睡眠呼吸障碍与自发性早产的巢式病例对照研究

目的:探讨妊娠晚期睡眠呼吸障碍是否为自发性早产的危险因素。方法:采用巢式病例对照研究,纳入从2018年10月—2019年5月在北京市大兴区人民医院住院妊娠晚期孕妇为研究对象。收集孕妇的相关资料,包括人口学信息、病史信息以及柏林问卷(Berlin Questionnaire,BQ)、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index,PSQI)和艾普沃斯嗜睡量表(Epworth Sleepiness Scale,ESS)。依据我国早产临床诊断与治疗指南(2014)诊断为自发性早产者为自发性早产组(46例),无早产等合并症的足月产孕妇为足月产组(407例)。比较2组孕妇的一般情况、睡眠呼吸障碍问卷评分等相关因素,并分析可能影响自发性早产的独立危险因素。结果:自发性早产组孕妇的年龄、孕前BMI、既往流产次数及早产史均高于足月分娩组,受教育程度低于足月分娩组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。自发性早产组PSQI总分和BQ阳性率高于足月分娩组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示在校正可能影响自发性早产的混杂因素后,BQ阳性孕妇发生自发性早产的风险约是BQ阴性孕妇的2.61倍(OR=2.61,95%CI:1.21～5.64,P=0.015)。结论:妊娠晚期具有阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停高风险的孕妇发生自发性早产的可能性较高。     

妊娠期睡眠呼吸障碍的发生及其高危因素

目的:分析不同孕期妇女睡眠呼吸障碍(SDB)的发生情况,探讨SDB高危因素及其与妊娠结局的关系。方法:选取90例妊娠中期及139例妊娠晚期孕妇,进行流行病学的问卷调查。问卷内容包括一般资料、家族史、个人史、吸烟史、饮酒史、孕期睡眠情况,身高、体重、颈围;并记录孕妇的产检及分娩情况,包括妊娠结局、合并症及新生儿出生体重、Apgar评分等。将结果进行统计学分析。结果:妊娠期SDB的发生率较高,妊娠晚期的SDB发生率为38.13%,高于妊娠中期(24.44%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。妊娠期睡眠障碍的相关症状发生率也随着孕周增加而增加,其中以夜间憋醒(P0.05)、用口呼吸(P0.05)、夜间多尿(P0.01)、睡眠时多汗(P0.01)明显。较粗的颈围(OR=1.309,P0.01)及打鼾家族史(OR=2.885,P0.01)为打鼾的危险因素。且当颈围≥36cm时,打鼾的发生风险明显增大(P0.01)。打鼾可增加妊娠期发生高血压疾病的风险(12.0%vs 3.9%,P0.05)。打鼾组的分娩前体重指数(BMI)、打鼾家族史及被动吸烟者均高于非打鼾组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:妊娠期SDB的发生率较高,随着孕周增加而增加,且与妊娠高血压疾病的发生相关;妊娠期可通过孕前BMI、颈围、被动吸烟等因素筛查SDB的高危孕妇,并尽早对其进行睡眠呼吸监测,以早期发现、早期干预。     

妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症早产与自发性早产临床结局的对比分析

目的:回顾性分析妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(ICP)早产儿与自发性早产儿的妊娠结局,探讨ICP对早产儿的影响。方法:分析2003年1月至2009年12月我院收治的1323例ICP患者,统计因ICP及其并发症而终止妊娠的早产儿(ICP早产组)的早产率、孕周、儿科住院情况、处理和结局,并与同期自发性早产280例(自发性早产组)进行围生儿结局对比分析。结果:1323例ICP孕妇,发生早产270例,早产率20.41%,其中双胎12例,分娩胎儿282个,经阴道分娩83例,剖宫产187例(69.26%)。与自发性早产组相比:剖宫产率、新生儿窒息率、高胆红素血症、新生儿肺炎、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征发生率等差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。NICU住院时间及平均住院费用均较自发性早产组高(P<0.05)。结论:ICP早产和剖宫产密切相关,医源性提前终止妊娠是早产率增加的主要原因,ICP早产儿中并发症发生率较高。     

