尺骨冠突前内侧面骨折研究进展

尺骨冠突在肘关节稳定性中的作用越来越受到重视.解剖研究发现约有58%的尺骨冠突前内侧面没有尺骨干骺端和骨干的支持,受到内翻应力极易发生骨折.肘关节内翻、后内侧旋转损伤可引起冠突前内侧面骨折,常伴有肱尺关节半脱位和外侧副韧带起点处撕脱损伤.肘内侧副韧带前束不易受损.常表现为完整的内侧副韧带前束连带着前内侧面骨折块,一般骨折块较大,可引起肘关节内侧不稳.目前此类骨折以手术治疗为主,可先行肘内侧入路暴露骨折处,直视下解剖复位和牢固固定骨折块,再通过肘后外侧入路修复受损的外侧副韧带.重建冠突稳定性和修复受损的外侧副韧带可使肘关节获得稳定,并达到满意的治疗效果.但该法主要适用于单纯冠突前内侧面骨折,如果骨折是肘部复杂骨折脱位的一部分,可根据骨折类型选择合适的手术入路和固定方法.     

前内侧入路结合外侧入路内固定治疗肘关节三联征

目的：探讨前内侧入路结合外侧入路治疗肘关节三联征的临床疗效。方法：2009年11月至2013年3月,采用前内侧入路结合外侧入路治疗肘关节三联征17例,男11例,女6例;年龄22~68岁,平均36.6岁;左侧10例,右侧7例。术中前内侧入路采用肘关节前内侧切口桡侧腕屈肌和掌长肌之间劈开指浅屈肌入路对冠状突骨折进行复位内固定,外侧入路采用肘关节外侧Kocher入路,沿肱骨外上髁在肱三头肌和肱桡肌间隙切开,向下在后侧的肘肌和尺侧腕伸肌间隙切开,显露外侧副韧带、关节囊和桡骨小头,采用微型钢板及螺钉固定桡骨小头,用带线锚钉修复外侧副韧带复合体。术后根据Mayo肘关节功能评分评价肘关节功能。结果：所有患者获得随访,时间13~24个月,平均12.4个月。所有患者术后末次随访时肘关节平均屈曲（134.0±8.8）°,平均伸直受限（6.4±2.3）°。末次随访时Mayo肘关节功能评分：疼痛42.4±5.9,屈伸活动17.6±2.6,关节稳定性9.7±1.2,日常生活功能22.1±2.5,总分91.8±7.9;优13例,良4例。术后2例出现一过性尺神经麻痹症状,异位骨化1例,无感染、骨折不愈合、肘关节不稳、脱位及僵硬等并发症发生。结论：前内侧入路结合外侧入路治疗肘关节三联征疗效可靠,术中能充分显露骨折部位,利于内固定植入,带线锚钉修复韧带可使关节获得充分稳定性,利于早期功能锻炼。     

冠突前内侧面骨折与外侧副韧带损伤的治疗

目的探讨冠突前内侧骨折后,外侧副韧带是否需要全部修复。 方法选自2012年7月至2016年7月天津医院共收治的19例冠突前内侧骨折患者,排除1例合并桡骨远端骨折患者,1例既往关节炎患者。术前行影像学检查,包括肘关节正侧位X线片、CT检查,以明确损伤类型。根据O’Driscoll分型2-1型4例,2-2型9例,2-3型4例。所有患者均采用肘关节内侧入路（尺侧腕屈肌入路）,固定冠突骨折后,给予内翻应力试验,如为阳性,修复外侧副韧带;如为阴性,不修复。采用Mayo肘关节功能评分（mayo elbow performance score,MEPS）、上肢功能障碍评分（disability of arm shoulder and hand,DASH）、视觉模拟评分法（visual analogue scale/score,VAS）对肘关节功能进行评价。 结果冠突骨折固定后,内翻试验阳性患者13例,给予外侧副韧带修补术,阴性患者4例,未给予外侧副韧带修补。所有患者均获得满意的肘关节评分,MEPS平均97.6分,DASH平均4.13分,VAS平均0.4分;关节炎Broberg-Morrey标准I度5例。 结论在冠突前内侧骨折的治疗中,冠突固定后的内翻试验对于判断肘关节稳定性至关重要,外侧副韧带修复与否取决于内翻应力试验。     

