中央空调娱乐场所空气环境及其相关指标的探讨

「目的」研究中央空调娱乐场所空气指标,探讨空气改善意见。「方法」监测福州市５家具有中央空调的歌舞娱乐厅,用ＳＰＳＳ８．０ｆｏｓ Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ软件包进行统计分析。「结果」空场时室内空气负离子低于室外（Ｐ〈０．０１）,开场后更低,而气温、二氧化碳增加,与开场前比较差异有非常显著意义（Ｐ〈０．０１）;喷泉开启１小时后相对湿度、负离子及安培评价指数增加（Ｐ〈０．０１）,细菌总数、二氧化碳降低,与开喷前比     

碘酸钾碘盐自然存放8年碘损失实验研究

「目的」研究碘酸钾碘盐的稳定性。「方法」取２３份干混法生产的ＫＩＯ３碘盐散装暴露在空气中常温湿存放８年,用直接滴定法测定不同存放期碘盐的含碘量。「结果」在２２个月内共检测１４次,经方差分析,Ｆ＝０．０６,Ｐ＝１．００。第２２个月碘下降０．３％（Ｐ＝０．８４５３）;３２个月碘下降６．４％（Ｐ〈０．０１）;３６个月碘下降９．１％（Ｐ〈０．０１）;６０个月碘下降１０．３％（Ｐ〈０．０１）;８４个月碘下降     

办公室噪声对人群健康的影响

「目的」了解办公室环境与人群健康的关系。「方法」对肇庆市旅游区、商业区、工业区、居民区和效区的９３间办公室的环境噪声情况及其人群健康状况（亚临床状态）进行了调查研究。「结果」各功能区办公室噪声强度与人群亚临床率呈正相关（ｒ＝０．９０６,Ｐ〈０．０５）,大于６ｄＢ（Ａ）的噪声环境中办公人员亚临床状态率显著高于环境噪声≤６０ｄＢ（Ａ）环境中的办公人员（Ｐ〈０．０１）。「结论」办公室噪声对办公人员的健康     

重度妊娠高血压综合征患者血清尿酸含量与围生儿结局分析

「目的」探讨尿酸对重度妊娠高血压综合征围生儿结局的影响。「方法」检测６８例重度妊高征患者及３１例正常妊娠妇女（对照组）血清尿酸、肌酐、尿素氮含量,比较其间统计学差异。「结果」重度妊高征患者血清尿酸含量高于正常妊娠组（Ｐ〈０．００１）,新生儿体重则低于正常对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）,围生儿死亡率高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）;在重度妊高征病例中,血清尿酸含量与新生儿体重、巨大儿发生率呈负相关,与低体重儿、围     

除草剂乙草胺对蝌蚪红细胞微核及核异常的影响

探讨除草剂乙草胺的遗传毒性。「方法」观察了乙草胺对中华大蟾蝌蚪外周血红细胞微核及核异常的影响。「结果」接触乙草胺１２ｈ的各浓度组（０．３１２５－１．０μＬ／Ｌ）微核细胞率及核异常细胞率均高于相应的对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５或Ｐ〈０．０１）,在一定浓度范围（０．６２５－０．２５μＬ／Ｌ）微核细胞率与浓度呈正相关。     

儿童单纯性肥胖症凝血、纤溶指标的测定及其意义

「目的」探讨儿童单纯性肥胖症是否引起凝血、纤溶指标的改变。「方法」采用免疫比浊法、乳胶凝集法和发色底物法检测３０例单纯性肥胖症患儿及３０例正常对照儿童的血浆纤维蛋白原（ｆｇ）、Ｄ－二聚体（Ｄ－ｄｉｍｅｒ）、纤溶酶原激活剂抑制物（ＰＡＩ－１）活性，并进行二组比较。「结果」ｆｇ肥胖组明显高于对照组（ｔ＝３．１４９，Ｐ〈０．００１），ＰＡＩ－１活性值肥胖组明显高于对照组（ｔ＝３．４７１，Ｐ〈０．０１），     

三类公共场所空气污染指标的分析与评价

「目的」研究有中央空调的公共场所空气污染指标，提出评价、改进意见。「方法」调查福州市区５家公共场所的监测数据（１９９６￣１９９８年），以均数比较和同质分析（ＨＯＭＡＬＳ）法进行统计分析与绘图。「结果」二氧化碳、一氧化碳含量和细菌总数均值以夜总会最高，客房最低（Ｐ〈０．０１）；桑那休息厅居中，二氧化碳与前两者比较差异有显著性（Ｐ〈０．０５）；同质分析显示夜总会空气二氧化碳、一氧化碳含量高和高细菌总数     

漳州市区高层建筑二次供水卫生学调查与对策

「目的」了解漳州市区二次供水的卫生状况，对存在问题提出对策。「方法」卫生学调查。「结果」二次供水水质总合格率为３９．１％，对照组为８２．８％，水质差异显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）。「结论」漳州市区二次供水存在水质二次污染。要加强对二次供水卫生监督管理，确保人们饮用水的卫生与安全。     

氯高铁血红素抗贫血的动物研究

「目的」了解氯高铁血红素改善缺铁性贫血的作用效果。「方法」采用缺铁性饲料结合失血的方法建立大鼠贫血模型,用２．６４、５．２８和１０．５６ｍｇ／ｋｇ．ｂｗ的氯高铁血红素水溶液灌胃４周。「结果」３个剂量组的血红蛋白（Ｈｂ）和红细胞压积（Ｈｃｔ）均比去离子水对照组显著升高（Ｐ〈０．０５）,红细胞内游离原卟啉（ＦＥＰ）和ＥＦＰ／Ｈｂ值均比对照组显著下降（Ｐ〈０．０５）。「结论」２．６４ｍｇ／ｋｇ．ｂｗ的氯     

非淋菌水道（宫颈）炎沙眼衣原体检测分析

「目的」了解非淋菌性尿道（宫颈）炎沙眼衣原体感染情况。「方法」应用“立明”衣原体免疫法快速法对患者尿道、宫颈分泌物进行沙眼衣原体检测。「结果」８３０例非淋菌性尿道（宫颈）炎中,沙眼衣原体阳性２８８例,阳性检出率为３４．７％,其中男性（３８．９％）高于女性（２７．７％）,差别有极显著意义,χ＾２＝１０．９、Ｐ〈０．００１;〈２９岁的年龄组沙眼衣原体阳性检出率（４４．１％）高于〉３０岁的年龄组检出率（２５．０％）,差别有极显著意义,χ＾２＝３３．３、Ｐ〈０．００１。「结论」沙眼衣原体是感染非淋菌性尿道（宫颈）炎的主要病原体之一。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.