髓鞘结合糖蛋白抑制神经干细胞向神经元分化和轴突生长

目的： 观察来源于胚胎大鼠海马神经细胞的特征;观察髓鞘结合糖蛋白(MAG)对神经干细胞的增殖、分化及神经元轴突生长的影响。方法: 从胚胎鼠的海马提取细胞进行体外培养,应用免疫荧光染色法检测神经干细胞(NSCs)标志蛋白nestin和doublecortin的表达。应用BrdU掺入法检测不同剂量的MAG-Fc对NSCs增殖的影响。免疫荧光染色法观察各种亚型神经细胞的比例并比较神经元样细胞的轴突长度。结果: 来自SD大鼠16 d 胚胎海马的细胞明显表现出神经干细胞的特征。神经干细胞分化7 d 后,对照组新生成的β-tubulin Ⅲ阳性细胞的比例为18.17%±2.79%,其轴突长度为(136.27±33.66)μm。MAG-Fc (200 μg/L)处理后,β-tubulin Ⅲ阳性细胞比例和轴突长度分别显著减少为10.05%±3.42% (P<0.01)和(84.87±24.94)μm(P<0.01)。增殖实验表明,不同浓度的MAG-Fc对神经干细胞的BrdU整合比率无明显影响(P>0.05)。结论: MAG-Fc对神经干细胞向神经元样细胞的分化及其轴突的生长均有抑制作用,但对神经干细胞的增殖无明显影响。     

Nogo-p4对神经干细胞分化为双极形星形胶质细胞突起长度的影响

目的 观察Nogo-p4对大鼠脊髓来源神经干细胞（NSCs）分化形成双极形星形胶质细胞突起长度的影响。方法 取4只出生24h内的Wistar大鼠,悬浮培养法培养大鼠脊髓来源的NSCs,形成神经球后,以免疫荧光法鉴定NSCs。把NSCs分为A、B两组,A组加入血清,B组加入血清和Nogo-p4,分化7d后,胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)抗体标记星形     

GSK-3β activation mediates Nogo-66-induced inhibition of neurite outgrowth in N2a cells

The axons of the adult mammalian brain and spinal cord fail to regenerate after injury, and it has been suggested that Nogo-66 could prevent CNS axon repair. However, the mechanism of Nogo-66 inhibiting neurite outgrowth remains unknown. Our previous results indicated that protein kinase B (PKB) is involved in the inhibition of the neurite outgrowth by Nogo-66. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is implicated in many processes in the nervous system, including differentiation, specification, polarity, plasticity and axon growth. In addition, GSK-3β is one of the most important molecules downstream of PKB. In the present study, we report on the role of GSK-3β signaling on Nogo-66-treated mouse neuroblastoma N2a cells. Nogo-66 reduced the phosphorylation of GSK-3β at Ser9 in N2a cells. In contrast, pretreatment with SB216763, a specific inhibitor of GSK-3β, resulted in an amelioration of neurite outgrowth by Nogo-66, compared with the Nogo-66 alone group (P < 0.05). Moreover, we performed RNA interference experiments to knock down GSK-3β expression levels in N2a cells via transient transfection of shRNA plasmids. The inhibition of neurite outgrowth by Nogo-66 was subdued in shRNA cells, compared to the non-RNAi cells (P < 0.05). Taken together, these data suggest that GSK-3β is involved in the inhibition by Nogo-66 of neurite outgrowth in N2a cells.     

Chimeric rabbit/human Fab and IgG specific for members of the Nogo-66 receptor family selected for species cross-reactivity with an improved phage display vector

NgR1, NgR2, and NgR3 which constitute the Nogo-66 receptor family are primarily expressed by neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and believed to limit axonal growth and sprouting following CNS injury. In an attempt to define the expression and decipher the function of individual members of the Nogo-66 receptor family, we previously reported the generation of selective rabbit polyclonal antibodies. Here we exploit the same immune repertoires by phage display technology to generate rabbit monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with nanomolar affinity to epitopes that are specific for NgR1 and NgR2, respectively, but at the same time conserved between mouse, rat, and human orthologs. Employing phage display vector pC3C, a newly designed phagemid optimized for the generation and selection of Fab libraries with human constant domains, rabbit mAbs were selected from chimeric rabbit/human Fab libraries, characterized in terms of specificity, affinity, and amino acid sequence, and finally converted to chimeric rabbit/human IgG. Using immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoprecipitation, we demonstrate strong and specific recognition of cell surface bound Nogo-66 receptor family members by chimeric rabbit/human IgG. The rabbit mAbs reported here together with their amino acid sequences constitute a defined panel of species cross-reactive reagents in infinite supply which will aid investigations toward a functional role of the Nogo-66 receptor family in and beyond the CNS.     

Effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on mouse neural stem cell differentiation In vitro北大核心

BACKGROUND: Application of neural stem cells (NSCs) is of great current interest in neuroscience, but NSCs origin is very limited. And they always differentiate into a large percentage of glial cells and small percentage of neurons in natural differentiation process, so researchers should take effective measures to promote NSCs differentiation into certain offsprings. Previous studies have shown that ginseng saponin ingredients, such as Rb1 and Rg1, have certain influence on NSCs differentiation, but it is unclear whether Rg3 plays a role on NSCs differentiation. OBJECTIVE: To preliminarily investigate the effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on mouse NSCs differentiation into neurons and astrocytes in vitro. METHODS: The fetal cortices of embryonic 14 days (E14) C57BL/6 mice were isolated for culturing primary NSCs. Then passaged NSCs were identified by their purity with NSCs specific antibodies, Nestin and Sox2, by immunofluorescence staining. NSCs were induced for 3 days in the differentiation medium containing ginsenoside Rg3 of different concentrations (blank control, 50 and 250 nmol/L). After that, immunofluorescence staining was used to identify differentiated neurons with neuronal specific antibody, Tuj1, and differentiated astrocytes with astrocyte specific antibody, GFAP. Then, we calculated and statistically analyzed Tuj1+/DAPI and GFAP+/DAPI percentages in the three different groups. Besides, real-time PCR assay was used to test Tuj1 and GFAP mRNA expression in the three groups after 3 days of differentiation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Primary and passaged NSCs were successfully cultured and almost of cells were positive for both Nestin and Sox2, so these high-purity NSCs could be used in the following experiments. Immunofluorescence staining and statistical analysis results showed that compared with the blank control and 250 nmol/L groups, 50 nmol/L group had an obviously increased neuronal percentage after 3 days differentiation (P < 0.01), while the blank control and 250 nmol/L groups had no significant difference (P > 0.05); compared with the blank control group, 50 and 250 nmol/L groups had significantly increased astrocyte percentages (P < 0.05), whereas there was no obvious difference between 50 and 250 nmol/L groups (P > 0.05). The results of real-time PCR assay were similar with the above immunofluorescence results. In conclusion, 50 nmol/L ginsenoside Rg3 can enhance mouse NSCs differentiation into neurons and astrocytes, while 250 nmol/L ginsenoside Rg3 can only promote mouse NSCs differentiation into astrocytes. © 2018, Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research. All rights reserved.     

Nogo与Nogo受体在正常小鼠大脑的分布

NOgo与NOgo受体对抑制中枢神经系统的再生有着重要的作用。本研究用本室制备的抗Nogo和抗Nogo受体的多克隆抗体进行免疫组织化学染色,在低倍镜下计数阳性细胞、观察Nogo与Nogo受体在正常小鼠脑内的分布。结果显示:Nogo样和Nogo受体样免疫阳性结构在大脑皮层、海马、下丘脑、苍白球、尾壳核和黑质等处的神经元细胞核中有较强的表达,而在胞浆和突起内表达较弱。由此我们得出结论,Nogo和Nogo受体蛋白在成年小鼠脑内分布广泛。     

Effect of different regions of Nogo-A on the differentiation of neural progenitors

Nogo-A is an inhibitor of neurite outgrowth and axonal regeneration after CNS injury. Several functional regions including Nogo-66 were identified to mediate the inhibitory effect of Nogo-A. We have reported that Nogo-66 could promote neural progenitors to differentiate into glial cells. Here we exam three other regions of Nogo-A and show two of them also mediate the differentiation of neural progenitors. A 172-residues N-terminal region and a 37-residues C-terminal region of Nogo-A both could inhibit neuronal differentiation and promoted glial cell formation. This study illustrated that Nogo-A had multiple functional domains on the behavior of neuronal cells. The inhibitory effect of neural differentiation of Nogo-A may also contribute to its restraint of CNS repair.     

