Frailty assessment and impact of frailty on outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve replacement

Introduction: Certain frail patients fail to achieve adequate functional or mortality benefit despite successful transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Therefore, frailty assessment methods are becoming an important tool to identify and intervene on this high-risk patient subset for improving clinical outcomes.

Areas covered: The authors provide an overview of frailty and frailty assessment tools being used in clinical practice and discuss the impact of frailty on the cardiac patients, particularly among the TAVR population.

Expert commentary: Available evidence suggests that frailty assessment is critical for identifying patients at high risk of morbidity and mortality after TAVR procedures. However, there is lack of consensus for the best methodology to determine frailty and its optimal management in TAVR populations. Although, physical exercise is a commonly employed intervention to reduce frailty, a greater attention towards improving nutrition may convey more benefit than either intervention alone. Ongoing studies are investigating the benefits of a multicomponent approach to improve clinical outcomes in frail patients undergoing TAVR.     

Decision-making in transcatheter aortic valve replacement: the impact of frailty in older adults with aortic stenosis

Patients with severe aortic stenosis are commonly elderly and with significant comorbidity. Surgical intervention can improve symptoms and survival in severe aortic stenosis. However, a large proportion of patients do not undergo surgical intervention because they are deemed to be inoperable or too high risk. Over the last decade, transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has been developed, providing an effective, less-invasive alternative to open cardiac surgery for inoperable or high-risk patients. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of risk assessment in TAVR. Specifically, this article reviews the epidemiology of aortic stenosis, describes the risks and benefits of TAVR across multiple outcome measures, explores frailty and other elderly risk factors as metrics for improved risk assessment and discusses the application of improved risk assessment in TAVR decisions.     

基于单中心经导管主动脉瓣置换术治疗主动脉瓣狭窄初步临床疗效分析

目的:探讨经导管主动脉瓣置换术(transcatheter aortic valve replacement,TAVR)治疗主动脉瓣狭窄患者的安全性和有效性。方法:连续入选本中心前40例行TAVR的主动脉瓣狭窄患者。观察终点指标包括手术成功率、并发症、术后30d随访结果等。结果:患者男性27例,女性13例;年龄67~87岁,平均年龄(78.3±5.0)岁。手术成功率100%;与术前相比,术后患者平均主动脉瓣跨瓣压差明显下降[(10.77±3.90)mmHg vs(61.80±18.62)mmHg,P0.001],平均瓣口面积增加[(1.80±0.24)cm~2 vs(0.65±0.17)cm~2,P0.001],美国纽约心脏病学会(NYHA)心功能分级改善(1.80±0.62 vs2.95±0.75,P0.001)。术后1d发生瓣周漏13例(12例轻度、1例中度),急性右冠状动脉堵塞1例,瓣膜脱落及脑梗死1例,顽固性心包积液、心包填塞1例。术后30d死亡1例(2.5%),因心脏传导异常置入永久性心脏起搏器4例(10%)。结论:单中心、前40例TAVR结果显示,TAVR对我国外科手术禁忌或高危的主动脉瓣狭窄患者有较好的安全性及有效性。     

超声心动图用于心尖入路经导管主动脉瓣植入术

目的 评价超声心动图用于心尖入路经导管主动脉瓣植入术(TAVI)的价值.方法 纳入23例接受J-Valve TAVI的主动脉瓣疾病患者,根据主要疾病,将其中20例非重度主动脉瓣狭窄(AS)合并中度以上主动脉瓣反流(AR)者分为AS组(n=10)及AR组(n=10).术前行经胸超声心动图(TTE),术中全程以经食管超声心...     

