Blood pressure independent association of microalbuminuria and left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive men

BACKGROUND: Rather unique amongst the prognostic predictors, microalbuminuria (MA, albuminuria: 15-200 microg min-1) is associated with several cardiovascular risk factors including left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). The relationship, usually assumed to reflect an increased blood pressure (BP) load on the heart and the kidney, may, however, represent more than a haemodynamic correlate. METHODS: To evaluate this possibility, we related MA to left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and other functional and structural echocardiographic parameters, office and 24-h BP, weight, lipids and smoking status in 330 never treated nondiabetic hypertensive men. RESULTS: The risk of MA increased linearly by ascending quartiles of LVMI and was 2.3-fold higher in the presence of LVH after adjustment for age, left atrial size, mean fractional shortening. Systolic BP, either office or 24 h, and smoking status were the only additional independent predictors in multivariate logistic regression models. The BP-adjusted risk of MA was about twofold higher in patients with LVH, either concentric or eccentric, and neutral in those with concentric remodelling compared with normal geometry. CONCLUSIONS: The association between elevated LVMI and MA independent of several other potential confounders, systolic BP in particular, is consistent with the existence of cardiac albuminuric factors, possibly of hormonal nature, which are to be identified more precisely. The extent to which LVH explains the predictive power of MA for morbid events independent of the BP load remains unknown.     

高血压伴与不伴糖尿病的患者左心室结构及功能的对比研究

高血压与糖尿病同时存在使心血管病危险因素明显增加，糖尿病引起的代谢紊乱可加重左心室结构及功能的损害。本研究显示高血压伴糖尿病组左心室肥厚发生率更高，程度更重，左心室功能受损更明显，并且与血糖升高程度有关，提示改善非血液动力学因素与降压治疗具有同样重要的意义。     

高血压合并糖尿病患者左心室肥大与血压变异性指数的相关性分析

目的研究高血压合并糖尿病患者左心室肥大与血压变异性(BPV)指数的相关性。方法纳入高血压合并糖尿病患者120例,并根据患者的临床确诊资料信息及心电图资料将患者分为左心室肥大(LVH)组和非LVH组,比较两组的BPV相关指数,Logistic回归分析患者左心室肥大的相关危险因素,Pearson相关分析左心室质量指数(LVMI)与BPV各指标之间的相关性。结果高血压合并糖尿病LVH组患者较非LVH组患者的白天收缩压变异系数(dSBPCV)、白天舒张压变异系数(dDBPCV)、24 h收缩压变异系数(24hSBPCV)、24 h舒张压变异系数(24hDBPCV)均显著上升(P<0.05);Logistic回归分析结果提示dSBPCV、dDBPCV、24hDPBCV、24hSBPCV水平的上升是高血压合并糖尿病患者左心室肥大的相关危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05);Pearson相关分析结果提示:LVMI与24hSBPCV、24hDBPCV以及dSBPCV、dDBPCV均呈正相关(r分别为0.345、0.412、0.387、0.441,P<0.05)。结论高血压合并糖尿...     

Sex-differences in prevalence of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy in Type 2 diabetes: the Casale Monferrato Study.

AIMS Although left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) defined by either standard 12-lead ECG or echocardiography strongly predicts cardiovascular mortality, its prevalence in Type 2 diabetes is largely unknown. We have assessed prevalence of ECG-LVH and its relationship with clinical and metabolic variables in an Italian population-based cohort of subjects with Type 2 diabetes. METHODS The study-base was 965 (61.3%) subjects with Type 2 diabetes of the population-based cohort living in Casale Monferrato (Italy). LVH was defined by ECG Cornell voltage-duration product. All measurements were centralized. RESULTS ECG-LVH was diagnosed in 165/965 subjects, giving a prevalence of 17.1% (95% CI 14.7-19.5). Large sex differences were found, with higher prevalence in women (23.5%, 19.9-27.0) than in men (8.4%, 5.6-11.0), even after adjustment for age, BMI and hypertension (OR 3.83, 95% CI 2.5-5.9). At the examination, subjects with ECG-LVH were older than those without it. Similar age- and sex-adjusted values of HbA(1c), plasma lipids, fibrinogen, uric acid and creatinine were found in the two subgroups. No differences in prevalence of hypertension, CHD, increased QT duration or dispersion, micro- and macro-albuminuria were found between subjects with ECG-LVH and those without it. In logistic regression analysis, variables independently associated with ECG-LVH, after age-adjustment, were sex and diastolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: This population-based study shows: (i) a high prevalence of ECG-LVH in Type 2 diabetic subjects; (ii) 3-fold higher risk in women than in men, independently of age, BMI, and blood pressure; (iii) an independent association between ECG-LVH and diastolic blood-pressure. Screening for ECG-LVH in diabetic subjects is therefore recommended, particularly in diabetic women.     