双胎妊娠早产的临床特点及危险因素分析

目的:探讨双胎妊娠早产临床特点及其危险因素。方法:回顾性分析2009年1月1日至2016年12月31日在广州医科大学附属第三医院分娩的2427例双胎妊娠临床资料,将分娩孕周为28～36~(+6)周的双胎妊娠孕产妇及其新生儿作为早产组(1741例),同期分娩孕周为37～40~(+6)周的双胎妊娠孕产妇及其新生儿作为对照组(686例),比较两组病例临床资料特点,分析导致双胎妊娠早产的危险因素。结果:2009～2016年双胎妊娠分娩量呈上升趋势,平均早产率为71.73%。双胎妊娠早产中自发性早产占47%,医源性早产占28%,胎膜早破占25%。早产组平均分娩年龄、体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)受孕比例、初产妇比例、规律产检比例均较对照组低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);既往剖宫产次、当次分娩剖宫产率及子痫前期、胎膜早破、羊水过少、前置胎盘、胎盘植入/粘连、瘢痕子宫比例均较对照组高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,子痫前期、胎膜早破、羊水过少、前置胎盘及不规律产检是双胎妊娠早产的危险因素(P0.05)。结论:双胎妊娠早产原因以自发性最多,其次为医源性及胎膜早破。子痫前期、胎膜早破、羊水过少、前置胎盘及不规律产检是双胎妊娠早产的独立危险因素。     

双胎妊娠早产危险因素的临床分析

目的:探讨双胎妊娠早产的发生情况及可能的危险因素。方法:回顾性分析2016年1~12月于首都医科大学附属北京妇产医院分娩的343例双胎妊娠病例的临床资料,其中早产组170例,足月产组173例,分析引起双胎妊娠早产的可能影响因素。结果:早产组平均分娩孕周、剖宫产率、第一胎头先露比例、两胎儿平均出生体质量、1分钟及5分钟Apgar评分显著低于足月产组,而单绒毛膜性比例及新生儿窒息比例显著高于足月产组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,单绒毛膜性、胎膜早破、妊娠期高血压疾病(HDCP)及瘢痕子宫是双胎妊娠早产的危险因素(P0.05)。结论:早产与胎儿绒毛膜性、胎膜早破、HDCP及瘢痕子宫等多种因素密切相关,对合并高危因素的双胎妊娠需要高度重视,在加强孕期监护同时,应依据风险因素制定个体化干预措施,以确保母婴安全、减少新生儿窒息与死亡。     

辅助生殖技术妊娠后异常时限分娩相关因素分析

目的:探讨辅助生殖技术(ART)助孕妊娠后发生异常时限分娩的相关因素。方法:回顾分析2000年1月～2009年3月我院ART术后妊娠并在产科分娩或者保胎失败晚期流产妇女659例的临床资料,根据分娩孕周分为晚期流产组、早产组和足月组,分析异常时限分娩的有关因素。结果:ART后晚期流产和早产的相关因素有宫颈操作次数、胎膜早破以及双胎妊娠,选择性减胎术亦可增加晚期流产的危险。结论:多胎妊娠和宫颈机能不全是导致ART后中晚期妊娠异常时限分娩的重要原因。在辅助生殖技术中要减少多胎妊娠的发生,诊治不孕过程中注意宫颈机能的保护,有多次宫颈操作史者,妊娠后应严密监测,必要时行宫颈环扎术。     

热休克蛋白70的表达与自发性早产合并组织学绒毛膜羊膜炎的关系

目的:探讨热休克蛋白70(HSP70)的表达与自发性早产合并组织学绒毛膜羊膜炎(HCA)的关系。方法:选择2015年6月至2016年1月在郑州大学第三附属医院产科住院并分娩的早产临产孕妇46例为早产临产组,并随机选择同期足月正常分娩的孕妇31例(足月正常组)为对照组。早产临产组孕妇根据分娩后胎膜组织病理学检查结果,分为早产合并HCA组(21例)及早产未合并HCA组(25例)。ELISA法测定并比较各组孕妇外周血、脐血中HSP70蛋白水平,采用免疫组化SP法、Western blotting法及RT-PCR法检测并比较各组孕妇胎膜组织中HSP70蛋白及mRNA的表达水平。采用Pearson相关分析法分析各组HSP70蛋白的相关性。结果:(1)早产合并HCA组孕妇外周血、脐血及胎膜组织中HSP70蛋白的表达和胎膜组织中HSP70 mRNA的表达高于早产未合并HCA组,早产临产组均高于足月正常组,3组间两两比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。(2)早产合并HCA组中孕妇外周血与脐血及胎膜组织中HSP70蛋白的表达均呈正相关(P0.05)。(3)早产合并HCA组中新生儿败血症发生率高于其余两组(P0.05)。结论:HSP70在早产及其合并HCA时表达增加,HSP70可能参与了早产的发生机制,同时与HCA及新生儿败血症有关。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与妊娠期高血压疾病的关系

