毛叶香茶菜HPLC指纹图谱的建立及其液-质联用分析

目的 建立毛叶香茶菜药材的HPLC指纹图谱,并通过UPLC-ESI-MS技术对毛叶香茶菜药材中的化学成分进行定性分析。方法 采用Kromasil 100-5 C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,甲醇-0.1%冰醋酸为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为1 mL·min^-1,检测波长为239 nm,柱温为30℃。结果 建立了毛叶香茶菜药材的指纹图谱,标定了12个共有色谱峰,通过对照品指认、文献比对以及高分辨质谱数据解析,初步鉴定指认了其中7个共有峰化学成分。结论 该方法准确可靠、重复性较好,科学、有效地对毛叶香茶菜进行了整体评价,为更好地控制毛叶香茶菜内在质量提供了科学依据。     

冬凌草甲素固态类脂纳米粒在小鼠体内的组织分布及兔体内的药代动力学

目的考察冬凌草甲素固态类脂纳米粒在动物体内的组织分布及药代动力学特性。方法建立生物样品中冬凌草甲素的HPLC测定法，比较冬凌草甲素普通注射液和固态类脂纳米粒注射液的体内分布特点与药代动力学参数。结果冬凌草甲素固态类脂纳米粒在肝、脾、肺、心及肾中的相对摄取率分别为4.25%，3.44%，1.19%，0.52%和0.60%。静脉注射后的药-时曲线表明体内过程符合三室模型，其各相半衰期分别为T_1/2π=0.087 h，T_1/2α=1.65 h，T_1/2β=32.36 h，中心分布容积V_C=0.66 mL·kg^-1。结论冬凌草甲素固态类脂纳米粒能够增强药物的肝脾靶向性，提高药物生物利用度，并在一定程度上延长药物在动物体内的循环时间。固态类脂纳米粒可能成为冬凌草甲素的一种新型药物载体。     

HPLC同时测定衢枳壳中7种指标成分的含量

目的 建立HPLC同时测定衢枳壳中芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、木犀草素、川陈皮素和桔皮素含量。方法 采用Agilent Extend C₁₈（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,检测波长：330 nm,以乙腈-0.1%甲酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速：1 ml·min^-1,柱温：30℃。结果 芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、木犀草素、川陈皮素、桔皮素分别在23.30~1 164.80 ng,170.84~8 541.91 ng,17.22~861.20 ng,156.17~7 808.64 ng,3.13~156.48 ng,0.90~45.23 ng,0.85~42.27 ng内线性关系良好（r ≥ 0.999 5,n=6）,平均回收率分别为98.8%,101.3%,98.3%,96.8%,101.8%,101.7%,108.9%。结论 首次建立了衢枳壳中7个成分HPLC含量测定方法,该方法简便,结果准确,可为综合评价衢枳壳质量提供依据。     

糙苏的化学成分

目的：分离鉴定糙苏(Phlomis umbrosa Turcz)根茎的化学成分。方法：95%工业EtOH浸提,经硅胶柱色谱分离纯化,用IR,MS,UV,¹HNMR,¹³CNMR等方法确定化学结构。结果：分得3个化合物,分别为糙苏苷(umbroside),4-羟甲基-2-糠醛(4-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde)和一已知B-seco-贝壳杉烯二萜化合物黄花香茶菜素A(sculponeatin A)。结论：糙苏苷(umbroside),4-羟甲基-2-糠醛(4-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde)为两个新化合物,黄花香茶菜素A系首次从该植物中分得,并首次系统归属其¹H和¹³CNMR谱信号。     

冬凌草的化学成分研究

目的 研究冬凌草的化学成分。方法 利用硅胶柱色谱、中压液相色谱、高效液相色谱等色谱技术对冬凌草甲醇提取物进行分离纯化,通过波谱数据分析,鉴定了化合物的结构,利用噻唑蓝(MTT)法测试化合物抗肿瘤活性。结果 从冬凌草中共分离鉴定6个化合物,分别为：rabdosianin A（1）、parvifoline G（2）、rabdoternin C（3）、betulin（4）、betulinic acid（5）、古柯二醇（6）。结论 化合物6为首次从香茶菜属中分离得到,化合物1、2、4、5为首次从冬凌草中分离得到。化合物5对人白血病细胞K562有较强的抑制作用,IC₅₀值为1.45 µmol·L^-1。     