脉压对老年高血压病患者左心室肥厚的影响

目的　比较动态脉压和诊所脉压对老年高血压病患者左心室肥厚的影响。方法　选择初诊的轻 中度高血压病患者 118例。所有入选病例测量非同日 3次诊所血压、进行 2 4h动态血压监测和超声心动图检查。根据动态脉压和诊所脉压水平各分为 3组 ,并分别比较。结果　动态脉压与年龄、高血压病史、左心室重量指数、动脉僵硬度指数和体重指数呈显著的相关性。动脉僵硬度随分组脉压的增大呈显著递增 ,其与动态脉压的相关性明显强于诊所脉压。动态脉压与左心室重量指数的相关性明显强于诊所脉压。结论　脉压升高是老年高血压病患者左心室肥厚的重要危险因素 ,与诊所脉压比较 ,动态脉压更能反映高血压靶器官损害的程度。     

老年高血压患者左心室肥厚与血液黏度的关系

目的探讨老年高血压患者左心室肥厚(LVH)与血液黏度之间的关系。方法选择125例老年高血压患者,按LVH的有无分为单纯高血压组(52例)及高血压合并LVH组(73例),比较2组全血及血浆黏度、红细胞比积(HCT),分析其与LVH的关系。结果2组老年高血压患者收缩压及舒张压水平无明显差异,合并LVH组的患者全血黏度低切变及HCT均高于单纯高血压组;全血黏度低切变与LVH呈正相关(r=0.249,P<0.05)。结论老年高血压患者全血黏度低切变及HCT增高是易合并LVH的因素之一。     

Blood pressure variables and prevalent electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy in sub‐Saharan African individuals with type 2 diabetes

Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate whether brachial blood pressure (BP) variables (systolic BP [SBP], diastolic BP [DBP], pulse [PP] and mean arterial pressure [MAP]) are similar determinants of prevalent electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in sub‐Saharan Africans with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: The study included 420 individuals (49% men) with T2D who were receiving chronic care in two main referral centers in the two major cities (Douala and Yaounde) of Cameroon. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for a standard deviation (SD) higher level of SBP (25 mmHg), DBP (13), PP (18) and MAP (20) with the risk of LVH. Discrimination was assessed and compared with c‐statistics and relative integrated discrimination improvement (RIDI; %). Results: The multivariable adjusted OR (95% CI) for prevalent LVH with each SD higher pressure variable was 1.61 (1.22–2.11) for SBP, 1.27 (0.99–1.63) for DBP, 1.62 (1.23–2.15) for PP and 1.44 (1.11–1.87) for MAP. Comparison of c‐statistics revealed no difference in the discrimination power of models with each of the BP variables (P > 0.09). However, RIDI showed enhanced discrimination in the models when other BP variables were replaced with PP. However, this enhancement was marginal for SBP. Using BP combinations modestly improved discrimination. Conclusions: The best predictors of prevalent LVH in the present study population were PP and SBP, whereas DBP was the least effective predictor. These findings have implications for cardiovascular risk stratification and monitoring of risk‐reducing therapies.     