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)对妊娠结局的影响, 特别是与妊娠期高血压疾病(HDP)之间的关系。方法选取2021年1月至2022年4月于北京大学人民医院建档、因OSAS高危于孕期行睡眠监测的孕妇228例作为观察对象, 查阅病历收集其临床资料进行回顾性分析。根据是否确诊为OSAS, 分为OSAS组(105例)和非OSAS组(123例), 采用非参数Mann-WhitneyU检验、χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法比较两组孕妇的一般资料和母儿结局, 进一步对两组孕妇HDP各类型的发生情况进行比较。结果 (1)与非OSAS组比较, OSAS组孕妇的中位孕前体重指数(分别为23.6、27.6 kg/m2)及打鼾症状的比例[分别为28.9%(33/114)、59.2%(61/103)]均较高, 分别比较, 差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.001)。(2)OSAS组孕妇HDP的发生率高于非OSAS组[分别为67.6%(71/105)、39.0%(48/123)], 妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)的发生率高于非OSAS组[分别为40.0%(42/105)、26.8%(33/123)], OS...     

孕妇血浆中胎儿DNA含量与早产关系的研究

目的:研究早产和先兆早产孕妇血浆胎儿DNA的含量以及临床意义.方法:选择孕满28周至不足37周出现自发性规律宫缩的孕妇(单男胎)51例,其中23例孕周<37周分娩为早产组;28例出现有威胁的早产宫缩但经抑制宫缩治疗后足月产为先兆早产组,另选择正常妊娠的孕妇25例为正常对照组.采用实时荧光定量PER方法测定孕妇血浆中总DNA和胎儿DNA的量,非参数统计方法进行数据分析.结果:①早产组孕妇血浆总DNA量中位数7639.0拷贝/ml高于正常对照组6931.8拷贝/ml,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);②早产组孕妇血浆胎儿DNA中位数为386.6拷贝/ml,先兆早产组为312.9拷贝/ml,均高于正常对照组230.5拷贝/ml,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);③以正常对照组孕妇血浆胎儿DNA量的第90百分位作为阳性预测值,早产组的阳性预测率为82.6%,先兆早产组为46.4%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:早产孕妇血浆中胎儿DNA水平升高,观察孕妇血浆中胎儿DNA变化可有助于发现存在早产的可能,便于及时干预和处理.     

双胎孕妇子宫颈长度变化对自发性早产预测价值研究

目的探讨孕中、晚期双胎孕妇子宫颈长度(CL)变化对自发性早产的预测价值。方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2017年12月在北京大学第三医院和北京市通州区妇幼保健院分娩的孕中期(20~25周)和孕晚期(28~32周)行阴道超声测量CL的双活胎孕妇166例资料,评估CL变化对32周前、34周前自发性早产的预测作用,使用bootstrap法比较ROC曲线下面积,评估孕晚期CL与单独孕中期CL预测32周前、34周前自发性早产的价值。结果 166例中足月分娩90例,早产分娩76例。全人群孕中、晚期CL中位数分别为34mm、29mm,足月分娩人群分别为35.5mm、31mm,早产分娩人群分别为32.5mm、21mm,3组人群比较差异均有统计学意义(均P0.001)。按照CL缩短是否大于20%分为缩短组(CL缩短≥20%,78例)和稳定组(CL无缩短或缩短20%,88例),缩短组较稳定组32周前、34周前早产率增加了2.22倍、1.85倍,但差异无统计学意义。CL≤25mm共计40例,其中34例在缩短组,6例在稳定组,排除这些双胎孕妇,缩短组较稳定组32周前、34周前早产率增加了7.58倍、2.09倍,缩短组与稳定组32周前早产率比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.049)。孕晚期CL较孕中期预测32周前、34周前早产ROC曲线下面积均增加,但差异均无统计学意义。结论在双胎孕妇中,孕28~32周CL缩短≥20%,其32周前的早产风险增加;当CL25mm,CL缩短20%以上能更好地预测32周前早产。     

子痫前期合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的临床分析

目的 探讨子痫前期合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)的临床特征及其母婴近期结局.方法 选择2018年6月至2019年6月在东莞市人民医院收治住院的子痫前期孕妇,共有68例孕妇纳入研究,经多导睡眠监测确诊为OSAHS设为OS...     

