百日咳患儿进入重症监护室治疗危险因素分析

目的　探讨百日咳患儿进入重症监护室（ICU）治疗的危险因素,为临床及时诊治、减少重症提供参考。方法　回顾性分析广州市妇女儿童医疗中心于2016年1月至2019年12月收治的144例百日咳住院婴幼儿临床资料,按收治病房分为普通组及ICU组。采用单因素Logistic回归分析确定进入ICU治疗的相关因素,并进行多因素Logistic回归分析确定入ICU的独立危险因素。结果　144例中普通组106例,ICU组38例;男69例,女75例;中位年龄2月龄,<3月龄的ICU病例32例（84.2%,32/38）。102例患儿未接种白喉-破伤风-百日咳（DTP）疫苗。最常见症状为咳嗽（99.3%）,其次是发绀 （45.1%）、发热（31.9%）和气促（27.8%）。最常见并发症为肺炎（70.1%）,其次是呼吸衰竭（24.3%）、脓毒性休克（10.4%）、胸腔积液（9.7%）和肺动脉高压（9.0%）。实验室检查常见白细胞（WBC）和绝对淋巴细胞计数升高,其中19例WBC>50.0×109/L。入ICU患儿占26.4%（38/144）,总体病死率9.0%,ICU组病死率34.2%。百日咳患儿进入ICU的独立危险因素包括WBC>30.0×109/L;气促,呼吸＞70 次/min（≤1岁）,＞60次/min （＞1岁）;心率＞180次/min（≤1岁）,＞160次/min （＞1岁）;发绀和血氧饱和度＜0.90。结论　重症百日咳患儿主要发生在＜3月龄的婴幼儿。WBC>30.0×109/L;气促,呼吸＞70 次/min（≤1岁）,＞60次/min （＞1岁）;心率＞180次/min（≤1岁）,＞160次/min （＞1岁）;发绀和血氧饱和度＜0.90是百日咳患儿进入ICU治疗的独立危险因素。应关注百日咳患儿以上特征,早期识别重症,尽早进入ICU管理。     

婴幼儿重症百日咳研究进展

百日咳是一种具有高度传染性的呼吸道疾病, 尽管疫苗的广泛接种使得百日咳发病大幅度降低, 但是近30年来出现了"百日咳再现", 局部地区出现了百日咳暴发。未接种或未完成全程免疫接种的婴儿百日咳感染较重。由于小婴儿症状不典型易出现漏诊、误诊, 不能及时诊治, 易发展为重症百日咳, 甚至死亡。因此, 现就近年来重症百日咳的相关研究作一综述, 为重症百日咳的临床诊治、预防和基础研究提供参考。     

儿童百日咳临床特征及重症百日咳危险因素分析

目的　分析儿童百日咳临床特征及重症百日咳发生的危险因素,为临床诊治提供参考。方法　以首都儿科研究所中心实验室为检测中心,回顾性分析2019年1月至12月确诊的114例百日咳住院患儿病例资料。根据是否合并其他病原感染,分为单纯百日咳组73例,混合感染组41例;根据病情程度分为普通百日咳组100例,重症百日咳组14例。组间进行单因素比较,同时行二元Logistic回归分析重症百日咳的危险因素。结果　（1）百日咳好发于秋冬季共66例（62.2%）。患儿以≤6月龄为主,共79例（69.3%）。未免疫89例（78.1%）,免疫25例（21.9%）。（2）单因素分析比较得出,混合感染组较单纯百日咳组更易出现血氧下降、三凹征、发热、肺部湿啰音（P＜0.05）;重症组中有早产史、咳嗽后青紫、三凹征、发热、肺部湿啰音、肺炎和混合感染患者占比高于普通组（P＜0.05）;混合感染组、重症组较单纯百日咳组、普通组住院时间更长（P＜0.05）;重症组白细胞峰值较普通组高（P＜0.05）,Logistic回归分析显示白细胞峰值高是重症百日咳的危险因素（OR＝1.096,P＜0.05）。（3）114例确诊患儿均使用大环内酯类抗生素治疗,10例（8.8%）患儿在病程7 d内用药,33例（28.9%）在病程8～14 d用药,余均＞病程14 d用药,其中5例重症患儿＞病程21 d用药。（4）≤4月龄的重症百日咳患儿易并发肺炎、百日咳脑病、心肺衰竭等严重并发症,其中8例患儿行有创通气治疗。经积极治疗,1例患儿死亡,余均好转出院。结论　≤6月龄、未免疫的小婴儿百日咳发病多见,常需住院治疗,小月龄的百日咳患儿并发症发生率更高。合并感染、延迟用药可能会加重百日咳病情,延长住院时间。监测血白细胞峰值有助于病情程度的判断。     