医用胶加微型螺钉治疗肘关节恐怖三联征

目的探讨医用胶加微型螺钉治疗肘关节恐怖三联征的方法。方法所有手术均采用臂丛麻醉、气囊止血带止血。14例患者采用单纯外侧入路，5例采用外侧联合内侧入路。大部分受损结构都可通过单纯肘外侧入路得到修复，由冠状突骨折-前关节囊-桡骨头骨折-外侧副韧带复合体伸肌腱起点受损结构依次进行修复。术后7～14d行肌肉等长收缩功能锻炼。采用Mayo肘关节功能评分标准进行疗效评估。结果本组19例患者术后经10～36个月的随访，Mayo评分：优10例，良6例，可3例，优良率为84％。结论肘关节恐怖三联征的治疗原则为重建肘关节同心圆中心复位及可靠的稳定性。     

肘关节内翻-后内侧旋转不稳定

肘关节内翻-后内侧旋转不稳定是指冠状突前内侧面骨折或缺损、外侧副韧带损伤和外侧肱桡关节间隙增宽,骨性损伤使冠状突相对于滑车内侧缘发生半脱位。文献报道由于冠状突相对于尺骨干其72%是突出于尺骨干的,因此一旦受到轴向外力撞击,容易发生骨折。肘关节内翻-后内侧旋转不稳定典型的影像学表现为肱桡关节面增宽,冠状突内侧面骨折。由于认识不足,易漏诊,治疗不当或不及时,会引起严重并发症;包括关节不稳定和陈旧性脱位、肘内翻、关节迅速退变出现创伤性关节炎、异位骨化、肘关节僵硬、尺神经炎等。在临床上我们需注意的是,这种损伤与肘关节恐怖三联征损伤机制是相反的。肘关节内翻-后内侧旋转不稳定病因包括骨折未获得解剖复位、骨折不愈合,继发性移位和冠状突骨折块缺血性坏死。因此需早期诊断并通过合理的治疗,能有效防止并发症的发生。多数学者认为此类患者需手术治疗,如冠状突前内侧面骨折块较小,且肘关节稳定性好的患者可以考虑保守治疗。在处理冠状突前内侧骨折时建议采用钢板结合克氏针进行固定。冠状突骨折固定完成后,如外侧不稳定,可切开修复,也可采用铰链式外固定架进行固定保护,外架固定术后第二天即可开始康复训练,效果更确切。对于外侧副韧带复合体是否必须修复有待进一步研究。     

单一外侧入路治疗肘部损伤"三联征"的修复技巧及疗效分析

目的 探讨采用单一肘关节外侧入路治疗肘部损伤"三联征"的手术扩大显露、修复技巧及临床疗效.方法 对2007年5月至2010年3月收治的6例肘部损伤"三联征"患者采用单一肘关节外侧入路,由深至浅依次修复下列结构:冠状突骨折、桡骨头骨折、外侧副韧带、伸肌总腱起点.并用自创的方法对冠状突骨折进行扩大显露,直视下复位与牢靠固定,对肘关节外侧结构的撕裂进行有效修复.本组患者均未做肘关节内侧副韧带的探查与修复.随访时采用Mayo肘关节功能评分(MEPS)对患者肘关节功能进行评价.结果 本组患者随访3～24个月,平均11个月.所有患者骨折均获骨性愈合,肘部屈伸活动度105°～135°,平均120.0°;前臂旋转活动度150°～170°,平均168.3°;MEPS评分93～95分,平均93.3分,均为优.所有患者均无伤口感染,伤口一期愈合.结论 单一肘关节外侧入路结合相应手术技巧的改进,解决了肘部损伤"三联征"中冠状突骨折复位与固定的疑难问题,对肘关节外侧结构的修复也更加简单、牢靠,是一种临床可行且疗效满意的手术方式.     

