脑卒中院前延迟综合健康教育方案的构建脑卒中院前延迟综合健康教育方案的构建

在健康信念模式、社会认知理论和缺血性脑卒中院前应对模式等理论指引的基础上,结合适宜的健康教育方法和内容,以脑卒中高危者和其家属为健康教育对象,构建了可行性较强的脑卒中院前延迟综合性健康教育方案,以达到提高社区高危人群和其家属对脑卒中疾病认知,减少院前延迟的发生,推动社区健康教育活动发展的目的。     

脑卒中高危人群院前延迟行为意向的潜在剖面分析

目的 探索脑卒中高危人群院前延迟行为意向的潜在剖面分型,并分析其影响因素,为制定针对性干预措施提供参考。方法 采用一般资料调查表、脑卒中院前延迟行为意向量表、慢性病病人健康素养量表对213例脑卒中高危人群进行调查。对脑卒中高危人群院前延迟行为意向进行潜在剖面分析,并通过单因素分析和logistic回归分析识别其潜在剖面的影响因素。结果 脑卒中高危人群院前延迟行为意向分为3个类别：高延迟-高合理化组(12.7%)、中等延迟组(66.7%)和低延迟-低警觉组(20.6%)。logistic回归分析结果显示,常居地、吸烟情况、性格分型、健康素养是脑卒中高危人群院前延迟行为意向潜在剖面的影响因素(均P<0.05)。结论 脑卒中高危人群院前延迟行为意向存在异质性,医护人员可依据院前延迟行为意向特征及影响因素开展针对性干预,改善其院前延迟现状。     

脑卒中高危人群院前延迟行为意向的潜在剖面分析

目的 探索脑卒中高危人群院前延迟行为意向的潜在剖面分型,并分析其影响因素,为制定针对性干预措施提供参考。 方法 采用一般资料调查表、脑卒中院前延迟行为意向量表、慢性病病人健康素养量表对213例脑卒中高危人群进行调查。对脑卒中高危人群院前延迟行为意向进行潜在剖面分析，并通过单因素分析和logistic回归分析识别其潜在剖面的影响因素。结果 脑卒中高危人群院前延迟行为意向分为3个类别：高延迟-高合理化组（12.7%）、中等延迟组（66.7%）和低延迟-低警觉组（20.6%）。logistic回归分析结果显示,常居地、吸烟情况、性格分型、健康素养是脑卒中高危人群院前延迟行为意向潜在剖面的影响因素（均P<0.05）。结论 脑卒中高危人群院前延迟行为意向存在异质性，医护人员可依据院前延迟行为意向特征及影响因素开展针对性干预，改善其院前延迟现状。     

社区主要不良心脏事件高危者院前延迟行为意向调查

目的 了解社区主要不良心脏事件高危者院前延迟行为意向现状,并探讨其影响因素.方法 采用主要不良心脏事件高危者院前延迟行为意向测评量表、主要不良心脏事件知识问卷对社区325名主要不良心脏事件高危者进行调查分析.结果 社区主要不良心脏事件高危者院前延迟行为意向总分为(55.07±8.87)分,知识得分为8.99(4.00,...     

急性脑卒中患者就医延迟影响因素研究进展

对急性脑卒中患者就医延迟(包括院前及院内延迟)的影响因素进行阐述,院前延迟影响因素包括人口学特征,症状识别及严重性感知,转运方式和环境因素。院内延迟影响因素有医院管理因素和基础设施,医务人员、患者及家属因素。提出针对性的建议,以缩短院前及院内延迟时间,同时为患者接受超早期的静脉溶栓治疗奠定基础。     

基于扎根理论的急性脑卒中患者延迟就诊应对模型的构建

目的探讨急性脑卒中患者延迟就诊的应对过程,构建应对模型。方法运用格拉泽传统扎根理论研究方法,对12例延迟就诊的急性脑卒中患者进行半结构式深度访谈,提取主题。结果析出核心主题"急性脑卒中患者就诊应对方式",基于Lazarus压力应对模式构建急性脑卒中患者延迟就诊应对模型,包括感知阶段、犹豫阶段、决策阶段3个应对阶段,认知因素、经济因素、社会支持、促进因素和阻碍因素5个原因要素。结论急性脑卒中患者延迟就诊受多种因素影响,应对模型的初步构建可为进一步探索急性脑卒中患者院前延迟就诊的干预策略提供依据。     

社区糖尿病高危人群预防性健康教育的实施

目的 提高社区糖尿病高危人群对糖尿病的认知能力,降低糖尿病的发病率.方法 对社区糖尿病高危人群采用多种方式实施预防性健康教育活动.结果 预防性健康教育6个月后社区糖尿病高危人群对糖尿病基本知识的知晓率及自我管理状况显著优于教育前(均P＜0.05、P＜0.01);无1例新增糖尿病患者.结论 对社区糖尿病高危人群开展预防性健康教育,能有效提高社区糖尿病高危人群对糖尿病的认知能力,有效降低糖尿病的发病率.     

社区脑卒中照顾者获益感干预方案应用效果评价

目的评价社区脑卒中照顾者获益感干预方案的应用效果。方法基于修订版压力应对理论和认知适应理论构建社区脑卒中照顾者获益感干预方案。将郑州市6个社区的68名脑卒中照顾者以社区为单位使用抽签法随机分为对照组和干预组各34名。对照组接受9周有关脑卒中的一般健康教育,干预组在对照组的基础上接受每周1次,共9次的一对一的获益感干预。结果干预后,干预组获益感及生活质量评分显著高于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论对社区脑卒中照顾者实施获益感干预方案有利于提高其获益感及生活质量。     

网络互动式一级预防教育用于社区脑卒中高危人群效果观察

目的探讨网络互动式一级预防教育在社区脑卒中高危人群的实施效果。方法选取脑卒中高危患者110例随机分为对照组和观察组各55例。对照组进行常规健康教育,观察组在此基础上实施网络互动式一级预防健康教育6个月。结果干预后观察组健康知识知晓程度及遵医行为显著高于对照组(均P0.01)。结论网络互动式一级预防教育有助于患者积极参与,增加对脑卒中相关知识的了解,能有效提高脑卒中高危人群的遵医行为。     

自我导向学习在高学历居民脑卒中一级预防中的应用

目的探索自我导向学习方法在高学历居民脑卒中一级预防中的应用效果。方法采用Framingham卒中风险评估表对上海市宝山区2个社区大专及以上学历居民进行脑卒中风险筛查,将2个社区脑卒中潜在高危人群分为对照组56例和干预组54例。两组均予以每月1次预防脑卒中的讲座,发放教育单张的健康教育活动;干预组在此基础上导入自我导向健康促进计划的制定和实施。6个月后评价两组脑卒中风险变化。结果干预组居民预测10年卒中危险度评分及风险概率显著低于对照组(均P0.05)。结论自我导向学习应用于高学历居民脑卒中一级预防能调动居民自主实施健康管理,有利于潜在高危居民降低脑卒中风险。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.