Carisolv去龋及酸蚀后牙本质表面形态扫描电镜观察

目的 通过扫描电镜观察比较车针和Carisolv去龋及酸蚀后牙本质表面形态的差异。方法 24颗拔除的中度龋坏的第三磨牙,随机分成A、B、C、D 4组,每个牙先分别用涡轮车针和Carisolv去龋制备两个窝洞后,做如下处理:A组不处理,B组35%磷酸酸蚀,C组32%磷酸酸蚀,D组Tyrian SPE自酸蚀剂处理。扫描电镜观察牙本质表面形态。结果 Carisolv去龋后牙本质表面玷污层少,大部分牙本质小管口开放,表面粗糙不平;涡轮车针去龋后整个表面覆盖较厚玷污层,牙本质小管口堵塞。35%或32%磷酸酸蚀处理后Carisolv组和车针组均去除了玷污层,但Carisolv组牙本质小管无管塞,而车针组牙本质小管残留少量管塞。Tyrian SPE自酸蚀处理后,Carisolv组与车针组玷污层都被溶解,牙本质小管口部分开放。结论 Carisolv去龋后的牙本质表面利于树脂的粘结,不影响酸蚀剂处理玷污层的能力。     

乳牙恒牙龋化学机械法去腐的扫描电镜观察

目的:观察Carisolv化学机械去腐技术和慢速球钻去腐后及酸蚀后的窝洞表面形态。方法:新鲜拔除且有冠部中、深龋的24颗恒牙和12颗乳牙,其中12颗恒牙和6颗乳牙用Carisolv化学机械法,其余牙用慢速球钻法去腐,扫描电镜(SEM)观察去腐后窝洞表面形态以及恒牙酸蚀后的形态。结果:恒牙和乳牙用慢速球钻去腐后牙本质表面几乎全部为玷污层覆盖,很少见到牙本质小管开口;Carisolv去腐后的表面玷污层很少,牙本质小管开口开放,很少见到管栓。慢速球钻或化学机械去腐后用磷酸酸蚀均可以去除窝洞表面的玷污层。结论:Carisolv化学机械去腐效果优于球钻,磷酸酸蚀可增强去污效果。     

乳牙Carisolv去龋的扫描电镜观察

目的:用扫描电镜技术对化学机械去龋法和传统去龋法去除乳牙龋损牙本质后的微观形态进行比较.方法:选取12个深龋的离体乳磨牙,随机分为对照组、机械法去龋组、Carisolv去龋组,去龋后用扫描电子显微镜分别观察3组乳磨牙窝洞底部形态.结果:对照组牙本质崩解破坏,可见碎屑和残渣,牙本质小管形态不完整;机械法去龋组牙本质表面有不规则的颗粒和碎片,有玷污层形成,牙本质小管口堵塞;Carisolv去龋组未见碎屑和残渣以及玷污层,牙本质小管清楚可见.结论:Carisolv去龋法对乳牙的牙本质龋效果优于机械法去龋组.     

伢典化学机械去龋法的扫描电镜研究

目的：利用扫描电镜技术观察伢典和传统车针去龋后窝洞表面的微观形态。方法：选取累及牙本质深层龋坏的离体牙9颗，分为对照组，机械组，伢典组3组，每组3颗。用扫描电镜观察窝洞表面形态。结果：对照组表面有很多碎屑、残渣等，无牙本质小管完整形态。传统车针组的牙本质表面有不规则的颗粒和碎片，有玷污层形成。牙本质小管口堵塞。伢典组的牙本质表面没有玷污层，牙本质小管口清晰可见。结论：伢典能有效去除玷污层。     

Carisolv在乳磨牙龋治疗中效能的体外研究

目的比较Carisolv和传统手机在乳磨牙龋病治疗中去龋后窝洞表面微形态、充填后微渗漏情况及微拉伸粘接强度。方法 96颗离体龋坏乳磨牙,随机分成2组,分别用Carisolv和手机去龋,用扫描电镜观察窝洞表面形态,微渗漏发生情况,并测试微拉伸粘接强度。结果 Carisolv去龋组的牙本质表面牙本质小管口清晰可见,充填后微渗漏的发生与手机去龋组有统计学意义（Z=4.831,P〈0.05）,2组充填后的牙本质粘接强度差异无统计学意义（t=1.89,P〉0.05）。结论 Carisolv能有效去除玷污层,显著减少术后微渗漏的发生,对牙本质粘接强度无显著影响。     

