脑干听觉诱发电位监护在脑干肿瘤手术中的应用研究

目的研究脑干及相应颅神经功能损伤时较敏感的电生理指标,为脑干肿瘤手术提供精确、准确和安全的术中监测手段。方法对18例脑干肿瘤病人,用同一进口监护仪于手术前、术中及术后分别进行脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)连续实时监护,测定手术操作对这些指标的影响。结果脑干肿瘤手术操作均可以引起BAEP改变,BAEP的Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ波潜伏期(PL)及Ⅰ～Ⅴ、Ⅲ～Ⅴ峰间潜伏期(IPL)明显延长(P<0.01),Ⅴ波波幅明显降低(P<0.01),其中BAEP的Ⅴ波潜伏期及波幅改变最为显著。结论BAEP的Ⅴ波潜伏期延长和波幅下降是术中敏感的电生理指标,对其进行监护可为手术中及手术后避免神经功能损伤提供客观指标,降低手术伤残率,减少或避免病人手术后神经功能损伤。     

桥小脑角区肿瘤术中面神经功能监护

目的总结桥小脑角区肿瘤术中面神经功能的电生理监测经验。方法对48例桥小脑角区肿瘤病人术中应用肌电图进行连续实时监护，同时进行脑于听觉诱发电位监测，结果术中当接近、触及、牵拉、刺激面神经时，自发肌电图出现突发、双相或多相的高幅电位改变，面神经得以准确定位。脑干听觉诱发电位各波变化中以Ⅴ波潜伏期延长及波幅降低最为显著。肿瘤全切除45例．面神经解剖保留44例，功能保留38例，术后2周House—Brackmann面神经功能分级：Ⅰ-Ⅱ级38例，Ⅲ～Ⅳ级8例，Ⅴ级2例；其中Ⅰ～Ⅱ级的术中刺激值为0．1～0．2mA。尢死亡及长期昏迷病例。结论突发的双相或多相的高幅肌电图改变，及脑干听觉诱发电位示Ⅴ波潜伏期延长和波幅下降，均为敏感的变化指标：桥小脑角区肿瘤术中实施监护．有助于提高面神经的功能保留率。     

脑干听觉诱发电位、肌电图监护下的听神经瘤显微切除初步体会

目的 探讨在脑干听觉诱发电位、肌电图的监护下进行听神经瘤显微切除的技术.方法 对12例听神经瘤在脑干听觉诱发电位、肌电图联合监测下行显微手术切除.结果 面神经解剖保留11例,听神经解剖保留2例,听神经功能保留1例,所有病例术后均未出现脑干功能改变.结论 在神经电生理监护下的听神经瘤显微切除可提高脑干及颅神经的解剖和功能保留.     

神经电生理监测桥小脑角手术的研究(附106例报告)

目的探讨桥小脑角(CPA)手术中行神经电生理监测的意义。方法对106例CPA肿瘤病人进行了术中神经电生理监测,主要包括面神经、三叉神经、后组颅神经以及健侧脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)监测,观察术后面神经功能及并发症。结果面神经解剖保留96例(91%),面神经功能Ⅰ、Ⅱ级57例(54%),Ⅲ、Ⅳ级42例(40%),Ⅴ、Ⅵ级7例(6%)。术中健侧BAEP变化最明显的是Ⅲ～Ⅴ、Ⅰ～Ⅴ峰间潜伏期。结论在CPA手术中,采用诱发电位、肌电图实时监测,可及时为术者提供脑干功能的情况;术中健侧BAEP的Ⅰ～Ⅴ、Ⅲ～Ⅴ峰间潜伏期是重要监测指标;术中肌电图监测可以提示颅神经的位置和走行,为手术时避免损伤神经提供依据。     