中线导管在老年患者经导管主动脉瓣置换术围术期中的应用效果

目的探讨中线导管在老年患者经导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVR)围术期中的应用效果。方法将2017年7月至2019年2月我院心血管外科收治的60例实施TAVR手术治疗的老年心脏瓣膜疾病患者随机分为外周静脉留置针(PIV)组与中线导管(MC)组,各30例。比较两组的并发症发生情况、留置时间及总穿刺次数。结果PIV组的静脉炎、静脉渗漏、导管堵塞发生率均高于MC组(P<0.05)。PIV组的留置时间短于MC组,总穿刺次数多于MC组(P<0.05)。结论MC在老年患者TAVR围术期中的应用效果显著,可减少患者穿刺痛苦,降低静脉输液并发症发生率。     

经导管主动脉瓣置换术前实时三维经食管超声自动测量主动脉瓣环径

目的 探讨经导管主动脉瓣置入术（TAVR）中应用实时三维经食管超声心动图（3D-TEE）自动测量主动脉瓣环的可行性与准确性。方法 对21例拟接受TAVR患者于术前分别采用3D-TEE和多排CT（MDCT）测量主动脉瓣环面积、周长、最大径和最小径。对比3D-TEE测值与MDCT测值间的差异及相关性,记录3D-TEE自动测量主动脉瓣环参数所需的时间。结果 3D-TEE所测主动脉瓣环面积为（445.74±62.60）mm²,周长为（76.16±5.30）mm,最大径为（26.29±1.97）mm,最小径为（21.40±1.68）mm,MDCT测值分别为（456.85±75.70）mm²、（77.17±5.90）mm、（26.76±2.83）mm、（20.98±1.76）mm。MDCT与3D-TEE所测主动脉瓣环面积、周长、最大径及最小径差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。3D-TEE与MDCT所测主动脉瓣环面积、周长、最大径、最小径均呈高度相关（r=0.89、0.91、0.85、0.79,P均<0.01）。采用3D-TEE自动测量主动脉瓣相关径线所需时间为（1.54±0.21）min。结论 3D-TEE自动测量主动脉瓣环能准确、快速获得主动脉瓣环相关径线,可作为替代MDCT的影像学方法。     

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement: the changing paradigm of aortic stenosis treatment

Aortic stenosis is the most common cause for valvular surgery in the USA. For nearly 50 years, surgical aortic valve replacement has been the standard of care for symptomatic patients; unfortunately, a significant number of patients are not referred to surgery owing to advanced comorbidities and age. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement has emerged as an effective therapy for patients at high risk for surgery. Through device innovations and accumulated experience, the safety and efficacy of the procedure has improved since its inception. Transcatheter valve replacement has been found superior to medical therapy in inoperable patients with aortic stenosis, yet many questions remain as to which patients are appropriate for this exciting and novel therapy.     

经导管主动脉瓣置换术的围手术期并发症护理研究进展

经导管主动脉瓣置换术（TAVR）是新兴的用于治疗严重主动脉瓣狭窄的手术方法,并且有望应用于更广泛的主动脉瓣狭窄患者群体。手术并发症是阻碍TAVR进一步广泛应用的主要问题,本文通过对国内外TAVR围手术期护理的研究报道进行总结,归纳TAVR并发症的危险因素及护理方法,旨在为TAVR术相关的临床护理实践和研究提供参考。     

Recent advances in transcatheter aortic valve replacement for high-risk patients

Aortic stenosis is the most common valvular heart disease of old age. Patients with severe aortic stenosis who develop symptoms have a very poor prognosis without valve intervention. Surgical aortic valve replacement has historically been the only treatment option for these patients. However a significant minority are considered inoperable or at high surgical risk and therefore are refused or decline surgery. In recent years, transcatheter aortic valve replacement has emerged as an alternative treatment option in these high-risk patients. The aim of this review is to summarize the current role of transcatheter aortic valve replacement in contemporary clinical practice including recent advances in technological and procedural aspects and then discuss future directions.     