婴幼儿重症肺炎的临床特点及死亡相关因素研究

目的：探讨婴幼儿重症肺炎的流行病学特点、临床特点、死亡相关危险因素,为提高婴幼儿重症肺炎的治愈率、降低病死率提供临床依据。方法采用回顾性研究的方法,收集2011年1月1日至2013年12月31日在成都市妇女儿童中心医院住院诊断为重症肺炎的婴幼儿患者,分析其流行病学特征、临床特点以及死亡高危因素等,并对临床特点及死亡相关因素进行单因素及多因素分析。结果(1)1411例婴幼儿重症肺炎患儿中,男∶女为1．8∶1；城乡比例1∶3．62；年龄29 d~3个月占总数的46．00%。冬春季节发病占62．93%,夏秋季节发病占37．07%。(2)平均住院日为(9．99±6．27) d,明显长于普通肺炎住院日。(3)64．21%的患儿患有基础疾病。(4)91．99%的患儿出现并发症。(5)细菌感染占71．44%,病毒感染占18．36%,支原体及其他病原体感染占2．48%,混合感染占7．73%。( 6 )总死亡44例,病死率3．12%,死亡患儿中小于3个月婴儿占死亡总数72．73%,3个月~3岁占死亡总数的27．27%。(7)死亡危险因素分析显示年龄小于3个月、先天性心脏病、反复感染、多重耐药菌感染、手术史、多器官功能损害以及有内环境紊乱为独立的危险因素。结论婴幼儿重症肺炎冬春季发病率较高,农村高于城市,大多数为细菌感染所致,婴幼儿多见,年龄越小发病率越高,病死率越高；大部分患儿患有基础疾病；容易出现并发症。年龄小于3个月、有先天性心脏病、反复感染、多重耐药菌感染、手术史、多器官功能损害以及有内环境紊乱是婴幼儿重症肺炎死亡的高危因素,对这类患儿应加强监护与防治,降低病死率。     

儿童百日咳临床特征及重症百日咳危险因素分析

目的旨在研究儿童百日咳临床特征、发生重症百日咳的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2019年1月至2020年3月入住湖南省儿童医院重症监护病房、呼吸科、急诊综合科确诊百日咳患儿的临床资料及实验室检查结果。按年龄大小分为年龄≤3个月组58例、年龄>3个月组64例, 按痰培养结果分为痰培养阴性组63例、痰培养阳性组59例, 按是否完成百白破疫苗接种分为完成疫苗接种组19例、未完成疫苗接种组103例, 按病情严重程度分为重症百日咳组28例与非重症百日咳组94例, 比较两组的临床特点, 同时对发生重症百日咳的危险因素进行分析。结果年龄≤3个月组住院天数及气促、呼吸暂停、咳嗽后紫绀、心率下降、细菌感染的发生率均高于年龄>3个月组(P<0.05)。痰培养阳性组呼吸衰竭发生率、心力衰竭发生率均高于痰培养阴性组(P<0.05)。重症百日咳组住院天数、住院费用、发热发生率、喘息发生率、峰值白细胞计数、峰值淋巴细胞计数、细菌感染发生率等13项指标均高于非重症百日咳组(P<0.05)。4例进行换血治疗, 其中1例死亡。发热、喘息、咳嗽后紫绀、白细胞计数>20×109/L是重症百日咳...     

新生儿重症高胆红素血症临床危险因素分析

目的 探讨引起新生儿重症高胆红素血症的临床危险因素.方法 2007年8月至2008年4月期间于本院新生儿内科病房住院的重症高胆红素血症患儿,研究组入选标准:出生14d之内,血清胆红素峰值达342 μmol/L以上,以非结合胆红素增高为主,非结合胆红素占总胆红素的80%以上的患儿.设立对照组,入选标准:足月和早产儿生后14 d之内血清胆红素峰值分别>220.6 μmol/L和256.5 μmol/,L,<342 μmol/L.排除标准:患儿乙肝表面抗原阳性或其他由于肝性疾病引起的黄疸.应用Logistic回归模型,对临床常见的病因如感染、窒息、头颅血肿、早产、ABO或Rh溶血,遗传代谢病及病因不明进行回顾性分析.结果 研究组有79例,对照组有96例.感染是引起新生儿高胆红素血症的最常见原因,其次是原因不明,早产,溶血,窒息,头颅血肿,遗传代谢病.应用IJogistic回归分析显示,研究组与对照组对比,只有早产及原因不明两组因素差异存在统计学意义.结论 新生儿高胆红素血症的病因发生了明显的变迁,临床原因不明的新生儿重症高胆红素血症将是未来研究的重点.     