桡骨头骨折治疗方法的选择

目的讨论桡骨头骨折的治疗方法及效果。方法2001年1月至2006年1月治疗桡骨头骨折35例，按Manson分Ⅰ型，型9例；Ⅱ型11例，合并肘内侧副韧带损伤3例；Ⅲ型13例，合并肘内侧副韧带损伤5例，Essex—Lopresti损伤1例；Ⅳ型2例，均合并肘内侧副韧带损伤，其中尺骨冠状突骨折1例。Ⅰ型骨折肘关节制动2周后开始功能锻炼；Ⅱ型骨折桡骨头切开复位固定后，检查肘关节伸直位外翻稳定性，早期肘关节功能锻炼；Ⅲ型骨折切开复位或桡骨头切除，石膏固定3周；Ⅳ型骨折先复位肘关节，肘外侧入路切开复位固定桡骨头，合并冠状突骨折者肘前入路切开复位固定，石膏固定3周。结果30例患者得到平均2．1年随访，按照Anderson肘关节屈曲及前臂旋转功能评价标准评价。Ⅰ型7例：优5例，良2例；Ⅱ型9例：优4例，良4例，差1例；Ⅲ型12例：优5例，良2例，可1例，差4例；Ⅳ型2例：可1例，差1例。结论按桡骨头骨折Manson分型，随着损伤级别增加，治疗效果逐渐变差。合并肘内侧副韧带损伤者，术毕检查肘关节伸直位外翻稳定性，不稳定者石膏固定3周，不必切开修复。桡骨头切除适用于Manson型切开复位固定困难者，效果好。     

尺骨冠状突前内侧面骨折伴肘关节外侧副韧带损伤的手术治疗

目的探讨尺骨冠状突前内侧面骨折伴肘关节外侧副韧带损伤的手术治疗方法及临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析2011年4月至2014年7月四川省骨科医院收治且获完整随访的9例尺骨冠状突前内侧面骨折伴肘关节外侧副韧带损伤患者临床资料。其中男6例,女3例;年龄20~62岁,平均41岁。致伤原因：跌伤3例,自行车伤1例,电动自行车伤3例,交通事故伤2例。均为新鲜闭合骨折;无神经、血管损伤。受伤至手术时间4~12 d,平均7.2 d。均为O'Driscoll分型2型,其中1亚型1例,2亚型5例,3亚型3例。其中肘关节外侧副韧带肱骨外髁止点撕脱骨折4例,其余5例术中证实肘关节外侧副韧带肱骨外髁止点撕脱。伴有尺骨鹰嘴骨折或为肘关节恐怖三联征患者未纳入本组。经肘关节前侧或内侧入路复位,以支撑钢板、缝合锚、螺钉固定冠状突骨折及修复前侧关节囊。经后外侧入路,以缝合锚修复外侧副韧带。 结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无血管神经损伤。随访时间12~48个月,平均25.6个月,X线片示骨折均愈合。随访期间无内固定物失效、肘关节不稳定、创伤后骨关节炎等并发症发生。末次随访时患肘关节活动范围：伸肘0~10°,平均1.1°;屈肘110~135°,平均128.9°;前臂旋前40~70°,平均61.1°;旋后80~90°,平均88.9°。Broberg和Morrey肘关节功能评分为82~100分,平均95分;优6例,良3例,优良率100%。疼痛视觉模拟评分为0~2分,平均0.7分。 结论重视和识别尺骨冠状突前内侧面骨折伴肘关节外侧副韧带损伤,对于存在肘关节内翻后内侧旋转不稳定者,根据冠状突骨折块的大小、部位及形态,经肘关节前侧或内侧入路复位,以支撑钢板、缝合锚及螺钉固定,修复前侧关节囊,经肘关节后外侧入路,以缝合锚修复外侧副韧带,术后早期活动锻炼,可获得满意疗效。     