Primiparity: an 'intermediate' risk group for spontaneous and medically indicated preterm birth.

OBJECTIVE: Most women in their first pregnancy are at 'unknown' risk for preterm birth. We hypothesized that such women may be at an increased risk for preterm birth in comparison to those with a prior term birth. METHODS: We used Missouri's maternally-linked data (1989-97), comprised of women delivering their first singleton live birth (N = 259 431) and women delivering their first two consecutive singleton live births (N = 154 810). We compared preterm birth (<37 weeks) rates among women with a previous term birth, women with no reproductive history (primiparous women), and in those with a previous preterm birth. Risks of spontaneous and medically indicated preterm birth were also examined after adjustments for confounders through multivariate log-binomial regression models. RESULTS: Preterm birth rates were 8.1%, 9.6%, and 23.3% among women with a previous term birth, among primiparous women, and among those with a previous preterm birth, respectively. In comparison to women with a prior term birth, risks of spontaneous preterm birth among primiparous women and among women with a prior preterm birth were 1.1-fold (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0, 1.2) and 2.5-fold (95% CI 2.4, 2.6) higher, respectively. These risks were higher for medically indicated preterm birth among both primiparous women (RR 1.3, 95% CI 1.2, 1.4) and those with a prior preterm birth (RR 3.2, 95% CI 3.0, 3.5) than for spontaneous preterm births. CONCLUSIONS: Primiparous women are at increased risk of both medically indicated and spontaneous preterm birth. The findings suggest that studies on preterm birth should consider a risk assignment to include three groups: low-risk (prior term birth), intermediate risk (primiparity), and high-risk (prior preterm birth). This strategy will be informative for the identification of women with impending risk of delivering preterm, and complications associated with prematurity.     

Obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy and fetal outcome.

OBJECTIVE: To simultaneously investigate the polysomnography (PSG) and nonstress test (NST) records of pregnant women with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) to observe NST changes during maternal desaturation and determine maternal and fetal outcomes. METHODS: A prospective observational study of pregnant women assessed by questionnaire for symptoms of OSA. Women with self-reported frequent snoring or apnea were offered PSG and NST. RESULT: OSA was diagnosed in 4 (11.4%) of the 35 pregnant women who underwent PSG. Three (75%) had fetal heart decelerations accompanying maternal desaturation. The neonates of women diagnosed with OSA had lower mean Apgar scores and birth weights compared with neonates of women without OSA. Three neonates from the women diagnosed with OSA were admitted to the newborn healthcare unit. CONCLUSION: OSA in pregnancy has important maternal and fetal outcomes. Pregnant women should be assessed for symptoms of OSA and suspected cases should be offered PSG.     

Evaluation of obstructive sleep apnea symptoms in pregnant women with chronic disease

Objective: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a disease which is estimated to be undiagnosed to a large extent. Hence, the prevalence of OSAS in pregnant women is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea in pregnant women with chronic diseases.

Methods: In the study, 97 pregnant women with chronic diseases and 160 healthy pregnant women were included. A form questioning socio-demographic characteristics and pregnancy characteristics, Epworth scale and the Berlin questionnaire to evaluate the risk of OSAS were applied to participants.

Results: It has been determined that 10–12.5% of healthy pregnant women, 34–45.4% of pregnants with chronic diseases and 20.6–23.3% of all pregnant women had a high risk of OSAS, the pregnants with chronic disease compared to healthy pregnant women had statistically significant higher risk of OSAS. The risk of OSAS was found to be significantly higher especially in pregnant women with hypertension and diabetes.

Conclusions: OSAS can lead to the adverse consequences in pregnancy, should be questioned for all pregnants especially those with chronic diseases. Pregnant women with OSAS should be monitored more carefully in terms of diabetes and hypertension in antenatal care.     

Primiparity: An ‘intermediate’ risk group for spontaneous and medically indicated preterm birth

Objective.?Most women in their first pregnancy are at ‘unknown’ risk for preterm birth. We hypothesized that such women may be at an increased risk for preterm birth in comparison to those with a prior term birth.