The Nogo receptor,its ligands and axonal regeneration in the spinal cord; a review

At least three proteins present in CNS myelin, Nogo, MAG and OMgp are capable of causing growth cone collapse and inhibiting neurite outgrowth in vitro. Surprisingly, Nogo and OMgp are also strongly expressed by many neurons (including neocortical projection cells). Nogo expression is increased by some cells at the borders of CNS lesion sites and by cells in injured peripheral nerves, but Nogo and CNS myelin are largely absent from spinal cord injury sites, which are none the less strongly inhibitory to axonal regeneration. Nogo is found on growing axons during development, suggesting possible functions for neuronal Nogo in axon guidance. Although Nogo, MAG and OMgp lack sequence homologies, they all bind to the Nogo receptor (NgR), a GPI-linked cell surface molecule which, in turn, binds p75 to activate RhoA. NgR is strongly expressed by cerebral cortical neurons but many other neurons express NgR weakly or not at all. Some neurons, such as DRG cells, respond to Nogo and CNS myelin in vitro although they express little or no NgR in vivo which, with other data, indicates that other receptors are available for NgR ligands. NgR expression is unaffected by injury to the nervous system, and there is no clear correlation between NgR expression by neurons and lack of regenerative ability. In the injured spinal cord, interactions between NgR and its ligands are most likely to be important for limiting regeneration of corticospinal and some other descending tracts; other receptors may be more important for ascending tracts. Antibodies to Nogo, mainly the poorly-characterised IN-1 or its derivatives, have been shown to enhance recovery from partial transections of the spinal cord. They induce considerable plasticity from the axons of corticospinal neurons, including sprouting across the midline and, to a limited extent, regeneration around the lesion. Regeneration of corticospinal axons induced by Nogo antibodies has not yet been demonstrated after complete transections or contusion injuries of the spinal cord. It is not clear whether antibodies against Nogo act on oligodendrocytes/myelin or by binding to neuronal Nogo, or whether they can stimulate regeneration of ascending axons in the spinal cord, most of which express little or no NgR. Despite these uncertainties, however, NgR and its ligands offer important new targets for enhancing plasticity and regeneration in the nervous system.An erratum to this article can be found at     

NOGO-66 receptor deficient mice show slow acquisition of spatial memory task performance

The Nogo-66 receptor (NgR1) is part of a co-receptor complex on neurons that transmits a signal for inhibition of neurite outgrowth. In addition, NgR1 function has also been related to other disorders such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Here, we studied the effect of life-long deletion of NgR1 (ngr^−/−) in tests for cognition and positive symptoms of schizophrenia. In the water maze, ngr^−/− mice learned to locate the hidden platform as well as wild type mice, although with slower acquisition. Deletion of NgR1 did not affect amphetamine- or phencyclidine (PCP)-induced hyperactivity, two models of positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Taken together, ngr^−/− animals show slower acquisition of a spatial learning and memory task.     

LINGO-1 is a component of the Nogo-66 receptor/p75 signaling complex

Axon regeneration in the adult CNS is prevented by inhibitors in myelin. These inhibitors seem to modulate RhoA activity by binding to a receptor complex comprising a ligand-binding subunit (the Nogo-66 receptor NgR1) and a signal transducing subunit (the neurotrophin receptor p75). However, in reconstituted non-neuronal systems, NgR1 and p75 together are unable to activate RhoA, suggesting that additional components of the receptor may exist. Here we describe LINGO-1, a nervous system-specific transmembrane protein that binds NgR1 and p75 and that is an additional functional component of the NgR1/p75 signaling complex. In non-neuronal cells, coexpression of human NgR1, p75 and LINGO-1 conferred responsiveness to oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein, as measured by RhoA activation. A dominant-negative human LINGO-1 construct attenuated myelin inhibition in transfected primary neuronal cultures. This effect on neurons was mimicked using an exogenously added human LINGO-1-Fc fusion protein. Together these observations suggest that LINGO-1 has an important role in CNS biology.     

Increased expression of tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 within dorsal root ganglia in a rat model of bone cancer pain

Astrocytes were reported to show neuroprotective effects on neurons, but there was no direct evidence for a functional relationship between astrocytes and neural stem cells (NSCs). In this experiments, we examined neuronal differentiation of NSCs induced by protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes in a co-culture model respectively. Two types of astrocytes and NSCs were isolated from E13 to 15 cortex of rats. The neuronal differentiation of NSCs was examined after co-culture with two kinds of astrocytes. There were more neuronal marker β-tublin III positive cells from NSCs co-cultured with protoplasmic astrocytes. However the differentiated neurons, whether co-cultured with protoplasmic astrocytes or fibrous astrocytes, both expressed glutamate AMPA receptor subunit GluR2 protein and exhibited biological electrical reactivity after stimulated by glutamine. Therefore, these findings indicated that two types of astrocytes could induce the differentiation of NSCs and also possibly induce functional maturation of differentiated neurons, among which protoplasmic astrocytes have the ability to promote neuronal differentiation of NSCs compared with fibrous astrocytes.     

