硝苯地平控释片对老年高血压患者肾功能的影响

目的 研究拜新同对老年高血压患者肾血流动力学和肾脏功能的影响。方法 对28例老年高血压患者进行拜新同治疗前后肾功能指标的自身相比。采用核素肾功能检查和彩色多普勒超声肾血流动力学检测及血，尿生化指标的检查，测定肾小球滤过率（GFR）和肾动脉主干，段动脉及叶间动脉的收缩期最大血流速度（VS），舒张期最低血流速度（VD），阻力指数（RI），血流峰加速时间（AT）和血尿素氮（BUN），肌酐（Cr),血β2－MG，尿β2－MG，尿白蛋白。结果 拜新同治疗12周后，患者的诊室血压收缩压平均下降0．25，舒张压平均下降0．17，24小时平均收缩压下降了0．17，24小时平均舒张压下降0．15，均达到了目标血压，治疗前后对比有显著差异（P均＜0．001）。肾脏超声检查肾血流各项指标亦有显著性改变，肾动脉主干，肾段动脉及叶间动脉的VS，VD显著增高（P＜0．01），RI及AT减低，P值均＜0．01。核素肾动态检测GFR，用药后GFR明显增加（P＜0．001）。而尿白蛋白，尿β2－MG和Cr用药后明显下降，有显著性差异，血β2－MG，BUN均无明显改善。结论 拜新同在有效降低血压的同时，可降低肾脏血管阻力，使肾血流量和GFR明显增高。尿白蛋白，尿β2－MG和Cr用药后明显下降，患者的肾功能得到改善。是一种理想的对肾功能有所考虑的降压药。     

高血压病患者血压昼夜节律改变与高血压肾损害的关系

目的：探讨高血压病患者血压昼节律改变与高血压肾损害的关系。方法：对62例原发性高血压病患者进行24h动态血压监测，根据检测结果将62例高血压病患者分成杓型组与非杓型组，并测定两组患者的血、尿β2－微球蛋白（β2－MG）、尿微量白蛋白（mAIb)及血尿素氮（BUN）、血肌酐（Cr)。比较杓型组与非杓型组血压增值、血压昼节律变化及血、尿β2－MG、尿mAIb、血BUN、Cr。结果：血压昼节律改变者血，尿β2－MG、尿mAIb、血BUN、Cr均较正常昼节律者增加（P＜0．01）。结论：血压昼节律改革呈非杓型者其肾损害较杓型者严重。     

科素亚和卡托普利对原发性高血压早期肾损害保护作用的比较

目的 探讨血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻断剂（ATRA）和血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）对原发性高血压（EH）所致的肾小球滤过功能和肾小管重吸收功能损害的保护作用。方法 以科素亚（50mg/d)和卡托普利（75mg/d)口服给药,疗程分为4周和6个月2组,实验前后分别测定血清肌酐（Cr)、每分钟内生肌酐清除率（CCr)、尿素氮（BUN）和24小时尿总蛋白、白蛋白、α1微球蛋白（α1MG）和β2微球蛋白（β2MG）的排泄率。结果 入选患者治疗前血Cr、BUN无明显升高,患者24小时尿总蛋白、白蛋白、α1微球蛋白和β2微球蛋白的排泄均有增加。4周治疗后,科素亚和卡托普利均能显著减少总尿蛋白、白蛋白、α1MG、β2MG的排泄,Cr、CCr、BUN水平同治疗前相当。6个月治疗后,卡托普利组CCr较治疗前降低、尿白蛋白排泄与治疗前无显著差异,科素亚组仍能维持治疗前CCr水平且尿白蛋白排泄低于治疗前。科素亚还能显著增加尿钠的排泄。结论 EH肾损害,微蛋白尿的出现先于血Cr和BUN的升高,肾功能损害早期肾小球滤过功能和肾小管重吸收功能均受累,科素亚和卡托普利通过阻断肾素－血管紧张素系统均可减轻和延缓高血压引起的肾功能损害,科素亚长期疗效优于卡托普利。     