神经电生理监测技术在听神经瘤显微外科手术中的应用

目的研究神经电生理监测技术在听神经瘤显微外科手术中应用价值。方法52例听神经瘤患者实施均经枕下入路显微外科切除肿瘤,术中进行颅神经肌电图、脑干听觉诱发电位(brainstemauditory evoked potential,BAEP)监测,并在术末行面神经电刺激判断面神经的保留情况。结果52例听神经瘤显微外科全切,肿瘤全切除率100%,面神经解剖保留率92.3%(48/52),功能保留率为88.5%(46/52)。术末刺激强度≤4mA即引起肌电反应者提示预后良好。结论术中行神经电生理监测可提高听神经瘤手术中面神经解剖保留率和功能保留率。同时,术末电刺激可为术后神经功能恢复进行预后评估。     

听神经瘤术中面部肌肉肌电图及BAEP的监测与面听神经功能保留：400例临床研究

目的总结听神经瘤术中监测面部肌肉自发与诱发肌电图和脑干听觉诱发电位（BAEP）的经验,分析术中面、听神经解剖功能保留的方法及影响因素。方法使用美国Nicolet公司生产的Viking—Ⅳ型和Axon公司的Epoch XP型多导术中监测仪,对收治的400例听神经瘤患者进行了术中监测面部肌肉自发与诱发肌电图和BAEP。手术切除肿瘤,术后对患者进行面、听神经功能评估。结果肿瘤全切388例（97．70％）,次全切9例,死亡3例。本组病人面神经解剖保留率为95．97％,功能保留率为91．94％。术后主要并发症包括完全性永久性面瘫11例,面部麻木23例,角膜溃疡18例,耳呜29例,后经颅神经瘫痪28例,轻偏瘫3例,听力完全丧失139例。结论通过面部肌肉肌电图及BAEP的监测,可以准确判断颅神经的位置,最大程度避免颅神经的损伤。术中面部肌肉自发与诱发肌电图和BAEP监测,对听神经瘤外科手术的安全性提供了一定的保障,减少了手术的风险,使用得当可降低手术的致残率,应该成为听神经瘤手术的常规工作。     

脑干听觉诱发电位的Ⅴ波PL延长在听神经瘤手术监护中的应用价值

目的 探讨BAEP的Ⅴ波PL延长在听神经瘤手术中的应用价值. 方法 回顾性分析55例听神经瘤手术患者行BAEP术前检查、术中监护及术后疗效评估,分析Ⅴ波PL延长不同指标的监测结果. 结果 以Ⅴ波PL延长＞0.6 ms为标准,脑干或听神经损伤的灵敏度100％,特异度95.3％,误诊率4.7％,漏诊率0％,符合率96.4％.以Ⅴ波PL延长＞1.0 ms为标准,灵敏度58.3％,特异度97.7％,误诊率2.3％,漏诊率41.7％,符合率89.1％. 结论 BAEP监护听神经瘤手术中,V波PL延长＞0.6 ms有较高的敏感度和特异度,作为术中监护报警指标更合适.     

面肌痉挛显微血管减压术中脑干听觉诱发电位监测的应用

目的 研究脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)监测在显微血管减压术(MVD)治疗面肌痉挛手术中的应用.方法 回顾性分析90例面肌痉挛患者在MVD术中进行BAEP监测的临床资料.结果 MVD手术操作过程均可引起BAEP改变,包括:BAEP的Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ波绝对潜伏期明显延长(P＜0.01),Ⅰ～Ⅲ、Ⅲ～Ⅴ、Ⅰ～Ⅴ波间期明显延长(P＜0.01),Ⅲ波、Ⅴ波波幅明显降低(P＜0.01);有16例术中Ⅴ波绝对潜伏期延长超过1ms,Ⅰ波波幅也有明显降低(P＜0.01),但术后无听力障碍;手术结束时Ⅲ～Ⅴ波间期及16例的Ⅰ、Ⅴ波波幅恢复较快.2例术后患侧听力丧失的患者中,1例术中Ⅴ波波幅逐渐降低至消失,另1例术中未监测到Ⅴ波波形.结论 MVD手术操作过程均可引起BAEP改变;Ⅴ波绝对潜伏期延迟超过1ms者相对多见,但无听力受损;Ⅴ波波幅下降程度可为术中神经功能受损提供客观指标,以采取相应措施减少听力并发症的发生.     