脑源性神经营养因子体外诱导神经干细胞向神经元分化

目的观察脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)对新生SD大鼠海马神经干细胞在体外分化为神经元的作用。方法取新生SD大鼠海马组织,以无血清培养技术培养获得神经干细胞,在BDNF诱导下让其在体外分化,7d后,通过免疫荧光技术结合图像分析技术来观察分化所得神经丝(neurofilament,NF)抗原阳性神经元的比率及其最长突起的长度。结果BDNF组分化所得细胞NF阳性率为13.66%,神经元突起长度为(146.27±26.30)μm,对照组分化所得细胞NF阳性率为9.38%,神经元突起长度为(117.00±23.98)μm,两组结果有显著性差异。结论BDNF能提高新生SD大鼠海马神经干细胞体外定向分化为神经元的比率,并且能刺激新生神经元突起的生长。     

兔抗Nogo-66受体(NgR)LRR片段抗体的制备和鉴定

目的:制备兔抗Nogo66受体(NgR)片段LRR的抗体,并进行特性鉴定。方法:采用原核系统表达大鼠NgR的LRR片段,经纯化后免疫新西兰兔制备抗LRR的抗体,分别用Westernblot、免疫组化染色法检测抗体的效价和特异性。结果:获得高效价的兔抗大鼠LRR的抗体,该抗体能够识别大鼠脑和脊髓组织中的NgR分子。脊髓切片的免疫组化染色结果显示,NgR分子在神经元中广泛表达。结论:制备出能特异性识别天然NgR分子的抗体,为检测NgR分子并进一步研究其功能奠定了基础。     

枸杞多糖对氯化甲基汞诱导海马神经干细胞损伤的保护作用

目的 观察分析枸杞多糖对氯化甲基汞所诱导神经干细胞(NSCs)损伤的影响.方法 取孕16 d SD大鼠胚胎的海马组织,分离纯化得到海马NSCs.将纯化后的海马NSCs增殖、生长10 d后,按随机分组方法 将其分为空白对照组(DMEM/F12培养基);枸杞多糖组(DMEM/F12培养基+枸杞多糖);氯化甲基汞组(DMEM/F12培养基+氯化甲基汞);氯化甲基汞+枸杞多糖组(DMEM/F12培养基+氯化甲基汞+枸杞多糖).分别测定各组生长环境中的海马NSCs分化、生长的情况,观察分析氯化甲基汞对海马NSCs的损伤作用,以及枸杞多糖干预后对海马NSCs的影响.结果 氯化甲基汞组和空白对照组比较,加入氯化甲基汞后的海马NSCs分化后的神经元比例(3.63%±0.62%)和神经元的周长(63.36μm ±5.57 μm)都较空白对照低;枸杞多糖组和其他各组比较,海马NSCs分化后的神经元比例(7.75%±0.59%)和神经元的周长(253.3μm ±11.21μm)都较其他各组高;氯化甲基汞+枸杞多糖组和氯化甲基汞组比较,前者生长环境下的海马NSCs分化后的神经元比例(5.92%±0.98%)和神经元的周长(111.9μm ±6.07μm)较氯化甲基汞组高.结论 氯化甲基汞对海马NSCs的分化、生长具有损伤作用;枸杞多糖可以减轻氯化甲基汞对海马NSCs的损伤作用,并能促进海马NSCs向神经元的分化及神经元的生长.     

atRA对新生大鼠纹状体神经干细胞增殖和分化的影响

目的：研究全反式视黄酸（atRA）对体外培养的NSCs分裂增殖和分化的作用及其机制。 方法： 分离培养新生SD大鼠纹状体神经干细胞（NSCs），免疫荧光细胞染色加以鉴定；采用不同组合配方的培养液培养细胞，FCM检测atRA对NSCs细胞周期分布和增殖的影响；利用免疫荧光鉴定和分化细胞的分类计数法，判定atRA对NSCs分化的影响。 结果： 细胞周期分析表明，atRA处理组G0/G1期细胞数量显著增加，PI值小于对照组。atRA处理组与对照组的NSCs，经诱导分化后产生的细胞类型有显著差异，atRA处理组产生的神经元是对照组的2.5倍。 结论： atRA能抑制NSCs细胞增殖，并抵消生长因子对NSCs的促有丝分裂作用，atRA还促进NSCs向神经元方向分化。     