Methods.?We used Missouri's maternally-linked data (1989–97), comprised of women delivering their first singleton live birth (N = 259 431) and women delivering their first two consecutive singleton live births (N = 154 810). We compared preterm birth (<37 weeks) rates among women with a previous term birth, women with no reproductive history (primiparous women), and in those with a previous preterm birth. Risks of spontaneous and medically indicated preterm birth were also examined after adjustments for confounders through multivariate log-binomial regression models.

Results.?Preterm birth rates were 8.1%, 9.6%, and 23.3% among women with a previous term birth, among primiparous women, and among those with a previous preterm birth, respectively. In comparison to women with a prior term birth, risks of spontaneous preterm birth among primiparous women and among women with a prior preterm birth were 1.1-fold (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0, 1.2) and 2.5-fold (95% CI 2.4, 2.6) higher, respectively. These risks were higher for medically indicated preterm birth among both primiparous women (RR 1.3, 95% CI 1.2, 1.4) and those with a prior preterm birth (RR 3.2, 95% CI 3.0, 3.5) than for spontaneous preterm births.

Conclusions.?Primiparous women are at increased risk of both medically indicated and spontaneous preterm birth. The findings suggest that studies on preterm birth should consider a risk assignment to include three groups: low-risk (prior term birth), intermediate risk (primiparity), and high-risk (prior preterm birth). This strategy will be informative for the identification of women with impending risk of delivering preterm, and complications associated with prematurity.     

Recurrence of preterm birth in twin pregnancies in the presence of a prior singleton preterm birth

OBJECTIVE: We examined recurrence of preterm birth in twin pregnancy in the presence of a previous singleton preterm pregnancy, and assessed if these recurrence risks differed for medically indicated and spontaneous preterm birth. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was designed using the maternally-linked data of women who delivered a first singleton live birth followed by a twin birth in the second pregnancy (n = 2329) in Missouri (1989--97). We examined preterm birth recurrence at <37 in the second twin pregnancy among women with a prior singleton preterm birth. Recurrence risks were based on hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) estimated from Cox proportional hazards models after adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: Preterm birth rates in the second twin pregnancy were 69.0% and 49.9% among women who had a previous preterm and term singleton birth, respectively (HR 1.8, 95% CI 1.6-2.1). The preterm birth rate in the second pregnancy was about 95% when the first singleton pregnancy ended at <30 weeks. Women delivering preterm following a medical intervention in the first pregnancy had increased recurrence for both spontaneous (HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1-2.0) and indicated (HR 2.4, 95% CI 1.8-3.2) preterm birth; similarly among women with a prior spontaneous preterm birth, hazard ratios were 1.8 (95% CI 1.5-2.1) and 1.6 (95% CI 1.3-1.9), for spontaneous and indicated preterm birth in the second twin pregnancy, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Women with a singleton preterm birth carry increased risk of preterm birth in the subsequent twin pregnancy. A history of a singleton preterm birth has an independent and additive contribution to risk of preterm birth in the subsequent twin gestation.     

Objective assessment of obstructive sleep apnea in normal pregnant and preeclamptic women

Objective: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between OSA and preeclampsia. Methods: Between 30 and 39 weeks gestation, objective sleep apnea were evaluated in 38 normal pregnant and 40 preeclamptic women. Preeclampsia was defined by having a blood pressure (BP) > 140/90 mmHg on two occasions after the 20th week of pregnancy with excess protein in the urine (> 300 mg in 24 h) or 30 mg persistent proteinuria (+ 1 in dipsticks) in random samples. Objective sleep apnea was evaluated using an overnight in-hospital sleep evaluation using the SOMNOwatch plus Respiratory Screener. OSA was defined as an apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 5, and further grouped into severity categories: mild (5–14.9), moderate (15–29.9), and severe (≥ 30). Results: Mean AHI was 33.3 ± 12.1 in preeclamptic women and was 23.8 ± 15.8 in normal pregnant women (p = 0.008). There was significant difference in prevalence of OSA severity (none, mild, moderate, or severe) between groups. Out of 33 preeclamptic women, 11 women had moderate and 22 women had severe OSA. Whereas, among 33 normal pregnant women, 8, 13, and10 women had mild, moderate, and severe OSA, respectively. Two normal pregnant women had no OSA (AHI< 5). Conclusion: Our study suggests women are susceptible to developing OSA during pregnancy that is associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia.     