HPLC同时测定消炎利胆片中5种活性成分的含量

目的 建立HPLC同时测定消炎利胆片中5种活性成分（绿原酸、迷迭香酸、穿心莲内酯、芹菜素、脱水穿心莲内酯）的方法。方法 采用phenomonex^®-C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈（A）-0.4%的磷酸水溶液（B）为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温为30℃,检测波长为330 nm（绿原酸、迷迭香酸、芹菜素）和254 nm（穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯）。结果 绿原酸、迷迭香酸、穿心莲内酯、芹菜素和脱水穿心莲内酯检测浓度分别在3.042~121.7 μg·mL^-1、2.558~102.3 μg·mL^-1、14.11~564.4 μg·mL^-1、2.835~113.4 μg·mL^-1、23.86~954.3 μg·mL^-1内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r ≥ 0.999 6）,平均加样回收率为97.90%~101.75%,RSD为0.89%~1.66%,仪器精密度、重复性、稳定性良好。结论 本试验所建立的方法准确可靠、重复性好,可为消炎利胆片的质量控制提供科学的依据。     

液相色谱-质谱联用法测定犬血浆中盐酸关附甲素的血药浓度及其药代动力学

目的建立用于测定盐酸关附甲素血药浓度的液相色谱-质谱联用分析方法,并探讨关附甲素在犬体内的药代动力学。方法犬6只iv盐酸关附甲素7.56 mg·kg^-1后采集一系列血样,利用LC-MS联用系统测定血浆药物浓度,并用3P87软件拟合求算药代动力学参数。结果盐酸关附甲素浓度0.42～21.2 μg·mL^-1线性关系良好(γ=0.9994)。绝对回收率高于80%,日内、日间RSD均小于15%,符合生物样品分析要求。6只犬iv盐酸关附甲素7.56 mg·kg^-1后的血药浓度-时间曲线符合开放三室模型,其快分布相、慢分布相和末端消除相的半衰期(_t1/2π,_t1/2α和_t1/2β)分别为0.07,1.5和13.5 h。曲线下面积(AUC)、中央室分布容积(V_c)和血浆清除率(CLs)分别为61.43 μg·h·mL^-1,0.37 L·kg^-1和0.14 L·kg^-1·h^-1。结论建立的LC-MS联用方法专属性强,灵敏度高,可用于盐酸关附甲素的体内定量分析。     

冬凌草的化学成分研究

目的:研究香茶菜属植物冬凌草的化学成分。方法:采用硅胶、MCI GEL-CHP 20P、Sephadex LH-20柱和重结晶技术对冬凌草的化学成分进行分离纯化,根据理化性质和波谱数据分析鉴定化合物的结构。结果:从冬凌草中分离得到8个化合物,分别鉴定为24ζ-甲基-5α-羊毛甾烷-25-酮(1)、Maoyecrystal F(2)、瘿花香茶菜甲素(3)、β-谷甾醇(4)、胡萝卜苷(5)、二十七酸(6)、冬凌草甲素(7)、冬凌草乙素(8)。结论:化合物1为首次从香茶菜属植物分离得到,化合物3和化合物6为首次从冬凌草中分离得到;本研究为冬凌草质量评价奠定了一定基础。     

中药橘核质量标准研究

目的 建立中药橘核中柠檬苦素、诺米林、黄柏酮高效液相色谱含量测定方法。 方法 以高效液相色谱法，色谱柱：Agilent SB-C₁₈（250 mm×4.5 mm,5 μm），流动相乙腈-水（64:36）等度洗脱，柱温：30℃，检测波长：210nm，流速：1.0 mL·min^-1，进样量：10 μL。结果柠檬苦素、诺米林、黄柏酮分别在0.396~3.960、0.404~4.040、0.392~3.920 μg；柠檬苦素、诺米林、黄柏酮定量限分别为1.07、1.34、1.48 ng；检测限分别为0.39、0.22、0.35 ng。柠檬苦素平均加样回收率为100.23%，RSD为0.21%；诺米林平均加样回收率为99.89%，RSD为0.89%；黄柏酮平均加样回收率为100.68%，RSD为1.13%。结论本研究开发的中药橘核中柠檬苦素、诺米林、黄柏酮高效液相色谱含量测定方法，操作简便、重复性高、稳定性、精密性良好，可用于橘核的质量控制。     

HPLC-ELSD法测定浙贝母中主要生物碱的含量

目的利用HPLC-ELSD测定贝母类药材中的贝母素甲和贝母素乙。方法XTerra RP18色谱柱(150 mm×3.9 mm ID, 5 μm)，流动相为乙腈-10 mmol·L^-1 NH₄HCO₃(浓氨水调至pH 10.10)=A∶B系统，梯度洗脱，以ELSD检测。结果贝母素甲在1.09-4.36 μg，贝母素乙在1.04-4.16 μg与峰面积的对数值呈线性关系，回收率分别为98.96%(n=4)，RSD 1.01%；98.40%(n=4)，RSD 2.63%。结论本方法能够很好地测定浙贝母药材中的主要生物碱贝母素甲、贝母素乙，可用于浙贝母药材的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.