听神经瘤术中面神经保护及功能评估

目的探讨面神经肌电图监测在听神经瘤术中对面神经的保护和评估术后面神经功能的重要性。方法25例听神经瘤手术全程中行面神经肌电图监测,显微镜下切除肿瘤,术毕刺激面神经的脑干近端对预后进行评估。结果25例患者肿瘤全切除23例(92%),面神经解剖保留22例(88%),面神经功能良好保留21例(84%)。面神经解剖保留率与肿瘤的直径大小有相关性,肿瘤越大,面神经保留越难。刺激强度的大小与术后面神经功能存在明显的相关性,刺激强度越小,术后面神经功能越好。术末刺激强度在0.05～1.5mA之间,术后12个月面神经功能为Ⅰ、Ⅱ级者达19例(90.5%)。术末刺激强度大于7.0mA者,术后面神经功能恢复比较差。结论听神经瘤术中行面神经肌电图监测有助于提高面神经的解剖和功能保留率,并可评估术后面神经功能。     

听神经瘤术中面神经电生理监测的问题与对策

目的 探讨听神经瘤术中面神经电生理监测技术的常见问题与对策,提高面神经解剖保留率,并对解剖保留的面神经进行功能评价.方法 25例听神经瘤患者手术时均在面神经电生理监测下进行,全部采用枕下乙状窦后入路,显微外科切除肿瘤,肿瘤切除后对面神经功能进行评价.结果 肿瘤全切除25例(100%),无手术死亡;面神经解剖保留23例,占92%.面神经功能状态H-B分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级19例,Ⅲ、Ⅳ级5例,Ⅴ级1例.术末刺激强度越小,术后面神经功能越好;低于0.5 mA同时面肌肌电波幅大于100 μV,面神经功能可达Ⅰ～Ⅱ级;术末刺激强度大于2 mA波幅反应不明显时,术后面神经功能恢复不理想.结论 术中自发或诱发式神经电生理监测技术的灵活应用可明显提高面神经解剖保留率和功能保留率,对其定量分析有助于术后面神经功能的判断.     

Spatial patterns of visual cortical fast EEG during conditioned reflex in a rhesus monkey

A preliminary assay was made of the existence of time-space coherence patterns of fast EEG activity in the visual cortex of a Rhesus monkey. The primary intent of the present study was to evaluate the similarities and differences in relation to the olfactory bulb, where such coherences ave been described and have been demonstrated to be associated with behavior. Segments 1.5 s in duration were recorded simultaneously without averaging from 16 of 35 subdural electrodes fixed over the left occipital lobe in an array3.6cm× 2.8cm. Each segment was taken during the delivery of a visual conditioned stimulus (CS) and the performance of a conditioned response (CR) by a well-trained Rhesus monkey. The EEGs appeared chaotic with irregular bursts lasting 75–200 ms, resembling those in the olfactory EEG but with lower peak frequencies. Fourier spectra showed broad distributions of power resembling ‘ 1/fnoise’ with multiple peaks in the range of 20–40 Hz. Time intervals were selected where coherent activity seemed to be present at a number of electrodes. A dominant component waveform that was common to all channels was extracted by principal components analysis (PCA) of each segment. The distribution of the power of this component across the electrodes (the factor loadings) was used to describe the spatial pattern of the coherent cortical activity. Statistical analyses suggested that different patterns could be associated to the CS and the CR, as has been found in the olfactory system. These patterns remained stable over a 6 week recording interval. The patterns can be better discriminated, when the factor loadings of each channel are normalized to zero mean and unit variance, to discard a basic pattern of power distribution, which may reflect anatomical and electrode positioning factors that are related to behavioral information processing by the cortex. The wide spatial distribution of the common patterns found suggests that EEG patterns that manifest differing states of the visual cortex may also be accessible with scalp electrodes.     