肾动脉血流参数测定在高血压肾脏损害中的应用

目的探讨肾血流多普勒超声测定对诊断高血压肾损害的价值。方法以尿β2-微球蛋白（β2-MG）和尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）作为早期肾损害指标。对62例高血压患者行多普勒超声肾血流检查。结果高血压伴尿微量蛋白增高组（EH—B组）肾内各级动脉的阻力指数（RI）值高于尿微量蛋白正常组（EH—A组），尿蛋白组（EH—C组）高于尿微量蛋白增高组，说明肾脏损害越重，RI值越高。结论多普勒超声肾血流测定在诊断高血压早期肾损害方面有一定价值。     

原发性高血压患者尿微球蛋白、转铁蛋白变化的意义及氨氯地平对肾脏的保护作用

对30例正常人（正常对照组）及60例原发性高血压（EH）患者（EH组,其中轻度EH33例、中度27例）进行用药前后尿α1－微球蛋白（α1-MG）,β2－微球蛋白（β2－MG),转铁蛋白测定,结果发现：轻度EH组β2－MG、α1－MG明显高于对照组（P＜0．01）;中度EH组β2－MG、α1－MG、转铁蛋白明显高于轻度EH组和对照组（P＜0．01,P＜0．001）;应用氨氯地平治疗后,EH组尿β2－MG、α1－MG、转铁蛋白均较治疗前明显降低（P＜0．01,P＜0．001）。认为尿β2－MG、α1－MG、转铁蛋白检测能较早识别高血压肾脏损害,氨氯地平在降压的同时预防或延缓肾脏损害的发生发展。     

科素亚和卡托普利对原发性高血压早期肾损害保护作用的比较

目的　探讨血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻断剂（ATRA）和血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）对原发性高血压（EH）所致的肾小球滤过功能和肾小管重吸收功能损害的保护作用。方法　以科素亚（50mg/d)和卡托普利(75mg/d)口服给药,疗程分为4周和6个月2组,实验前后分别测定血清肌酐（Cr）、每分钟内生肌酐清除率（CCr)、尿素氮（BUN）和24小时尿总蛋白、白蛋白、α1微球蛋白（α1MG)和β2微球蛋白(β2MG)的排泄率。结果　入选患者治疗前血Cr、BUN无明显升高,患者24小时尿总蛋白、白蛋白、α1微球蛋白和β2微球蛋白的排泄均有增加。4周治疗后,科素亚和卡托普利均能显著减少总尿蛋白、白蛋白、α1MG、β2MG的排泄,Cr、CCr、BUN水平同治疗前相当。6个月治疗后,卡托普利组CCr较治疗前降低、尿白蛋白排泄与治疗前无显著差异,科素亚组仍能维持治疗前CCr水平且尿白蛋白排泄低于治疗前。科素亚还能显著增加尿钠的排泄。结论　EH肾损害,微蛋白尿的出现先于血Cr和BUN的升高,肾功能损害早期肾小球滤过功能和肾小管重吸收功能均受累,科素亚和卡托普利通过阻断肾素—血管紧张素系统均可减轻和延缓高血压引起的肾功能损害,科素亚长期疗效优于卡托普利。     

β_2微球蛋白与高血压病

本组高血压病患者62例,同时测定血和尿β_2微球蛋白(β_2-MG)含量及常规肾功能指标尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)、内生肌酐清除率(Ccr),旨在评价高血压患者血和尿β_2-MG浓度改变对早期肾功能损害的诊断意义。调查表明,高血压患者血清和尿液β_2-MG阳性率显著高于血清Cr和BUN(P<0.01),并且与Cr、BUN成正相关,(r=0.634、0.8),与Ccr成负相关,(r=-0.939)。随着病程长、病情重,血、尿β_2-MG明显升高,Ⅲ期患者血、尿β_2-MG显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期(0.05>P>0.01)。本组病例中还发现在Cr、BUN、Ccr正常患者中血、尿β_2-MG已升高。以上提示β_2-MG不但可以反映高血压患者肾功能的变化,而且可以较早预示肾功能的损害,可能是测定高血压患者肾功能减退的一个较敏感的指标。     