肘关节“三联征”的手术疗效分析

目的:回顾分析手术治疗肘关节后脱位合并桡骨头和尺骨冠状突骨折的临床疗效。方法:2004年1月至2009年3月,收治9例"三联征"患者。其中男7例,女2例;左侧4例,右侧5例;年龄21～67岁,平均41.2岁。桡骨头骨折根据Schatzker-Tile分类:Ⅰ型4例,Ⅱ型3例,Ⅲ型2例。尺骨冠状突骨折根据Regan-Morrey分类:Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型5例,Ⅲ型2例。手术方式采用由深入浅的层次修复,依次为冠状突骨折、前关节囊、桡骨头骨折、外侧关节囊和伸肌总腱起点。如存在外翻不稳定,需要修复内侧副韧带。术后肘关节完全旋前位屈曲90°固定7～10d,6周以内避免进行完全伸直旋后位功能锻炼(这种体位容易导致肘关节旋后不稳定)。8周可以进行肌力锻炼,3个月左右可以恢复日常生活。结果:所有患者得到随访,时间6个月～5年,平均(31±6)个月。术后3个月:屈伸度为80°～110°,平均(102±3)°;前臂旋转度100°～150°,平均(135±6)°。根据Mayo肘关节评分标准,优5例,良3例,一般1例,差0例。其中3例术后6个月出现异位骨化,2例不影响功能未进行处置,1例影响屈伸功能,给予外侧入路切除骨化块,术后早期功能锻炼,MEP评分由一般升为良。结论:肘关节"三联征"的治疗关键是恢复正常的肱桡、肱尺关节解剖关系,修复损伤的韧带及关节囊,保证肘关节的稳定。如果软组织损伤严重可以采用铰链式外固定架固定促进软组织的修复,同时并不影响肘关节的早期功能锻炼,避免肘关节僵硬。     

尺骨冠突前内侧关节面骨折合并肘关节脱位/半脱位(附2例报告)

[目的]介绍"尺骨冠突前内侧关节面骨折合并肘关节后脱位/内旋半脱位"的新概念.[方法]自2005年1月～2006年12月收治2例患者,其损伤特征包括:肘关节后脱位或内旋半脱位;冠突前内侧关节面劈裂骨折呈倒立三角形,连带内侧副韧带前束的附着点高耸结节,为O'Driscoll Ⅱ型;外侧副韧带从起点撕脱.治疗上采用肘关节内、外侧入路,分别固定骨折和修复韧带,并随访1年以上.[结果]肘关节无疼痛和不稳,屈伸和旋转幅度与健侧相同,恢复伤前体力工作.MEPS评分和DASH评分均为优.[结论]认识这一新的肘关节损伤类型,并手术固定骨折和修复韧带,能获得优良的功能效果.     

Management of Posttraumatic Posterior Elbow Defects by Nonmicrosurgical Reconstruction

Introduction  Reconstruction of posterior defects is challenging due to the quality and uniqueness of the excess skin at the elbow that is durable, thick, pliable, and without much subcutaneous tissue. The goal of reconstruction is to cover the elbow defects with a durable skin cover that will facilitate full passive range of motion. In this era of microsurgery, free tissue transfer is feasible for almost any defect. However, in this article, we discuss various locoregional and pedicled flap options and the protocol followed at our institute to tackle posttraumatic posterior elbow defects. Materials and Methods  This is a retrospective analysis of 48 patients with posttraumatic posterior elbow defects admitted from January 2012 to February 2020. Posterior elbow defects were assessed according to the size and location and managed with a nonmicrosurgical reconstruction. Results  Of 48 patients, 32 were managed with nonmicrosurgical flaps. Eighteen patients had large defects and 14 had small defects. Reverse lateral forearm flap was the workhorse flap for defect coverage. Of 32 flaps, nine developed complications; however, no patient had total flap necrosis. Conclusion  Posterior elbow defects are a difficult problem to tackle. To achieve optimal results, all patients with elbow trauma should be attended and managed by orthopaedic and plastic surgeons in collaboration for optimal results. We believe that most of these defects can be resurfaced by nonmicrosurgical reconstruction with proper planning and execution and their utility cannot be understated.     