化学机械去龋对牙本质粘结效果的电镜观察

目的扫描电镜观察化学机械去龋对牙本质粘结效果的影响。方法观察比较化学机械去龋和慢速球钻去龋后牙本质表面以及牙本质和4种粘结系统粘结界面的超微结构。结果与球钻去龋相比，化学机械去龋后的牙本质表面玷污层少，牙本质和Prime＆Bond　NT（PB）＋复合体的粘结界面出现树脂突结构，和Adper　Prompt-L-Pop（AP）＋树脂的粘结界面中树脂突更密集，混合层更致密、均一。结论从超微结构上看，化学机械去龋技术有利于牙本质的粘结。     

牙颈部非龋性硬化牙本质经自酸蚀粘结剂处理后的超微形态

目的:观察牙颈部非龋性硬化牙本质经一步法自酸蚀粘结剂处理后树脂—牙本质界面的超微结构变化。方法:实验组选择因牙周病拔除的有典型牙颈部非龋性缺损的前磨牙,使用一步法自酸蚀粘结剂AdperPrompt L-Pop处理硬化牙本质表面,并用树脂修复缺损。对照组为正畸拔除的正常前磨牙,人工机械制备牙颈部楔形缺损。扫描电镜观察自酸蚀处理后硬化牙本质表面的超微形态以及树脂—牙本质界面的微观表现。结果:牙颈部非龋性硬化牙本质表面的牙本质小管大部分被柱状的矿化结晶体堵塞。自酸蚀粘结剂AdperPrompt L-Pop酸蚀不能去除小管内的矿化结晶。硬化牙本质与树脂的粘结界面可见到树脂突,但与正常牙本质比较,树脂突的数量较少、长度较短。结论:硬化牙本质的粘结特性与正常牙本质存在差异。树脂突的数量及长度不足可能影响硬化牙本质的粘结。     

Er,Cr:YSGG激光和酸蚀处理牙本质表面后的扫描电镜观察

目的 本文通过电镜观察，研究不同预备方法处理牙本质后表面形态的改变及树脂-牙本质界面形态的差别。方法 用10颗拔除的第三磨牙制作牙本质片，每个牙本质片预备三个窝洞，分别用传统方法加酸蚀预备，Er，Cr：YSGG激光预备及激光加酸蚀预备。将10个牙本质片分为A、B两组，A组在电镜下观察牙本质表面形态改变；B组用流动树脂充填，暴露树脂-牙本质界面，样本经处理后在电镜下观察比较。结果 A组：传统方法预备后牙本质表面可见开放的牙本质小管口；激光预备后开放的牙本质小管口呈现火山口样；激光加酸蚀处理后的牙本质小管周围呈现白晕。B组：传统预备方法的树脂一牙本质界面可见混合层，圆锥型树脂突和侧枝连接的形成；单纯激光预备后界面没有混合层的形成，形成的树脂突呈圆柱型，较长并且细密；激光加酸蚀处理后界面可见少量混合层形成，树脂突圆柱型，粗、长且有少量侧枝连接。结论 Er，Cr：YSGG激光加酸蚀处理后，开放的牙本质小管周围可见来完全脱矿的管周牙本质．树脂一牙本质界面可见混合层和粗长的圆柱形树脂突。     

Carisolv化学机械去龋后恒牙牙本质表面形态的扫描电镜观察

目的：观察用Carisolv化学机械去龋后恒牙牙本质的表面形态.方法：新鲜离体的中、深龋恒磨牙10个,沿龋洞中心纵剖为两部分,并随机分为2组,实验组用Carisolv去龋,对照组用慢速球钻去龋,然后在扫描电镜下放大500、1000倍, 各选择3个视野观察, 用3级标准对牙本质表面的碎屑和玷污层进行盲法评分比较.结果：与对照组相比,Carisolv组牙本质表面的碎屑和玷污层较少, 差异具有显著性意义（P＜0.01）.结论： 用Carisolv能有效去除龋损牙本质和玷污层,并形成有利于复合树脂黏结的界面.     

