脑小血管病的结构影像学研究

正脑小血管病主要是各种病因累及脑小动脉、微动脉、毛细血管和小静脉,从而引起急性脑卒中、认知障碍、精神行为异常及步态障碍等一系列临床症状的疾病。磁共振上主要表现包括近期皮质下小梗死、腔隙性脑梗死、脑白质高信号、血管周围间隙扩大、脑微出血及脑萎缩。本文对脑小血管病在影像学方面的研究进展进行综述。一、脑小血管病脑小血管病(cerebral small vessel disease,CSVD)由脑血管损伤的各种原因引起的脑血管疾病导致一系列疾病的临床、影像成像和病理变化,包括脑动脉、小动脉、毛细血管     

脑小血管病与卒中防治的“异”与“同”

脑小血管病是由各种病因影响脑内小血管而导致一系列复杂且异质性较强的脑血管综合征。脑小血管病的症状多不明显,诊断主要依靠磁共振成像,根据神经影像学表现可分为近期皮质下小梗死、假定血管源性腔隙、假定血管源性脑白质高信号、血管周围间隙、脑微出血、脑皮质表面铁沉积、脑萎缩。目前脑小血管病的致病机制尚不清楚,也缺乏特殊治疗方法,考虑其与脑卒中在危险因素和组织病理学特征等方面存在相似性,故临床可借鉴卒中的防治方法,如降低血压、抗血小板等来进行脑小血管病的治疗,但由于二者存在一定的差异,卒中的治疗对脑小血管病来说并不完全适用,并且还需根据患者个体的情况综合评估。文章对脑小血管病与卒中防治的异同进行了综述。     

脑淀粉样血管病研究现状

<正>脑淀粉样血管病(cerebral amyloid angiopathy,CAA)是由淀粉样蛋白沉积在脑皮质、皮质下及软脑膜动脉的一种常见于老年人的脑小血管病,主要累及中小动脉,很少累及静脉,临床上以反复性多发性脑叶出血、认知功能减退等为主要表现~([1])。β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)在脑血管壁上过量沉积是其主要发病机制。CAA已成为老年人自发性脑出血的常见病因之一,CAA相关性脑出血至少约占自发性脑出血的20%~([2])。     

脑小血管病相关头晕症状的研究进展

头晕是脑小血管病临床最常见的症状和主诉之一,但临床工作中对于明确其病因存在困 难和认识偏差。最新研究发现有相当一部分头晕患者合并有脑小血管病,而且脑小血管病对于此类 头晕的临床特点、发生发展及转归变化有直接或间接的影响。因此,本文就脑小血管病相关头晕症 状进行综述,着重介绍脑小血管病相关头晕的临床表现及其发生机制。最终从神经内科角度出发, 对脑小血管病相关头晕的诊治方法和流程提出一些思考和总结。     

脑小血管病的临床特点及病理生理机制(英文)

小血管病与慢性脑循环障碍相关,占缺血性卒中的20%-30%,也是大部分脑出血和脑病的病因所在。与小血管病相关的疾病包括Binswanger病、多发小灶中风和微出血,这些疾病在老年人中的发病率极高,且往往导致认知减退或血管性痴呆、步态和平衡障碍、情绪低落、尿失禁等。小血管病相关性脑病预示着老年人跌倒、致残和死亡的几率增加,因此其临床特点和病理生理机制正日益受到关注。本文对脑小血管病的危险因素、发病机制、病理以及临床表现作一综述。     

编者按

正脑小血管病是脑血管病中常见的类型,依据影像学可分为腔隙性脑梗死、脑白质病变及脑微出血、血管周围间隙扩大、脑萎缩5大类型,临床上常引起认知功能障碍、情感失控、步态障碍及尿便控制异常等。脑小血管病是近年来的研究热点之一。脑小血管病的病因、危险因素同脑大血管病变不同,其导致的临床表现具有较大的变异,同时包括静脉溶栓在内的相关治疗措施的干预效果也有差异,尤其在     

幽门螺旋杆菌感染与脑小血管病的相关性分析

目的幽门螺旋杆菌感染与脑小血管病的相关性分析。方法选取2017—2018年行头CT或MRI检查的171例患者,诊断为脑小血管142例(脑小血管组),排除脑小血管病的29例患者为对照组,检测幽门螺旋杆菌抗体、血脂等指标,同时通过Logistic回归分析幽门螺旋杆菌等指标是否与脑小血管病相关。结果脑小血管病组与对照组间幽门螺旋杆菌感染比较差异有统计学意义,Logistic回归分析提示幽门螺旋杆菌感染与脑小血管病相关(OR=3.385)。结论幽门螺旋杆菌感染为脑小血管病的危险因素,但仍需进一步验证及研究其机制,从而更好地治疗和预防脑小血管病。     

脑淀粉样血管病变与脑微出血

脑淀粉样血管病（CAA）是造成血压正常的老年人自发性皮质．皮质下脑内出血的重要原因。由于很多病例无症状,对共诊断及预防受到很大限制。研究显示,脑微出血（CMB）和CAA的发生与预后密切相关,本研究仅对CAA与CMB的相关性做一综述。     

脑小血管病研究进展

正脑小血管病是临床常见的脑血管疾病,25%的卒中及45%的痴呆由脑小血管病引起,其危害性近来愈来愈受到重视。脑小血管病的临床表现多样,可从无症状到各种神经精神症状,容易造成诊断及治疗上的混乱。近年来,脑小血管病研究已从早期的临床观察深入到神经影像、神经病理、神经生物等方面,极大的推进了对脑小血管病的认识。本文就脑小血管病的流行病学、病理生理机制、临床表现、神经影像、治疗等方面展开综述,便于临床医生进一步了解脑小血管病。1定义及流行病学脑小血管病是指各种病因影响脑内小动脉、毛细血管、     

脑小血管病患者步态障碍的研究进展

步态障碍是脑小血管病患者常见的临床症状,其增加了患者的病残率,降低了患者的生活质量,并加重了照料者的生活负担。但临床上医务工作者对于步态障碍的认识仍不足,因此,通过脑小血管病相关步态障碍特点与鉴别、脑血管病影像学表现与步态障碍的相关研究、评估方法、预防和治疗等方面进行阐述,并针对其潜在风险采取相应干预措施,可提高脑小血管病患者生活质量。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.