白细胞单采术治疗小儿重症百日咳合并高白细胞血症一例并文献复习

目的探讨白细胞单采术治疗小儿重症百日咳合并高白细胞血症的安全性及效果。方法回顾性分析首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院PICU收治的1例恶性百日咳合并高白细胞血症患儿的救治结果。结果患儿1岁9个月,合并高白细胞血症、百日咳脑病的重症百日咳,给予无创呼吸机辅助通气,阿奇霉素联合头孢哌酮舒巴坦静点抗感染,外周血白细胞进行性升高,最高达103.04×109/L,在白细胞快速上升期,应用2次白细胞单采术,患儿白细胞水平明显下降,未出现不良反应。入院第6天撤离呼吸机,入院第15天患儿白细胞下降至13.9×109/L,咳嗽较前好转,一般情况好,住院15 d出院,未出现其他并发症。结论合并高白细胞血症的重症百日咳幼儿,在白细胞快速上升期,可采用白细胞单采术治疗,可以缩短住院时间,减少并发症,改善预后。     

新生儿重症监护病房中重症肺炎多种菌感染相关因素分析

目的分析新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)中重症肺炎新生儿多种菌感染危险因素。方法回顾分析2014年1月至2019年5月收入NICU的1 057例重症细菌肺炎新生儿的临床资料,分析其多种菌感染的危险因素。结果单因素分析显示,胎龄(37周)、出生体质量(2 500 g)、发病日龄(7 d)、羊水污染(Ⅱ、Ⅲ度)、感染类型(医院感染)、住院时间(≥14天)、机械通气、Apagar评分(7分)、胎膜早破、抗菌药物使用天数(≥10天)、更换抗菌药物(≥3种)、联合使用抗菌药物(≥3种)12个因素是NICU中重症肺炎新生儿多种菌感染的危险因素,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。多因素分析显示,更换抗菌药物(≥3种)、Apagar评分(7分)、感染类型(医院感染)、机械通气、羊水污染(Ⅱ、Ⅲ度)是NICU中重症肺炎新生儿多种菌感染的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论临床应针对主要危险因素采取综合防控措施,减少NICU新生儿重症肺炎多种菌感染。     

Sociodemographic risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome: associations with other risk factors

The aim of this study was to investigate associations between sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and social factors in the Nordic countries. A case-control study was conducted in Denmark, Norway and Sweden: The Nordic Epidemiological SIDS Study. Parents of 244 SIDS infants and 869 control infants matched on gender, age at death and place of birth filled in questionnaires. The dataset was analysed by conditional logistic regression. In univariate analysis, the following sociodemographic factors were associated with an increased risk of SIDS: low maternal age [odds ratio (OR) 7.8; 2.8-21.5], high birth order (OR 4.4; 2.5-7.5), single motherhood (OR 2.9; 1.7-5.0), low maternal education (OR 4.5; 2.8-7.1), low paternal education (OR 3.0; 1.9-4.7), maternal unemployment (OR 2.4; 1.8-3.4) and paternal unemployment (OR 4.0; 2.7-5.9). In a multivariate analysis where maternal smoking was also included, only paternal unemployment, young maternal age and high birth order remained significantly associated with SIDS. Housing conditions were not associated with SIDS. However, the risk of SIDS was high if the family had lived in their present home for only a few years (OR 2.3; 1.3-4.1). Sociodemographic differences remain a major concern in SIDS in a low-incidence situation and even in an affluent population with adequate health services.     