经导管主动脉瓣置入术治疗重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者的护理

目的探讨经导管主动脉瓣植入术治疗主动脉瓣重度狭窄患者的术后护理体会。方法对7例主动脉瓣重度狭窄的患者在经导管主动脉瓣植入术后进行有效、正确的护理。结果 7例患者中,6例预后良好。结论临床中经导管主动脉瓣植入术治疗主动脉瓣重度狭窄患者值得推荐,术后有效、正确的护理是确保手术成功的关键。     

Immediate aortic dissection after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: A case report and review of the literature

‐Aortic dissection of descending aorta was detected by intraoperative TEE in a case of 67‐year‐old man with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis after TAVR.‐Transesophageal echocardiogram after TAVR procedure is helpful to detect this rare complication.     

Ascending aortic dilatation rate after transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients with bicuspid and tricuspid aortic stenosis: A multidetector computed tomography follow-up study

BACKGROUND: Current data is lacking about the progression of ascending aortic dilatation after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in aortic stenosis (AS) patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and tricuspid aortic valve (TAV). This study aims to assess the ascending aortic dilatation rate (mm/year) after TAVR in patients with BAV versus TAV using a multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) follow-up and to determine the predictors of ascending aortic dilatation rate.METHODS: Severe AS patients undergoing TAVR from March 2013 to March 2018 at our center with MDCT follow-ups were included. BAV and TAV were identified using baseline MDCT. Baseline and follow-up MDCT images were analyzed, and the diameters of ascending aorta were measured. Study end point is ascending aortic dilatation rate (mm/year). Furthermore, factors predicting ascending aortic dilatation rate were also investigated.RESULTS: Two hundred and eight patients were included, comprised of 86 BAV and 122 TAV patients. Five, 4, 3, 2, and 1-year MDCT follow-ups were achieved in 7, 9, 30, 46, and 116 patients. The ascending aortic diameter was significantly increased after TAVR in both BAV group (43.7±4.4 mm vs. 44.0±4.5 mm; P<0.001) and TAV group (39.1±4.8 mm vs. 39.7±5.1 mm; P<0.001). However, no difference of ascending aortic dilatation rate was found between BAV and TAV groups (0.2±0.8 mm/year vs. 0.3±0.8 mm/year, P=0.592). Multivariate linear regression revealed paravalvular leakage (PVL) grade was independently associated with ascending aortic dilatation rate in the whole population and BAV group, but not TAV group. No aortic events occurred during follow-ups.CONCLUSION: Ascending aortic size continues to grow after TAVR in BAV patients, but the dilatation rate is mild and comparable to that of TAV patients. PVL grade is associated with ascending aortic dilatation rate in BAV patients post-TAVR.     

Balloon aortic valvuloplasty as a treatment option in the era of transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Aortic valve stenosis is the commonest encountered valvular pathology and a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in cases of severe stenosis. Definitive treatment has traditionally been offered in the form of surgical aortic valve replacement in patients with an acceptable surgical risk and more recently with the less invasive transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in those where surgery is not a viable option. Prior to the introduction of TAVI, inoperable patients were treated medically and where appropriate with balloon aortic valvuloplasty, a procedure which although effective only provided short-term relief and was associated with high complication rates especially during its infancy. Here we discuss whether balloon aortic valvuloplasty continues to have a role in contemporary clinical practice in an era where significant advances have been achieved in the fields of surgical aortic valve replacement, TAVI and postoperative care.     

Ten-year experience with transcatheter and surgical aortic valve replacement in Finland

Aim: We investigated the outcomes of transcatheter (TAVR) and surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in Finland during the last decade.

Methods: The nationwide FinnValve registry included data from 6463 patients who underwent TAVR or SAVR with a bioprosthesis for aortic stenosis from 2008 to 2017.