不同牙体预备车针所致玷污层对自粘接型树脂水门汀 粘接强度的影响

目的评价不同车针所致牙本质表面玷污层性状对自粘接型树脂水门汀粘接强度的影响。方法将36颗新鲜离体、无龋的人第三恒磨牙暴露出牙本质表面,随机分为两组:A组用标准粒度金刚砂车针(蓝标)进行粗磨;B组用标准粒度+细粒度金刚砂车针(黄标)进行粗磨并进一步细磨抛光。处理后的牙齿分别与3种自粘接型复合树脂水门汀:Clearfil SA Cement(SC)、MultilinkSpeed(MS)、RelyX U200(RX)粘接制成微拉伸试件,试件在水中存储24 h后进行微拉伸强度测试。使用双因素方差分析对牙本质表面处理、树脂水门汀类型进行分析,并判断两者间的交互作用。结果扫描电镜观察到A组牙本质表面粗糙,玷污层较厚,牙本质小管口未完全堵塞;B组牙本质表面粗糙程度降低,牙本质小管口完全堵塞,玷污层变薄。统计结果显示不同牙本质表面处理方法、自粘接树脂水门汀类型均会对粘接强度产生显著影响(P<0.05),但两者之间无显著的交互作用;SC、RX和MS的B组粘接强度均低于A组,牙本质表面使用蓝标车针研磨后,3种树脂水门汀粘接强度之间没有显著差异,经过黄标车针抛光后,MS的粘接强度显著低于SC和RX,但SC和RX之间无显著差异。断裂模式计数显示3种树脂水门汀断裂模式主要为界面断裂。结论牙本质表面玷污层性状及自粘接型树脂水门汀类型都会对粘接强度产生影响。     

Evaluation of residual dentin after conventional and chemomechanical caries removal using SEM

The purpose of this in vitro study was to analyze the residual dentinal surfaces following caries removal using rotatory instruments and two chemomechanical methods (Papacárie and Carisolv), by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thirty primary incisors were divided into three groups, according to the caries removal method used, and their residual dentin was examined under SEM (15). After caries removal, 15 of these teeth were restored with Single Bond (3M) adhesive system and Z100 Filtek composite resin (3M). The tags of the replicas were observed under SEM. The chemomechanical caries removal methods (Papacárie and Carisolv) formed an amorphous layer, similar to the smear layer and few exposed dentinal tubules; the conventional caries removal method produced a smooth and regular dentinal surface, with typical smear layer and exposed dentinal tubules. All groups showed abundant tag formation. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed a difference between dentin treated with rotatory instruments and that treated with chemomechanical methods in spite of the occurrence of a similar tag formation in both groups.     

Penetrability of dentinal tubules in adhesive-lined cavity walls

This study investigated the penetrability of dentinal tubules in cavity walls lined with different dentin bonding systems. Occlusal Class I cavities were prepared in 93 premolars. The cavities in the control group had an intact smear layer without a lining, while those in the experimental group were lined with Gluma CPS, Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus or One-Step. The penetrability of the dentinal tubules was tested with a dye (basic fuchsin) or bacteria (S faecalis) immediately after adhesive lining and after one-month storage in water at 37 degrees C. Some of the lined samples were sectioned and examined under the SEM. In some samples in the experimental group, the dye penetrated to the pulp and bacteria up to 125 microm into the dentinal tubules immediately after lining. The Kruskal Wallis ANOVA and Tukey test showed the depth of dye and bacterial penetration to be significantly less in teeth with bonding systems than those in the control group (p<0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the control and experimental groups after storage in water (p>0.05). SEM examination showed that the hybrid layer and resin tags were present in the cavity walls immediately after lining but absent after storage in water. Therefore, adhesive linings under the experimental conditions were ineffective in preventing dye or bacterial penetration of the dentinal tubules.     

Evaluation of the F2000 bonding procedure: a high resolution SEM study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to define the morphological bonding of the F2000 Restorative System (3M Dental Product) to enamel and dentin. For this purpose, high resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM) in conjunction with a tensile bond strength analysis was used to correlate the morphological findings to the bonding potential. Scotchbond 1 (SB1) adhesive system was utilized as a control. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Teeth were prepared in vivo and prepared as: (1) F2000 PA for 15s, (2) F2000 PA for 30s, (3) 35% phosphoric acid for 15s and SB1 and (4) 35% phosphoric acid for 30s and SB1. All teeth were then restored with the F2000 compomer restorative material, extracted, sectioned and analyzed by means of a field emission in-lens SEM (FEISEM). The conditioning/etching patterns of the two adhesive systems were also evaluated in vitro on dentin disks in order to show high resolution details of every single step of the bonding procedure. RESULTS: FEISEM images showed a repetitive pattern of the enamel crystals with several microporosities after the 30s application of F2000 PA; moreover a good adaptation of the adhesive resin on the conditioned enamel was observable. FEISEM analysis of the dentin surface revealed no evidence of a smear layer after the application of F2000 PA for 30s. Residual smear plugs were partially obliterating the tubule orifices when F2000 PA was used, while they were completely absent after etching with 35% phosphoric acid. The total etching technique revealed open tubules and resin tags formation after the application of SB1. CONCLUSIONS: The one step etching/priming/bonding procedure of the F2000 PA showed favorable results at ultra-structural level when applied on both the enamel and the dentin surface for 30s (as per manufacturers' instructions), but the bond strength analysis showed higher values of bonding of the F2000 compomer when the SB1 adhesive agent (after etching with 35% phosphoric acid) was used (7.7+/-2.2 vs 19.0+/-4.4MPa).     