替米沙坦改善原发性高血压病患者心肌肥厚及早期肾功能失调

目的:评估替米沙坦在高血压病靶器官损害中的保护作用。方法:轻中度原发性高血压病左室肥厚患者60例服用替米沙坦40～80mg/d,共26周,服药前后行超声心动图,观察舒张末期室间隔厚度（IVST）,舒张末期左心室后壁厚度（LVPWT）及A/E比值的变化;并计算左室心肌质量指数（LVMI）的改变;同时放射免疫分析法测量血β2微球蛋白（β2MG）、尿β2MG含量。结果:替米沙坦能有效降低血压,降压有效率为72%,治疗后LVMI降低（146±12vs123±10）（P<0.01）,A/E值改善（P<0.05）,血、尿β2MG水平降低。结论:替米沙坦在降低血压同时能够有效地保护心肾功能。     

老年原发性高血压患者晨峰现象与左心室肥厚

目的: 探讨老年原发性高血压晨峰现象与左心室肥厚的关系。方法: 老年原发性高血压患者107例根据24 h动态血压监测分为有晨峰现象（MBPS）组（40例）和无晨峰现象（NMBPS）组（67例）,检查空腹血脂、血糖和肌酐,并计算体质量指数（BMI）和左室质量指数（LVMI）。结果: MBPS组的24 h动态血压监测收缩压高于NMBPS组（P<0.05）。MBPS组的LVMI显著高于NMBPS组［（132±28）g/m2 vs.(113±28)g/m2,P<0.01］。结论: 老年原发性高血压有晨峰现象者更易发生左心室肥厚。     

高血压左心室肥厚患者血清IL-18水平及其临床意义

目的研究血清IL-18水平在高血压左心室肥厚中的临床意义。方法选择单纯原发性高血压病患者、高血压左心室肥厚患者以及体检健康者各40例,应用ELISA法检测血清IL-18水平;同时检测相关生化指标及高血压危险因素。结果高血压左心室肥厚患者血清IL-18水平高于单纯原发性高血压组和对照组（P〈0.05）,单纯原发性高血压患者血清IL-18水平高于对照组（P〈0.05）。对于不同等级的高血压各组中,IL-18水平随着血压的上升而升高（P〈0.05）。IL-18与LVM I呈正相关,与HDL呈负相关。结论 IL-18水平可作为高血压合并左心室肥厚病情及预后的一项参考指标。     

Hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy in Chinese hypertension patients

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), the most common target organ damage in patients with hypertension, is closely related to excessive visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation in the body. The hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTHW) phenotype can act as a surrogate marker of excessive VAT. However, the relationship between the HTHW phenotype and LVH in patients with hypertension remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate whether the HTHW phenotype is associated with LVH, using echocardiography in a cross-sectional study involving 4470 middle-aged and older Chinese patients with hypertension. Logistic regression analysis revealed that patients with the HTHW phenotype were 1.52-fold more likely to experience LVH than those with normal triglyceride levels and normal waist circumference. This association was independent of age, sex, and other potentially confounding factors. In the stratified analysis, a stronger correlation was found among women, people of at least 70 years of age, and people with hyperuricemia. These results suggest that distinguishing the HTHW phenotype in patients with hypertension could serve as a simple and effective screening strategy for identifying people with a higher risk of developing LVH.     

高血压病患者左心室向心性肥厚与颈动脉僵硬度的相关性研究

[摘 要] 目的 研究高血压患者颈动脉硬化与左心室向心性肥厚之间的相关性。方法 回顾性分析303例高血压患者作为研究对象,90例同龄健康自愿者作为对照组。患者进行超声心动图和颈动脉超声高分辨率回声跟踪检查。基于左心室质量指数(left ventricular mass index,LVMI)和相对壁厚(relative wall thickness,RWT)将高血压患者分成四个小组：正常几何构型(normal geometry,N, 57例), 向心性重构（concentric remodeling,CR, 48例),向心性肥厚(concentric hypertrophy, CH, 62例)和偏心肥厚(eccentric hypertrophy,EH,35例)。基于β硬化度（β）、杨氏弹性模量(Young elastic modulus,Ep)、动脉动脉顺应性(arterial compliance,AC)、单点脉搏波速度(one-point pulse wave velocity,PWVβ)和波反射增强指数(wave reflection augmentation index,AI)对患者左心室内中膜复合体壁厚度(Intima-media thickness,IMT)和动脉硬化度进行评估。结果 单变量分析结果显示β-硬化度> 8.4、杨氏弹性模量Ep > 136 kPa、局部单点脉搏波速度-β> 7.1 m / s、增加指数AI > 21.9%、收缩压> 151 mm Hg、脉压 > 54、IMT > 0.56及糖尿病与向心性肥厚显著相关。然而,多变量分析结果显示只有增加指数AI（OR=3.64,p = 0.04）,局部单点脉搏波速度-β> 7.1 m/s（OR=2.82,p = 0.013）,收缩压（OR=3.11,p = 0036）及糖尿病（OR=3.73,p = 0.007）与患者向心性肥厚独立相关。结论 高血压患者向心性肥厚与颈动脉硬化及波反射增强指数显著相关,而与收缩压和糖尿病独立相关。     

