现代毒理学的研究方法进展及其热点

毒理学在20世纪下半叶有了迅猛的发展，目前已形成了诸多的毒理学分支。按研究的对象或物质可分为金属毒理学、农药毒理学等。随着生产和科学技术的发展，肯定还会不断出现新的分支。本文对现代毒理学的研究方法进展及其热点作一介绍。     

毒理流行病学的定义与任务

由于国内外新产品不断问世，新产品实验毒理学实验不断增加，在我国需要进行毒理学实验评价的新产品有药品、保健食品、化妆品、某些消毒剂（口腔、皮肤和手消毒剂）等产品，虽然我们进行了大量的毒理学评价，但是，既使体内试验和体外试验显示没有毒性作用，外推到人仍有不确定性。20世纪80年代以来，由药物上市后的安全性监测研究发展形成了一门新学科一药物流行病学^[1]。     

毒理学在卫生学中的应用

目前我国毒理学发展情况来看,在不断提高研究水平的同时,还应更好地将毒理学应用于解决有害物质的危害问题,特别是在卫生学方面的应用。现围绕下面几个问题讨论毒理学在卫生学中的应用。     

免疫毒性评价

许多外源性化学物经各种途径进入机体后,可作用于免疫系统,对机体产生有害的影响。随着免疫学和毒理学的发展,免疫毒理学作为毒理学的一门分支学科发展起来了,从此免疫毒理学不断成长与扩大,发展是十分迅速的。一、免疫毒性对健康的影响机体接触外源性化学物后,可产生两方面的影响,一是免疫增强反应即各种类型的过敏反应(如接触过敏、免疫性肺病、溶血性贫血、红斑狼疮、其它自身     

《毒理学辞典》简介

吴中亮、夏世钧、吕伯钦主编的《毒理学辞典》于2005年6月由湖北科学技术出版社出版。它收集毒理学词目4871条,共92万字。除毒理学基本词汇外,还包括工业毒理学、农药毒理学、食品毒理学、遗传毒理学、环境毒理学、生态毒理学、药物与临床毒理学、生化与分子毒理学、细胞毒理学、靶器官毒理学、生殖与发育毒理学、法医毒理学、军事毒理学、放射毒理学、分析毒理学和管理毒理学及相关学科新的名词术语。     

《毒理学辞典》简介

吴中亮、夏世钧、吕伯钦主编的《毒理学辞典》于2005年6月由湖北科学技术出版社出版。它收集毒理学词目4871条，共92万字。除毒理学基本词汇外，还包括工业毒理学、农药毒理学、食品毒理学、遗传毒理学、环境毒理学、生态毒理学、药物与临床毒理学、生化与分子毒理学、细胞毒理学、靶器官毒理学、生殖与发育毒理学、法医毒理学、军事毒理学、放射毒理学、分析毒理学和管理毒理学等及相关学科新的名词术语。     

讯息

《现代毒理学概论》出版顾祖维主编的《现代毒理学概论》,已由化学工业出版社于2005年6月出版。全书近90万字,共23章,大致分为五个部分:①毒理学基础,②器官毒理学,③应用毒理学,④重要的毒理学分支,如遗传毒理学、化学致癌、生态毒理学、比较毒理学、时间毒理学、中毒控制和管理毒理学,⑤关于当今毒理学研究的热点,毒理学信息资源开发利用和论文写作。该书为现代毒理学丛书之一,可作为学习和进修毒理学的参考书、研究生教材和环境保护、安全卫生评价及农业、医学、日化等相关科研工作者的参考。定价:88元。购买5本及以上打8折,20本打7·5折…     

《现代毒理学概论》出版简讯

顾祖维教授主编的《现代毒理学概论》，已由化学工业出版社于2005年6月出版。全书近9万字，共23章，大致分为五个部分：①毒理学基础；②器官毒理学；③应用毒理学；④重要的毒理学分支；如遗传毒理学、化学致癌、生态毒理学、比较毒理学、时间毒理学、中毒控制和管理毒理学；⑤关于当今毒理学研究的热点，毒理学信息资源开发利用和论文写作。     

《现代毒理学概论》出版

顾祖维主编的《现代毒理学概论》，已由化学工业出版社于2005年6月出版。全书近90万字，共23章，大致分为五个部分：①毒理学基础，②器官毒理学，③应用毒理学，④重要的毒理学分支，如遗传毒理学、化学致癌、生态毒理学、比较毒理学、时间毒理学、中毒控制和管理毒理学，⑤关于当今毒理学研究的热点，毒理学信息资源开发利用和论文写作。     

《毒理学辞典》已经出版

吴中亮、夏世钧、吕伯钦主编的《毒理学辞典》于2005 年6月由湖北科学技术出版社出版。它收集毒理学词目4 871条,共92万字。除毒理学基本词汇外,还包括工业毒理学、农药毒理学、食品毒理学、遗传毒理学、环境毒理学、生态毒理学、药物与临床毒理学、生化与分子毒理学、细胞毒理学、靶器官毒理学、生殖与发育毒理学、法医毒理学、军     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.