.5 mg/dL, and Ca x P product less than 55 mg(2)/dL(2). Although calcium-based phosphate binders (CBPB) are cost effective, long-term safety concerns relate to their postulated role in progression of cardiovascular calcification. Sevelamer hydrochloride has been recommended as an alternative noncalcium phosphate binder. Results from the Calcium Acetate Renagel Evaluation (CARE study) indicate that calcium acetate is more effective than sevelamer in controlling serum phosphorous and Ca x P product in hemodialysis patients. In the Treat-to-Goal study, dialysis patients treated with sevelamer had slower progression of coronary and aortic calcification than patients treated with CBPB. The mechanism underlying the beneficial effect of sevelamer is unknown, but may relate to decreased calcium loading or to dramatic reductions in LDL cholesterol in sevelamer-treated patients. At present, evidence incriminating CBPB in the progression of cardiovascular calcification in ESRD remains largely circumstantial. As calcium acetate is more efficacious and cost effective than sevelamer, it remains an accepted first-line phosphate binder. In this review, we will examine these issues and provide rational guidelines for the use of calcium-based phosphate binders in patients on maintenance hemodialysis.     

558例非透析慢性肾脏病患者骨代谢指标的分析

目的 调查我院非透析慢性肾脏病患者骨代谢指标,为早期监测慢性肾脏病的矿物质及骨代谢异常提供依据。方法 回顾性分析我科住院的非透析慢性肾脏病患者558例,检测血甲状旁腺素(iPTH) , β-胶原特殊序列测定(β-CTX )、骨钙素、25-羟基维生素D3[25(OH)D3]、钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、肌酐、白蛋白、血糖等指标,留取晨尿进行尿常规及24 h尿蛋白定量检查,并分析相关影响因素。结果558例CKD患者平均年龄(70.6±15. 6 )岁,其中男性51.1%,女性48.9%,骨代谢指标男女性别间差异无统计学意义(P > 0. 05)。iPTH , β-CTX、骨钙素、血磷在CKD1-3期患者间差异无统计学意义,但与CKD4、5期患者差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);AKP在CKD5期明显升高。25(OH)D3在CKD1-5期患者中差异无统计学意义,各期CKD患者均存在25(OH)D3的不足及缺乏,其患病率分别为24.7% ,70.1%。单因素相关分析显示,MDRD-eGFR与iPTH ( r=–0. 457 ) , β-CTX (r=–0. 501)、骨钙素(r=–0. 485 )、血磷(r=–0. 501) ,AKP( r=–0. 187 )、年龄(r=–0. 140 )水平相关,均P<0.01;与血钙(r =– 0. 084 )水平相关,P < 0. 05。结论 非透析CKD患者各骨代谢指标在CKD早期无明显差异,但随着肾功能的减退进行性升高,且其之间存在正相关关系。CKD患者普遍存在25(OH)D3的缺乏且在CKD早期即有。     

Vitamin D supplementation improves endothelial dysfunction in patients with non-dialysis chronic kidney disease

Purpose

Hypovitaminosis D is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular events. This study aimed to investigate the effects of vitamin D supplementation on endothelial dysfunction in non-dialysis CKD patients.

Materials and methods

Seventy-one non-dialysis CKD patients with low vitamin D (serum 25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL) were recruited. Patients received oral cholecalciferol 50,000 units once a week for 12 weeks. Changes in endothelial function by brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), and sE-selectin were studied.

Results

There was a significant increase in serum levels of 25(OH)D after cholecalciferol supplementation (33.7 ± 12.1 vs. 13.2 ± 5.4 ng/mL, P < 0.001). Multivariable regression analysis showed that higher proteinuria (β = ? 0.548, P < 0.001) and lower levels of 25(OH)D (β = 0.360, P < 0.001) at baseline were related to lower 25(OH)D level after supplementation. FMD increased significantly from 4.4 ± 1.3 to 5.1 ± 1.5% (P < 0.001), and soluble endothelial biomarkers decreased: sVCAM-1 from 926.9 ± 158.0 to 867.0 ± 129.0 ng/mL (P < 0.001), and sE-selectin 69.7 ± 15.8 to 63.3 ± 14.7 ng/mL (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Vitamin D supplementation can improve endothelial dysfunction in pre-dialysis CKD patients.

     

Sagittal abdominal diameter and Framingham risk score in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients

Background

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is very common now and is associated with high overall and cardiovascular mortality. Numerous studies have reported that abdominal obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality. We investigated the link between sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) and Framingham risk score in non-dialysis CKD patients.

Methods

In a cross-sectional study, we enrolled 307 prevalent non-dialysis CKD patients (175 males, aged 50.7?±?17.04 years). SAD and Framingham risk score were measured.

Results

Framingham cardiovascular disease risk score was independently predicted by SAD (P?<?0.01), GFR (P?<?0.01) and diabetic history (P?<?0.05). Adjusted R² of the model was 0.178. SAD could be independently predicted by BMI (P?<?0.01), diabetic history (P?<?0.01), GFR (P?<?0.01) and age (P?<?0.01). Adjusted R² of the model was 0.409. Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, a cutoff SAD value of 16.55 cm was determined with sensitivity of 63.7%, specificity of 58.3%.

Conclusion

Elevated SAD is significantly associated with increased Framingham risk score in non-dialysis CKD patients. SAD can be predicted by patients’ BMI, diabetic history, renal function and age. Further investigation is needed to explore the potential benefits of central obesity lowering therapy in this patient group.