肘外侧小切口伸肌总腱切断治疗顽固性网球肘

目的：对肘外侧小切口切断伸肌总腱治疗顽固性网球肘的疗效进行评价。方法：对54例经过手术治疗的顽固性网球肘患者进行回顾性分析，随访6～48个月。结果：手术后患者疼痛消失，握力增加，优良率达96．6％。结论：肘外侧小切口切断伸肌总腱是治疗顽固性网球肘的有效方法之一。     

The operative treatment of fractures of the coronoid process of the ulna in complex injuries to the elbow

Surgical Principles Reconstruction of the coronoid process of the ulna by means of internal fixation using lag screws or by replacement with an autogenous bone graft from the pelvis or from parts of the damaged, resected radial head. In complex injuries of the elbow: meticulous operative treatment of all injured structures, i. e. bones and ligaments. Revised Version from: Operat. Orthop. Traumatol. 4 (1992), 11–20 (German Edition).     

用钢丝张力带治疗肱骨髁间骨折

根据肘关节关节内骨折的特殊生物力学原理,设计出钢丝张力带内固定方法并对２１例肱骨髁间骨折用此方法治疗,有效地解决了肘关节在内固定条件下早期功能恢复及骨折愈合的问题,具有操作简单,固定牢固等优点。     

BILATERAL ELBOW DISLOCATION

Bilateral dislocation of the elbow joint is a rare injury. Five previous deseriptions involved female gymnasts who fell with their arms extended. This report is of a hang-gliding accident involving a middle aged man.     

Nonoperative Management of Complete Lateral Elbow Ligamentous Disruption in an NFL Player: A Case Report

Disruptions of the lateral soft tissue restraints of the elbow, including the lateral ulnar collateral ligament, are a well-recognized clinical entity which may result in chronic elbow instability. When symptomatic, most authors recommend surgery to reconstruct the LUCL. We report on a case of a professional football player who sustained complete disruption of the lateral collateral ligamentous complex from the lateral humeral epicondyle with extension of his injury into his common extensor origin. He was treated conservatively and returned to play after 4 weeks. Treatment algorithm and a review of the literature are discussed.     

Primary open elbow arthrolysis in post-traumatic elbow stiffness – A comparison of outcomes in severity of elbow injury

PurposeStiffness is a sequelae of elbow trauma. Arthrolysis may be considered to increase range of movement (ROM). Little is published on the outcomes/complications of elbow arthrolysis. We present our series of primary open arthrolysis in posttraumatic elbow stiffness.MethodsA consecutive series of patients that underwent primary open arthrolysis for posttraumatic elbow stiffness in our unit (2011–2018) were analysed. All procedures were performed by an elbow surgeon. Postoperative rehabilitation followed protocol with early motion; continuous passive motion (CPM) was utilised if requested. Data collected included patient demographics, traumatic injury type, arthrolysis technique, preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative elbow ROM, complications and postoperative Oxford Elbow Score (OES).Results41 patients were included. 59% were male. Mean age at time of arthrolysis was 43 years (range 12–79 years). Mean duration of follow-up was 53 months (range 8–100 months). Median duration from time of injury to arthrolysis was 11 months (range 2–553 months). Mean preoperative flexion-extension arc (FEA) was 70°, improving to 104° postoperatively (p < 0.001). Mean preoperative pronosupination arc (PSA) was 125°, improving to 165° postoperatively (p < 0.001). Mean postoperative OES was 37 (n = 28). Complication rate was 24% with 7 recurrence requiring surgery, 2 nerve injuries and 1 infection. CPM, 10 patients, saw mean FEA improvement of 56°. Mean PSA improvement was 36°. Complication rate for these patients was 40%. Severe traumatic injury was associated with increased preoperative stiffness (FEA 61° vs 84°, PSA 111° vs 149°) but larger improvements in ROM (postoperative FEA 98° [p < 0.001], PSA 165° [p < 0.001]).ConclusionThis series demonstrates improvement in elbow ROM following open arthrolysis with significantly higher gain in pronosupination for those withsevere injury. Moderate results were seen in a patient reported outcome measure. Patients considering arthrolysis should be counselled regarding expectations/complication rate.