早产低出生体质量儿肠外营养相关性胆汁淤积的临床危险因素及近期结局

目的探讨早产低出生体质量儿肠外营养相关性胆汁淤积(PNAC)的临床危险因素以及近期结局。方法回顾分析2018年至2020年期间于新生儿重症监护病房住院的应用肠外营养(PN)≥14 d,出生体质量2 500 g的114例早产低出生体质量儿的临床资料。根据早产儿直接胆红素水平(DB)分为PNAC组(DB34 μmol/L,27例)和非PNAC组(87例),以丙氨酸氨基转移酶50 U/L为合并肝损伤标准,进行比较分析。结果 PNAC发生率23.6%,发生时间为应用PN后(32.8±12.5)d,在PN停止后(52.2±29.5)d 恢复。PNAC组中14例(51.8%)发生肝损伤,发生时间为应用PN后(42.0±14.7)d;肝损伤持续时间为70.5 d(56.0～77.7 d),胆汁淤积持续时间为(90.2±42.1)d。PNAC组住院时间、抗生素应用时间、机械通气时间、PN持续时间及禁食时间均长于非PNAC组,生后开奶时间晚于非PNAC组,氨基酸及脂肪乳累积用量大于非PNAC组,合并坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)、败血症比例大于非PNAC组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。多元logistic回归分析示,禁食时间、PN持续时间、NEC是PNAC发生的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论 PNAC是早产低出生体质量儿进行PN过程中常见并发症。长时间禁食、PN持续时间长及合并NEC提高了PNAC发生的风险。经过治疗,PNAC患儿大多预后良好。     

Interactions between maternal smoking and other prenatal risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Abstract In numerous investigations, maternal smoking increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). In the present study we investigated whether prenatal risk factors for SIDS modify the effect of maternal smoking on SIDS mortality. We analysed data from a population-based cohort study (222 cases, 260,604 infants at risk) within the Westphalian Perinatal Inquiry in Germany between 1990 and 1994. In the stratified analysis, smoking was classified into non-smoking, moderate (1–10 cigarettes/d) and heavy smoking (> 10 cigarettes/d). Multiplicative interactions between smoking and other prenatal risk factors were assessed in a logistic regression model. The relative risk (RR) for maternal smoking was 2.4 (95% confidence interval 1.7-5.4) for moderate and 7.2 (5.3, 9.7) for heavy smokers. Previous established risk factors for SIDS, such as preterm birth, low birthweight, and number of prenatal visits did not increase the risk of SIDS among non-smokers, but became important risk factors among smokers. In preterm infants (< 37 weeks) of heavy smokers, the RR was 19.6 (10.4, 36.8) compared to term infants of non-smokers. Low birthweight infants (< 2500 g) of heavy smokers had a RR of 16.3 (8.4, 31.2) compared to normal weighted infants of non-smokers. Adjustment for occupational status did not change the crude estimates. The RR of < 6 prenatal visits in the heavy smoking subgroup was 14.8 (7.2, 29.6) compared to > 9 prenatal visits in the nonsmoking strata. Heavy smoking potentiates other prenatal risk factors for SIDS suggesting an increased susceptibility towards the adverse effects of tobacco smoke in utero. In infants born to non-smoking mothers, prenatal risk factors are absent and postnatal factors may be of major importance.     

川崎病冠状动脉损害相关危险因素分析

目的探讨川崎病(KD)并发冠状动脉损害(CAL)的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析110 例KD患儿的临床资料,根据超声心动图检查结果分为冠脉损害组(CAL组)40例,无冠脉损害组(NCAL组)70例,进行统计分析。结果 110例KD患儿的中位发病年龄为1.58(0.92～3.00)岁,其中男67例、女43例。CAL组和NCAL组间年龄分布、不典型KD、静脉用丙种球蛋白(IVIG)前发热持续时间6天比例差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。CAL组患儿C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞(WBC)、白介素-6(IL-6)、N 端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)水平均明显高于NCAL组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。IVIG使用前发热持续时间、WBC、IL-6、NT-proBNP预测KD患儿并发CAL的受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)下面积(AUC)分别为0.97、0.69、0.76和0.87;最佳临界值分别为6.5天、19.85×10~9/L、92.19 pg/mL和1 122.5 pg/mL,预测KD并发CAL的灵敏度分别为84.6%、46.2%、100%和100%,特异度分别为91.4%、91.4%、57.1%和71.4%。结论年龄3岁,IVIG前发热持续时间6.5天,不典型KD,以及WBC、IL-6和NT-proBNP明显升高,是KD发生CAL的危险因素。     

Epidemiological features of sudden infant death after a German intervention campaign in 1992