老年原发性高血压患者血压晨峰与左心室肥厚的关系

目的探讨老年原发性高血压患者血压晨峰与左心室肥厚的关系。方法选择老年原发性高血压患者80例,根据24 h动态血压监测分为2组:血压晨峰值≥55 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)为晨峰组,血压晨峰值<55mm Hg为非晨峰组,每组40例,均常规行超声心动图检查,计算左心室重量指数(LVMI)。结果晨峰组24h、昼间、夜间收缩压及血压晨峰均明显高于非晨峰组(P<0.05),晨峰组LVMI明显高于非晨峰组;左心室肥厚比例明显高于非晨峰组(P<0.05)。结论老年原发性高血压患者血压晨峰与左心室肥厚密切相关。     

高血压左室肥厚患者组织纤维化的血清指标观察

目的本研究旨在通过观察高血压病患者组织纤维化血清学指标的变化，以探讨其作为心肌肥厚指标的临床价值。方法测定高血压伴左室肥厚３６例，高血压不伴左室肥厚３１例及正常对照３０例血清中Ⅲ型前胶原（ＰＣⅢ）、层粘连蛋白（ＬＮ）、透明质酸（ＨＡ）的含量。并将左室心肌重量指数（ＬＶＭＩ）与上述各参数作相关分析。结果高血压伴左室肥厚组较高血压不伴左室肥厚组及正常对照组的血清ＰＣⅢ、ＬＮ、ＨＡ含量显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）；血清ＰＣⅢ、ＬＮ、ＨＡ均与ＬＶＭＩ呈显著正相关。结论血清ＰＣⅢ、ＬＮ、ＨＡ均可作为高血压左室肥厚患者组织纤维化的血清学指标，为临床诊断高血压心肌肥厚提供间接的依据。     

一氧化氮和内皮素在高血压左室肥厚形成中的作用

目的 探讨一氧化氮（NO）和内皮素（ET）在高血压左室肥厚（LVH）形成中的作用。方法 采用放射免疫分析法（RIA）和硝酸还原酶法检测30例单纯原发性高血压（EH,观察Ⅰ组）、30名健康体检者（对照组）及20例EH伴LVH（观察Ⅱ组）患者降压治疗前后血清ET、NO水平。并对结果进行相关分析。结果 观察Ⅰ组血清ET明显高于对照组、NO明显低于对照组（P均〈0．01）;观察Ⅱ组血清ET明显高于观察Ⅰ组、NO明显低于观察Ⅰ组（P均〈0．01）,且ET与NO水平呈负相关（r=0．586,P〈0．01）;左心室重量指数（LVMI）与ET呈正相关（r=0．427,P〈0．05）、与NO呈负相关（r=0．653,P〈0．01）。观察Ⅱ组治疗后,血清ET水平明显低于治疗前、NO水平明显高于治疗前（p均〈0．01）。结论 ET和NO两者失衡可能参与了EH及LVH形成的病理生理过程。     

Effects of bisoprolol on left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension

Summary Previous studies have shown that beta-adrenergic blocking drugs can reverse ventricular hypertrophy in patients with systemic hypertension. Thirty patients with essential hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy were studied at baseline after withdrawing all previous treatments and after 6 months of treatment with 5–20 mg of bisoprolol, a new beta-selective agent, to assess its possible action on left ventricular mass. Three patients did not finish the study. Blood pressure was reduced to below 160/90 mmHg in 22 of the remaining 27 patients. At the end of follow-up, the left ventricular mass (echocardiography) was reduced from 308.1±89 g to 262.3±51 g (p<0.001) and left ventricular mass index from 165±47.4 g/m² to 141.03±26.7 g/m² (p<0.001). The ratio of E wave/A wave velocity of transmitral blood flow measured by Doppler increased from 0.86±0.44 to 1.07±0.45 (p=0.005). Peak filling rate, derived from nuclear ventriculography, changed from 2.05±0.4 EDV/sec before the treatment to 2.23±0.47 EDV/sec after it (p=0.0046). Serum lipids as well as other biochemical tests were unchanged. Left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction did not change, and treadmill exercise time increased from 343±125 seconds to 420±135 seconds (p=0.002). Maximal systolic blood pressure during exercise decreased from 197.2±19.7 mmHg to 182.9±25.8 mmHg (p=0.011). There were few side effects. We conclude that bisoprolol reduces left ventricular mass, preserves systolic function, and improves diastolic function of the left ventricle in hypertensive subjects with left ventricular hypertrophy.     