Toward noninvasive monitoring of ongoing electrical activity of human uterus and fetal heart and brain

Objective

To evaluate whether a full-coverage fetal-maternal scanner can noninvasively monitor ongoing electrophysiological activity of maternal and fetal organs.

Health consequences of acute and chronic marihuana use

Chemical content, assay procedures, and pharmacokinetics of cannabis sativa are discussed briefly. Cannabinoid cellular effects relating to chromosomes and immunity including cellular metabolism and allergic reactions are presented. Gross and microscopic brain pathology due to cannabis use is reviewed involving EEG alterations, psychopathology including aggressive behaviour as well as properties of psychomotor impairment, tolerance and dependence. Cardiopulmonary effects of marihuana are recorded under pulmonary pharmacological effects including the macrophage defense system and effects of smoke constituents; under cardiovascular effects cardiac toxicity and possible mechanism of action are discussed. Alterations of reproductive hormonal production and maturation of reproductive cells by marihuana in males and females with attendant impairment of reproductive function or fertility including reproductive outcome are reported. Field studies with healthy chronic cannabis users in Jamaica, Greece and Costa Rica are related as to observed medical alterations. Potential clinical effects are summarized in point form.     

脑红蛋白在脑梗死大鼠表达及丁苯酞干预效应

目的探讨脑红蛋白在脑梗死大鼠中的表达和丁苯酞干预在氧化应激损伤中作用。方法将90只雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、治疗组。每组再分为3个亚组:1 d组、3 d组和7 d组,每亚组10只。模型组和治疗组采用线栓法制作大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞模型(MCAO),假手术组只分离不结扎。治疗组在动物苏醒后以丁苯酞植物油灌胃,假手术组和模型组同法给予等量植物油灌胃。每只大鼠在术后3h和处死前行神经功能评分,应用RT-PCR和免疫组化检测脑组织脑红蛋白(NGB)表达,化学比色法检测超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果 (1)神经功能评分,模型组和治疗组术后3 h评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),各时间点处死前评分差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)NGB mRNA和免疫组化表达随时间延长逐渐降低,各时间点模型组较假手术组、治疗组较模型组高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(3)SOD活性和MDA含量随时间延长逐渐减少。SOD活性假手术组较治疗组、治疗组较模型组高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);MDA含量假手术组较治疗组、治疗组较模型组低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论丁苯酞促进脑缺血大鼠脑红蛋白表达,减少氧化应激损伤。     

Concentration of antiepileptic drugs in persons with epilepsy: a comparative study in serum and saliva

Aim of the study: The monitoring of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in clinical setting is important for measuring the efficacy of drugs and their safety and in personalizing drug therapy. We investigated the levels of AED, carbamazepine (CBZ), phenytoin (PHT) and phenobarbital (PHB), to understand their association in saliva compared with those in serum during the therapy. Materials and methods: In this study, we performed a prospective study of 116 persons with epilepsy (PWE; mean age 26.90 ± 11.83 years). Serum and saliva samples were collected at trough levels from the patients, who were under the treatment of CBZ, PHT and PHB either alone or in combination of these drugs for at least three months. The drug levels were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results and conclusions: The number of males (n = 88; 75.86%) was higher than females (n = 28; 24.14%) among the recruited patients. The intake of CBZ, PHT and PHB was observed in 49.14%, 68.10% and 38.79% of PWE, respectively. The levels of these AEDs showed a significant correlation (p < 0.05) between serum and saliva. Interestingly, the levels of mono-therapy or bi-therapy showed a significant association (p < 0.05) between serum and saliva, however, there was no significant association in case of poly-therapy. This is the first report in the Indian population on simultaneous estimation of the three commonly used AEDs, such as CBZ, PHT and PHB in serum and saliva implicating their associations, either in mono-therapy or bi-therapy in PWE.     