After national intervention campaigns, considerable declines in incidence for both sudden infant death (SID) and prone position have been observed worldwide. In the following investigation, German data on postinterventional risk factor patterns are presented for the first time. We analysed data from a 2-year population-based case-control study on SID carried out in two German districts between 1993 and 1994. We confirmed Complete covering of the baby (OR = 44.9, 95%-CI 95, 291), prone sleeping position (OR = 11.7; 5.3, 26.2), heavy maternal smoking during pregnancy (OR = 8.5; 3.2, 33.2 for > ten cigarettes per day), non-breastfeeding (OR = 7.7; 2.7, 22.3) and missing maternal professional training (OR = 7.6; 3.6, 16.2) as risk factors for cot death. After adjustment for other major risk factors in a logistic regression model, sleeping on cushions lost statistical significance, whereas all other major risk factors remained relevant. Conclusions Despite intervention campaigns, complete covering of the baby, prone position and heavy maternal smoking are still major risk factors for cot death. Except for sleeping on cushions, all major epidemiological risk factors for cot death act independantly. Despite encouraging success in the reduction of risk factors for cot death, there is still substantial need for future endeavours towards a further reduction of modifiable risk factors for SID. Received: 29 June 1996 / Accepted: 21 October 1996     

极早早产儿早发型败血症低风险人群临床特征分析

目的探讨分析极早早产儿中早发型败血症低风险发病人群的临床特征,以避免抗生素的过度使用。方法收集2010年1月1日—2017年12月31日住院的极早早产儿临床资料。将无胎膜早破,同时母孕期无绒毛膜羊膜炎临床表现的极早早产儿归入低风险组,不满足低风险条件的即为对照组。根据生后72小时内血培养结果诊断早发型败血症,回顾分析两组极早早产儿的临床特点、治疗及结局。结果共纳入245例极早早产儿,其中低风险组153例(62. 4%)。与对照组相比,低风险组母亲妊娠期糖尿病和高血压比例较高,产前激素使用率较高,产前抗生素使用率较低,新生儿Apgar评分5分比例较低,肺表面活性物质使用及呼吸支持和机械通气比例较高;低风险组的死亡风险和早发型败血症发生率都降低;差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。在存活时间24小时的极早早产儿中,低风险组的呼吸窘迫综合征、动脉导管未闭、颅内出血、支气管肺发育不良的发生率均高于对照组;肺出血的发生率低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0. 05)。低风险患儿中,与抗生素短时组相比,抗生素长时组死亡、呼吸窘迫综合征、支气管肺发育不良的发生风险均增加,肺出血发生风险降低。结论早期识别极早早产儿中早发型败血症低风险人群,对减少早期经验性抗生素治疗有临床指导意义。     

再发川崎病的临床特点及相关危险因素分析

目的探讨川崎病(KD)再发的临床特点及相关危险因素。方法回顾分析2010-2018年间收治的再发性KD患儿的临床特点及危险因素。结果研究期间共收治2 112例初发KD患儿,其中35例再发,再发率1.66%。35例再发KD患儿首次发病后KD再发的中位时间为13.5(4～69)月。与初发患儿相比,再发患儿的发热时间缩短,四肢硬肿比例较低,C反应蛋白升高,血清钾降低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。35例再发KD患儿中,11例初发时有冠状动脉病变(CAL),8例在再发时亦出现CAL。Logistic回归分析显示,支原体感染和CD19~+CD23~+淋巴细胞亚群比例升高是KD再发的独立危险因素(P0.05)。以再发风险评分绘制ROC曲线,曲线下面积为0.84(95%CI:0.76～0.91),最佳临界值为1.24时,其敏感性和特异性分别为0.83和0.70。结论 KD发生后至少应随访2年,支原体感染和CD19~+CD23~+淋巴细胞亚群升高可作为KD再发的预测指标。初发KD发生CAL者再发时更易发生CAL。     

Sudden infant death syndrome: risk factors for infants found face down differ from other SIDS cases

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that infants with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) found face down (FD) would have SIDS risk factors different from those found in other positions (non-face-down position, NFD). STUDY DESIGN: We used the New Zealand Cot Death Study data, a 3-year, nationwide (1987 to 1990), case-control study. Odds ratios (univariate and multivariate) for FD (n = 154) and NFD SIDS (n = 239) were estimated separately, and statistical differences between the two groups were assessed. RESULTS: Of 12 risk factors for SIDS, there were 8 with a statistically significant difference between FD and NFD infants. After adjustment for the potential confounders, younger infant age, Maori ethnicity, low birth weight, prone sleep position, use of a sheepskin, and pillow use were all associated with a greater risk of SIDS in the FD than the NFD group. Sleeping during the nighttime, maternal smoking, and bed-sharing were associated with a risk of SIDS only in the NFD group. Pacifier use was associated with a decreased risk for SIDS only in the NFD group, whereas being found with the head covered was associated with a decreased risk for SIDS for the FD group. CONCLUSIONS: Infants with SIDS in the FD position appear to be a distinct subgroup of SIDS. These differences in risk factors provide clues to mechanisms of death in both SIDS subtypes.