ACE inhibitors and regression of left ventricular hypertrophy.

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a common condition and a powerful independent risk factor for coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, and other cardiac morbidity. It is associated with the male sex and advancing age. Its most common cause is hypertension, and many antihypertensive agents induce regression of LVH. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been shown to reverse LVH by a mechanism as yet unknown. Reduction in afterload and other hemodynamic abnormalities by reduction of blood pressure is clearly a factor, but ACE inhibitors also block adrenergic action and other sympathetic nervous system influences, and the reduction in angiotensin II produces many effects. By inhibiting this potent vasoconstrictor and suppressing its degradation of the powerful vasodilator bradykinin, and by promoting sodium and water excretion, ACE inhibitors contribute to the restoration of normal ventricular function. Angiotensin II promotes protein synthesis in myocardial myocytes, and blocking this action may arrest the hypertrophic process. To determine the effect of angiotensin II on LVH and normalization of LV function, a study is now underway evaluating the effects of lisinopril, a new lysine analog of enalapril, and a diuretic agent in the treatment of hypertension LVH.     

Predictors of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with essential hypertension

The purpose of this study was to assess clinical variables which might be predictive of echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy in mildly hypertensive patients. Eighteen patients (mean age 51) were studied following four weeks of hydrochlorothiazide monotherapy. Variables assessed included age, duration of hypertension, body surface area, serum cholesterol, alcohol consumption, smoking, maximum systolic and mean blood pressures, and variability of blood pressure determined from hourly measurements taken 12 hours after hydrochlorothiazide dosing. Using stepwise multiple linear regression (with left ventricular mass index analyzed as a continuous variable), the variability of blood pressure was predictive of an elevated left ventricular mass index (p less than 0.0003, r2 = 0.61). The duration of hypertension added significantly to the variability in predicting an elevated left ventricular mass index (p less than 0.004, multiple r = 0.74). In conclusion, echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy was significantly related to the variability of blood pressure recorded hourly for 12 h after subjects received 50 mg of hydrochlorothiazide.     

高血压病左室肥大Q-T离散度异常与室性心律失常的关系

观察180例高血压病患者的Q-T离散度(Q-Td),左室肥大组及左室正常组Q-Td分别为67.31±13.57和38.8±8.55ms(P<0.001),左室肥大组室性心律失常检出率为92.5%,其中复杂性者为64.2%,室速为23.9%,该组中Q-Td>60ms 3项检出率均高于<60ms及左室正常组中Q-Td>60ms者,复杂性室性心律失常及室速有显著性差异(P<0.001).提示高血压左室肥大Q-Td增加与室性心律失常尤其是复杂性室性心律失常及室速有一定关系,结合左室重量指数(LVMI)和Q-Td可作为评估高血压病患者预后的参考指标.     

线粒体基因突变与原发性高血压及左心室肥厚的相关研究

目的:探讨线粒体基因突变在原发性高血压(EH)及左心室肥厚发病机制中作用,为临床诊断和治疗EH提供新的思路。方法:选择2006-01-2007-01之间540例EH患者,分为左心室肥厚组(270例)和非肥厚组(270例),进行线粒体突变位点及频率分析。270例健康体检者设为对照组。结果:肥厚组及非肥厚组患者突变位点和频率未发现显著性差异。与对照组比较,肥厚组及非肥厚组C8414T(P=0.01),A8701G(P=0.0001)均差异有统计学意义。结论:线粒体位点突变与EH左心室肥厚关系不甚密切,但是一些特殊位点的点突变因其对线粒体功能的影响,值得进一步研究。A8701G与C8414T突变可能影响了EH的发生发展进程。