Results: The annual number of treated patients increased three-fold during the study period. Thirty-day mortality declined from 4.8% to 1.2% for TAVR (p?=?.011) and from 4.1% to 1.8% for SAVR (p?=?.048). Two-year survival improved from 71.4% to 83.9% for TAVR (p?<?.001) and from 87.2% to 91.6% for SAVR (p?=?.006). During the study period, a significant reduction in moderate-to-severe paravalvular regurgitation was observed among TAVR patients and a reduction of the rate of acute kidney injury was observed among both SAVR and TAVR patients. Similarly, the rate of red blood cell transfusion and severe bleeding decreased significantly among SAVR and TAVR patients. Hospital stay declined from 10.4?±?8.4 to 3.7?±?3.4 days after TAVR (p?<?.001) and from 9.0?±?5.9 to 7.8?±?5.1 days after SAVR (p?<?.001).

Conclusions: In Finland, the introduction of TAVR has led to an increase in the invasive treatment of severe aortic stenosis, which was accompanied by improved early outcomes after both SAVR and TAVR.

Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03385915

• Key Messages

• This study demonstrated that the introduction of transcatheter aortic valve replacement has led to its widespread use as an invasive treatment for severe aortic stenosis.

• Early and 2-year survival after transcatheter and surgical aortic valve replacement has improved during past decade.

• Transcatheter aortic valve replacement has fulfilled its previously unmet clinical needs and has surpassed surgical aortic valve replacement as the most common invasive treatment for aortic stenosis.

     

低管电压在经导管主动脉瓣置换术前CTA中的应用

目的:通过分析经导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVR)患者术前CTA主观及客观图像质量,探讨320排CT低管电压可变螺距(VHP)技术在TAVR术前评估中的应用价值。方法:前瞻性纳入2016年1月至2020年12月拟行主动脉瓣膜置换的96例患者,所有患者术前采用320排螺旋CT VHP技术进行CTA检查。按随机数字法将患者分为80 kV组、100 kV组、120 kV组,各32例,对比剂用量分别为0.9、1.1、1.2 mL/kg,流速分别为3、3.5、4 mL/s。每组患者图像均采用迭代算法,图像质量评价采用主观(Likert 5法)和客观评估方法[CT值、SD值、对比噪声比(contrast to noise ratio, CNR)]进行评估。比较3组间左、右颈总动脉,升主动脉根部,左、右股动脉层面的图像质量。结果:3组患者间性别、年龄、体质量指数(BMI)、扫描时间等差异无统计学意义。3组间主观评分差异仅在左、右股动脉层面有统计学意义(P0.01);3组间左、右颈总动脉及左、右股动脉层面CT值差异有统计学意义(P0.001),各层面SD值及CNR值差异均有统计学意义(P0.001)。80 kV组对比剂用量为(57.70±9.01)mL,低于100 kV组[(71.80±10.37)mL]和120 kV组[(75.20±11.08)mL],差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。80 kV、100 kV、120 kV组患者的剂量长度乘积(DLP)分别为(1 096.88±155.2) mGy×cm、(963.02±137.9) mGy×cm、(1 048.53±168.2) mGy×cm,有效辐射剂量的均值分别为16.45、14.44、15.73 mSv,以100 kV组患者接受的剂量最低,与80 kV组和120 kV组之间差异有统计学差义(P0.05)。结论:320排CT VHP技术中采用80、100、120 kV管电压均能获得良好的图像质量,其中,采用80 kV时对比剂用量最少,采用100 kV时所接受的辐射剂量最低。     

The current status of transcutaneous aortic valve implantation

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a relatively novel procedure first performed in 2002 and has undergone rapid development since then. Its main indication is treatment of severe symptomatic aortic valve stenosis. Initially, the procedure was indicated for very sick patients who were not eligible for surgical aortic valve replacement. However, rapid development of the technology and operator skill required for TAVI allowed widening of the indications for its use. Currently, there is evidence that TAVI could be better than the surgical intervention in a broad population and not only in the most sick. This paper reviews the medical literature regarding TAVI, including the relevant medical equipment, different modes of its deployment, main complications of the procedure, main indications and contraindications, and the outcome of the patients who undergo it.