神经白塞病36例临床分析

目的系统性评价神经白塞病的临床表现,脑脊液(CSF)结果和磁共振(MRI)特征。方法对36例神经白塞病患者的临床表现、CSF检查结果和影像学特征进行回顾性分析。结果纳入研究的神经白塞病,男∶女=1.27∶1,神经白塞病出现在白塞病发病后的8个月～12年(平均4年)。锥体束损害是神经白塞病最常见的神经系统症状,发生率达41.7%;36例中实质型为25例(脑实质型23例、脊髓实质型2例),颅内高压型4例,混合型3例,其他类型4例。结论中枢神经系统实质型是我国神经白塞病的主要表现形式,CSF和MRI检查不仅是提高神经白塞病检出率和对其分型的有效手段,而且是判断神经白塞病活动性的可靠指标。     

Expression of anti-cardiolipin antibodies and inflammatory associated factors in patients with schizophrenia

Numerous studies have implicated a connection between schizophrenia and autoimmune disorders. However, the precise relationship and underlying mechanism are still obscure. To further identify the association between autoimmune disorders and schizophrenia, the mRNA expressions of various cytokines and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in monocytes are examined by using RT-PCR. Additionally, ELISA and zymography were performed to determine the anti-cardiolipin antibody (aCL) and MMP9 activity in serum form schizophrenic patients. Notably, significantly increased interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 mRNA were observed in schizophrenic patients, whereas significant reductions of TLR-3 and TLR-5 mRNA were detected. Moreover, significantly increased levels of aCL antibody and a higher frequency of positive-MMP9 activity were detected in serum from patients with schizophrenia. Meanwhile, no significant association was found between each of the medications and aCL activity. These findings demonstrated autoimmune-related phenomena in schizophrenic patients and further suggested a connection between schizophrenia and autoimmune disorders.     

Increased oxidative stress and altered activities of erythrocyte free radical scavenging enzymes in autism

Abstract. There is great evidence in recent years that oxygen free radicals play an important role in the pathophysiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. The present study was performed to assess the changes in red blood cells thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) levels, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), adenosine deaminase (ADA) and xanthine oxidase (XO) activities in patients with autism (n = 27) compared to age- and sex-matched normal controls (n = 26). In the autistic group, increased TBARS levels (p < 0.001) and XO (p < 0.001) and SOD (p < 0.001) activity, decreased CAT (p < 0.001) activity and unchanged ADA activity were detected. It is proposed that antioxidant status may be changed in autism and this new situation may induce lipid peroxidation. These findings indicated a possible role of increased oxidative stress and altered enzymatic antioxidants, both of which may be relevant to the pathophysiology of autism.     

Uncoupling of serotonergic and noradrenergic systems in depression: Preliminary evidence from continuous cerebrospinal fluid sampling

We used the technique of continuous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling to test the following hypotheses regarding CNS monoaminergic systems in depression:(1) absolute concentrations of the informational substances tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) are altered in the CNS of depressed patients (2) abnormal rhythms of tryptophan and/or 5-HIAA, or defective conversion of tryptophan to serotonin (5HT), exist in the CNS of depressed patients, and (3) the relationship between the CNS 5HT and norepinephrine (NE) systems is disrupted in depressed patients. We obtained 6-h concentration time series of tryptophan, 5-HIAA, NE, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in the CSF of 10 patients with major depression and in 10 normal volunteers. No significant differences in CSF tryptophan, 5-HIAA, NE, or MHPG concentrations or rhythms were observed between normal volunteers and depressed patients. Neither were there differences in the mean tryptophan-to-serotonin ratio. However, a negative linear relationship was observed between mean concentrations of 5-HIAA and NE in the CSF of the normal volunteers (r = 0.916 [r2 = 0.839], df = 9, P < 0.001) while, in contrast, depressed patients showed no such relationship (r = +0.094 [r2 = 0.00877], df = 9, n.s.). Furthermore, the correlation coefficients expressing the relationship between CSF MHPG and CSF 5-HIAA within the normal and depressed groups were significantly different. These data support the hypothesis that a disturbance in the interaction between the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems can exist in depressive illness in the absence of any simple 5HT or NE deficit or surplus. Depression and Anxiety 6:89–94, 1997.© 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.