正常血压高值与肾功能的相关性研究

目的:观察正常血压高值患者肾功能的变化,以探讨正常血压高值患者是否存在与血压升高相关的靶器官损害,以指导其治疗和预防.方法:根据JNC-7诊断标准筛选病例并分为3组:正常血压组(NT组)56例;正常血压高值组(PH组)51例;高血压组(EH组)54例.留取晨尿,抽取静脉血,离心后采用放免法和酶法测定尿β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)、尿微量白蛋白(mAIb)及血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Cr).结果:与NT组相比,PH组和EH组尿β2-MG、mAIb水平明显升高(P＜0.05;P＜0.01);BUN、Cr在EH组明显升高,与NT组比较P＜0.01;在PH组BUN轻度升高,与NT组比较无显著性差异;血Cr明显升高, 与NT组比较P＜0.01.直线相关分析显示:血压水平与尿β2-MG、mAIb及BUN、Cr的水平均呈显著正相关.多因素回归分析显示:校正年龄、体质指数、血糖、胆固醇、TG,血压水平仍与尿β2-MG、mAIb有显著的相关性.结论:PH组患者尿β2- MG 、 mAIb 、 Cr 出现了异常变化.且血压水平与尿β2-MG、mAIb及BUN、Cr的水平均呈显著正相关.提示正常血压高值患者可能存在与血压升高相关的肾损害.血压水平是导致尿β2-MG、尿mAIb增加的独立危险因素.     

高血压早期肾损害不同诊断指标的临床比较

目的探讨早期诊断高血压肾损害的敏感指标。方法测定86例高血压患者的血肌酐（SCr）、尿素氮（BUN），血、尿β2微球蛋白（β2-MG），计算内生肌酐清除率（CCr），并与30例非高血压患者进行对比。结果在高血压Ⅰ级组，血BUN、SCr，CCr，血、尿β2-MG与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义，Ⅱ级组血、尿β2-MG升高与对照组差异有统计学意义，CCr下降与对照组差异无统计学意义；在Ⅲ级组，5种指标均异常，且与对照组差异有统计学意义，但血、尿β2-MG的阳性率高于CCr下降，更高于血肌酐（SCr）及尿素氮（BUN）。结论测定血、尿β2-MG比测定SCr、BUN、CCr更早发现高血压病早期肾脏损害。     

缬沙坦联合左旋氨氯地平减少高血压患者蛋白尿的疗效观察

目的比较缬沙坦单药治疗与缬沙坦联合左旋氨氯地平治疗高血压合并蛋白尿的临床疗效。方法入选高血压合并蛋白尿的患者80例,随机分为联合治疗组,即缬沙坦80mg／d联合左旋氨氯地平5mg／d和单药治疗组即缬沙坦80mg／d组,每组40例,治疗1月,比较治疗前后血压、尿素氮（BUN）、尿微量清蛋白（mALB）、尿β2微球蛋白（β2MG）、血肌酐（Cr）的变化。结果与治疗前比较,2组患者血压均明显下降（P〈0．01）,mALB、β2MG,Cr均显著降低（P〈0．01）。联合用药组降压达标率、降压时间和降尿蛋白作用优于单治疗药组（P〈0．05）。结论缬沙坦联合左旋氨氯地平能够更有效地降低血压,减少蛋白尿,保护肾脏功能。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Angiographic diagnosis of the degree of serosal invasion of carcinoma of the colon

Angiography using Prostaglandin El^® was performed on 38 patients with carcinoma of the colon in order to diagnose the degree of serosal cancer invasion. The findings at angiography were classified into four groups:1) AG-S3, abnormal change (irregularity and/or encasement) up to marginal vessels; 2) AG-S2, abnormality up to vasa recta; 3) AG-S1, abnormality of penetrating branches of vasa recta within the wall of the colon; and 4) AG-S0, no distinct findings of abovementioned vessels. These angiographic findings were compared with both macroscopic and microscopic serosal cancer invasion. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the macroscopic findings in 84.2 percent of cases. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the microscopic findings in 32.4 percent of cases. Macroscopic findings confirm the angiographic diagnosis precisely but the conflict with microscopic findings should not be overlooked. This may be the result of inflammatory change, adhesion, and fibrosis around carcinoma of the colon.