联合应用EGF和NGF对成年大鼠海马神经干细胞分化的影响

目的探讨联合应用表皮生长因子(EGF)和神经生长因子(NGF)对成年大鼠海马神经干细胞(NSCs)分化的影响。方法用含碱性成纤维生长因子(bFGF)、表皮生长因子、B27的无血清细胞培养技术体外培养成年大鼠海马神经干细胞,单克隆培养细胞行Nestin免疫细胞化学染色,诱导分化1w后细胞行GFAP和NSE免疫细胞化学染色;根据培养基中所加营养因子的不同将第4代细胞分为4组培养:EGF组、EGF+NGF组、NGF组、对照组,此4组细胞培养1w后行NSE免疫细胞化学染色,计数阳性细胞比例后进行统计学分析。结果单克隆培养后克隆球表达Nestin,诱导分化1w后细胞表达NSE、GFAP。与空白对照组相比,EGF组、NGF组和EGF+NGF组细胞分化为神经元的比例较高(P<0.05),其中EGF+NGF组细胞的比例最高。结论单独或联合应用EGF、NGF可以促进成年大鼠海马神经干细胞向神经元分化。     

Effects of collagen 1, fibronectin, laminin and hyaluronic acid concentration in multi-component gels on neurite extension

Recovery after peripheral nerve injury remains a significant challenge. Extracellular matrix proteins and hydrogels of extracellular matrix components have been shown to improve regeneration in peripheral nerve entubulation models, especially over long distances. The chemical properties, ligand identity and density, and mechanical properties of the hydrogel can affect neurite extension. However, the importance of combinatorial effects between different components in co-gels of several extracellular matrix components is unclear. In this study, we investigated neurite extension from explanted dorsal root ganglia cultured within co-gels made from laminin, fibronectin, collagen 1 and hyaluronic acid. Laminin had a strong, dose-dependent effect on both neurite length and outgrowth. Fibronectin was slightly, but generally not significantly, inhibitory to neurite extension. The concentration of collagen 1 and hyaluronic acid did not have significant effects on neurite extension. The combinatorial effects among the four components were additive rather than synergistic. A co-gel made with 1.5 mg/ml collagen 1 and 1.5 mg/ml laminin was optimum in this study, resulting in an average neurite length of 1532 +/- 91 microm versus 976 +/- 32 microm for controls, and an increase in overall volume outgrowth (reflecting neurite length and branching) of 85.9+/-9.3% over controls. This co-gel provides a mechanically stable scaffold with high ligand density and biochemical affinity. The results of this study support the use of co-gels of laminin and collagen 1 for promoting regeneration in peripheral nerve injuries and suggest that interactions among hydrogel components are not significant.     

The use of a gold nanoparticle-based adjuvant to improve the therapeutic efficacy of hNgR-Fc protein immunization in spinal cord-injured rats

As a common receptor for three myelin associated inhibitors, Nogo-66 receptor (NgR) mediates their inhibitory activities on neurite outgrowth in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Therapeutic vaccination protocol targeting NgR emulsified with Freund's adjuvant (FA) has been used in spinal cord injury (SCI) models. However, the vaccine emulsified with FA may induce some side effects, which are not suitable for further clinical application. As an adjuvant, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) could stimulate a stronger immune response without producing detectable toxicity and physiological damage than FA. There is, however, uncertainty regarding the efficacy of axon regeneration and neuroprotection in vaccines with GNPs as an adjuvant. In this investigation, a recombinant protein vaccine targeting NgR, human NgR-Fc (hNgR-Fc) fusion protein conjugated with 15?nm GNPs was prepared and its effects on axonal regeneration and functional recovery in spinal cord-injured rats were investigated. The results showed that adult rats immunized with the protein vaccine produced higher titers of anti-NgR antibody than that with FA, and the antisera promoted neurite outgrowth in presence of MAG in?vitro. In a spinal cord dorsal hemisection model, vaccine immunized with GNPs promoted axonal regeneration more effectively than FA, resulted in significant protection from neuronal loss, and improved functional recovery. Thus, as an adjuvant, 15?nm GNPs can effectively boost the immunogenicity of hNgR-Fc protein vaccine, and promote the repair of spinal cord-injured rats. The utilization of GNPs, for clinical considerations, may be a more beneficial supplement than FA to the promising therapeutic vaccination strategy for promoting SCI repair.