Effect of removal of surface collagen fibrils on resin-dentin bonding.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of NaOCl at removing the demineralized layer by examining the morphology of the hybrid layer and measuring shear bond strengths after different dentin treatments. METHODS: Dentin disks were treated with: (1) 35% phosphoric acid (PA) 20 s; (2) PA treatment followed by 1.5% NaOCl, 2 min; (3) PA treatment, followed by a 10% NaOCl immersion for 120 h. SEM was used to analyze the morphology of dentin and its interface with dentin bonding agents (DBAs), while shear bond strength tests were used to measure adhesion. All specimens were then fractured into two halves: One half was inspected under SEM; the other half was sequentially placed in 10% PA followed by 12.5% NaOCl for 70 h, to remove all dentin from the resin replica of the original bonded interface. RESULTS: SEM observations showed that collagen fibrils were completely removed from the acid-etched surface by NaOCl treatment. The diameter and the size of dentinal tubules and the number of lateral branches of the tubules were increased following NaOCl treatment. NaOCl applied on dentin smear layers did not significantly modify their SEM morphology. Resin tags were larger in diameter after phosphoric acid/NaOCl treatment than after only phosphoric acid treatment. Resin-infiltrated dentin-layers were only observed after the single phosphoric acid (i.e. conventional etching) procedure, and were not observed after combined phosphoric acid/NaOCl treatment. Etched/NaOCl samples showed a lower bond strength using Scotchbond MP and 3M Single Bond, but were higher in Optibond FL and unmodified in Prime & Bond 2.0 groups when compared with acid-etched controls. Treatment of etched dentin with NaOCl for 120 h produced an unusual type of resin infiltration of mineralized dentin that could be called a "reverse hybrid layer" which may explain the mechanism of resin bonding to NaOCl treated dentin. SIGNIFICANCE: The use of acidic conditioners for exposure of the collagen matrix exposes a soft delicate mesh that can collapse, thereby interfering with resin infiltration. If acid-etching is followed by NaOCl treatment, high bond strengths can be achieved via "reverse hybrid layer" formation, a proposed new mechanism of micromechanical resin retention. This mechanism is not yet recommended for clinical use but demonstrates a new type of resin retention.     

A clinical scanning electron microscope study of tooth surface preparation and bonding

This clinical study utilized cut dentine surfaces on which the Creation Bond System and Scotchbond were applied after various surface treatments. It was observed under the scanning electron microscope that preparation with a tungsten carbide bur left a smear layer on the dentine. When this surface was pumiced, the smear layer remained and the tubules were plugged with smear debris. Polyacrylic acid and citric acid removed the smear layer from the dentine surface. When the Creation Bond System was applied to the surface treated with polyacrylic acid, hollow depressions were produced. Application of the Creation Bond System to the surface treated with citric acid resulted in some resin tag formation into the dentinal tubules as well as hollow depressions on the resin surface. The presence of these irregularities in the resin indicated fluid from the dentinal tubules prevented contact of the bonding resin with the dentine surface. This degree of contamination was not observed when Scotchbond was applied to a pumiced dentine surface.     

上前牙薄弱根管重塑材料与根管内壁黏结界面的显微分析研究

目的:探索Bis-Core复合树脂、水调玻璃离子重塑根管后与根管内壁的黏结界面的显微结构。方法:选择新鲜拔除的人上前牙,根管治疗后去冠,将牙根从中一剖为二,分别用复合树脂、水调玻璃离子对根管壁进行黏结。硬组织切片机制备样本,光学显微镜和原子力显微镜观察根管重塑后材料与牙体界面的微细结构特征。结果:树脂与牙本质的黏结界面上有5μm厚度的玷污层,牙本质小管内的树脂长度约为20μm,而玻璃离子与牙齿界面结合紧密,但无渗透现象。结论:在与根管内壁的黏结方面,Bis-Core树脂优于水调玻璃离子,树脂渗透是其与牙体牢固黏结成整体的重要因素。