The impact of interpregnancy interval and previous preterm birth on the subsequent risk of preterm birth

OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of the interpregnancy interval and a previous preterm birth on the subsequent risk of a preterm birth. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on a group of 4072 women who had at least two consecutive births, excluding multiple gestation, fetal anomalies, cervical incompetence, and stillbirth. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the association between interpregnancy interval, preterm birth of the first child in the pair (index pregnancy), and the risk of a preterm birth of the second child in the pair (outcome pregnancy). RESULTS: Women with interpregnancy intervals of less than 12 months (odds ratio [OR] 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-1.7) were at increased risks of preterm birth with the outcome pregnancy. Furthermore, there was an increased risk for a subsequent preterm birth in women who had a preterm birth in the index pregnancy (OR 4.2; 95% CI 3.0-6.0). The risk decreased as the interpregnancy interval increased, with a relatively low risk at 18 to 48 months; subsequently, it increased sharply. In contrast, women who had delivered their previous infants at term carried an increased risk of preterm birth with the outcome pregnancy only if the interval was less than 6 months. CONCLUSION: A difference was found in the impact of the interpregnancy interval on the subsequent risk of preterm birth between women with a prior preterm birth and those who previously delivered an infant at term.     

Admission for nephrolithiasis in pregnancy and risk of adverse birth outcomes

OBJECTIVE: Nephrolithiasis occurring during pregnancy may be associated with an elevated risk of preterm delivery and other adverse birth outcomes. The goal of this study was to describe the association between these outcomes and admission for nephrolithiasis during pregnancy. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study using birth certificate records linked to Washington State hospital discharge data from 1987-2003 to compare pregnant women admitted for nephrolithiasis and randomly selected pregnant women without nephrolithiasis. The main outcomes of interest were preterm delivery, premature rupture of membranes at term or before 37 weeks of gestation, low birth weight, and infant death. RESULTS: A total of 2,239 women were admitted for nephrolithiasis, yielding a cumulative incidence of 1.7 admissions per 1,000 deliveries. Women admitted for nephrolithiasis during pregnancy had nearly double the risk of preterm delivery compared with women without stones (adjusted odds ratio 1.8, 95% confidence interval 1.5-2.1). However, they were not at higher risk for the other outcomes investigated. A total of 471 (25.9%) women had one or more procedures for kidney stones during prenatal hospitalization. Undergoing a procedure and the trimester of admission did not affect the risk of preterm delivery. CONCLUSION: Although the incidence of nephrolithiasis requiring hospital admission during pregnancy is relatively low, these women have an increased risk of preterm delivery. This has potential implications for counseling of pregnant women with kidney stones requiring hospital admission. Additionally, it may prompt definitive treatment of small, asymptomatic stones in women during reproductive years.     

Progressive periodontal disease and risk of very preterm delivery

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to estimate whether maternal periodontal disease was predictive of preterm (less than 37 weeks) or very preterm (less than 32 weeks) births. METHODS: A prospective study of obstetric outcomes, entitled Oral Conditions and Pregnancy (OCAP), was conducted with 1,020 pregnant women who received both an antepartum and postpartum periodontal examination. Predictive models were developed to estimate whether maternal exposure to either periodontal disease at enrollment (less than 26 weeks) and/or periodontal disease progression during pregnancy, as determined by comparing postpartum with antepartum status, were predictive of preterm or very preterm births, adjusting for risk factors including previous preterm delivery, race, smoking, social domain variables, and other infections. RESULTS: Incidence of preterm birth was 11.2% among periodontally healthy women, compared with 28.6% in women with moderate-severe periodontal disease (adjusted risk ratio [RR] 1.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-2.3). Antepartum moderate-severe periodontal disease was associated with an increased incidence of spontaneous preterm births (15.2% versus 24.9%, adjusted RR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.2). Similarly, the unadjusted rate of very preterm delivery was 6.4% among women with periodontal disease progression, significantly higher than the 1.8% rate among women without disease progression (adjusted RR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1-5.2). CONCLUSION: The OCAP study demonstrates that maternal periodontal disease increases relative risk for preterm or spontaneous preterm births. Furthermore, periodontal disease progression during pregnancy was a predictor of the more severe adverse pregnancy outcome of very preterm birth, independently of traditional obstetric, periodontal, and social domain risk factors. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II-2.