霉酚酸酯抑制大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤诱导的肾小管上皮细胞凋亡

目的研究霉酚酸酯(MMF)对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注(I／R)损伤诱导的肾小管上皮细胞凋亡的保护作用及机制。方法Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、I／R组、I／R MMF组。双侧肾动脉夹闭30min再灌注18h制作动物模型。观察肾功能及肾脏病理改变。以原位末端标记(TUNEL)及DNA电泳方法检测肾小管上皮细胞凋亡情况。RT—PCR法测定肾组织肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF—α)mRNA表达。Western印迹法测定肾组织半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶(caspase)3、8蛋白表达。结果肾脏缺血30min再灌注18h后，大鼠肾功能明显减退，肾脏病理改变明显，大量肾小管上皮细胞凋亡，肾组织中TNF—α mRNA表达及caspase-3、-8蛋白表达显著增加。MMF能显著改善肾功能和肾脏组织病理学改变，减轻肾小管上皮细胞凋亡，显著下调TNF—α mRNA表达及caspaae-3、-8蛋白表达。结论MMF能抑制肾脏I／R损伤诱导的肾小管上皮细胞凋亡．保护肾功能，其作用至少部分是通过减少肾组织局部TNF-α含量，从而影响了caspase依赖的外源性凋亡途径实现的。     

Differences in osteopontin up-regulation between proximal and distal tubules after renal ischemia/reperfusion.

BACKGROUND: Osteopontin (OPN) is a highly acidic phosphoprotein containing an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) cell adhesion motif. High OPN expression has been found in tissues with high cell turnover, and OPN up-regulation has been demonstrated in several models of renal injury, suggesting a possible role in tissue remodeling and repair. However, its exact function in the kidney remains unknown. In this study, the possible contribution of OPN to regeneration and repair in the kidney was explored by studying the time course and subcellular localization of OPN up-regulation after renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in different nephron segments and by investigating its relationship with tubular morphology. METHODS: Rats that underwent 60 minutes of left renal ischemia and a right nephrectomy sacrificed at 10 different time points (from 1 hr to 10 days after reperfusion) were compared with uninephrectomized rats at each time point. In renal tissue sections immunostained for OPN, proximal (PTs) and distal tubules (DTs) in both the renal cortex and outer stripe of the outer medulla (OSOM) were scored for the degree of OPN expression and tubular morphology. RESULTS: Kidneys of uninephrectomized rats showed no injury, and the localization and intensity of their OPN expression remained unaltered compared with normal rats. After ischemia/reperfusion, morphological damage was most severe in PTs of the OSOM, but all examined nephron segments showed a significant increase in OPN expression. The time course of OPN up-regulation was different in PTs and DTs. DTs in both cortex and OSOM rapidly increased their OPN expression, with a maximum at 24 hours after reperfusion followed by a slow decrease. In contrast, PTs showed a delayed increase in OPN staining, with a maximum after five to seven days, higher in the OSOM than in the cortex. In OSOM PTs, OPN expression was predominantly associated with morphological regeneration, whereas DTs showed a substantial OPN up-regulation without major morphological damage. PTs and DTs displayed a different subcellular OPN staining pattern: OPN staining in DTs was located to the apical side of the cell; PTs, however, presented a vesicular, perinuclear staining pattern. CONCLUSIONS: Our study found a different pattern of OPN up-regulation after renal ischemia/reperfusion in PTs versus DTs, both with regard to time course and subcellular localization. DTs show an early and persistent increase in OPN staining in the absence of major morphological injury, whereas OPN staining in PTs is delayed and is mostly associated with morphological regeneration. PTs show a vesicular, perinuclear OPN staining pattern, whereas DTs show OPN staining at the apical cell side.     

自噬在心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的作用

自噬是哺乳动物细胞降解和回收生物大分子及细胞器,为适应环境和进化的一种基本过程.在心脏生理状态下,自噬维持低水平保持心脏正常功能.在心肌缺血/再灌注时,自噬快速增加,但其分子机制以及作用尚不清楚.现就自噬在心肌缺血/再灌注损伤中的分子机制与作用作一综述.     

PPAR-δ activation reduces cisplatin-induced apoptosis via inhibiting p53/Bax/caspase-3 pathway without modulating autophagy in murine renal proximal tubular cells

Clinical and Experimental Nephrology - Cisplatin-induced injury of renal proximal tubular cells results basically from increased apoptosis via mitochondrial damage, and is mitigated by appropriate...     

Neutrophil depletion reduces myocardial apoptosis and attenuates NFkappaB activation/TNFalpha release after ischemia and reperfusion

BACKGROUND: This study tested the hypothesis that depletion of neutrophils (PMNs) reduces myocardial apoptosis via reducing oxidant generation and inhibiting NFkappaB-mediated signaling pathways after ischemia/reperfusion. METHODS: Anesthetized rats were randomly divided into one of four groups: Control: 30 min ischemia and 3 h of reperfusion; PMN depletion: anti-PMN serum was injected 6 h before ischemia; N-acetylcysteine (NAC): NAC was given twice before ischemia and at reperfusion. Sham: the ligature was placed without coronary occlusion. Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining and DNA fragmentation. PMN accumulation was studied by immunohistochemical staining. Levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and caspase-3 were detected by Elisa kits. Expression in NFkappaB, Bcl-2, and Bax was assessed by Western blotting analysis. RESULTS: Relative to Control, depletion of PMNs or NAC treatment reduced levels of plasma TNFalpha (567 +/- 130* and 231 +/- 72* versus 1994 +/- 447 pg/ml) and IL-6 (791 +/- 473* and 666 +/- 300* versus 3724 +/- 1233, pg/ml), accompanying a reduction in PMN accumulation (12 +/- 1* and 13 +/- 0.6* versus 20 +/- 1 mm2 myocardium) in ischemic myocardium. Both groups showed a reduction in expression of nuclear NFkappaB relative to Control (62 +/- 9* and 67 +/- 8* versus 124 +/- 16 arb.u), consistent with reduced NFkappaB binding activity. The number of apoptotic cells (%) in area at risk myocardium was comparably reduced in anti-PMN and NAC groups relative to Control (12 +/- 1* and 14 +/- 0.9* versus 20 +/- 1), consistent with reduced appearance of DNA ladders. Furthermore, activated caspase-3 was significantly reduced and Bcl-2 was increased relative to Control. No difference in all parameters measured was detected during the course of experiment in the Sham group. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that the oxidants generated from activated PMNs after ischemia/reperfusion trigger myocardial apoptosis, which is further supported by an anti-oxidant therapy with NAC, potentially mediated by enhanced NFkappaB-TNFalpha signaling pathway, activated caspase-3 and down-regulated Bcl-2. *P < 0.05 versus Control.     

姜黄素预处理对大鼠缺血再灌注肾小管上皮细胞凋亡的影响

目的：建立大鼠。肾脏缺血再灌注损伤（IRI）模型,观察姜黄素预处理对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注肾小管上皮细胞凋亡的影响。方法：36只SD雄性大鼠随机分为3组,分别为假手术（Sham）组、肾脏缺血再灌注模型（IR）组、姜黄素预处理（CUR）组,每组12只。CUR组在缺血前2h给予姜黄素100mg／kg剂量溶于0．1％二甲基亚砜1ml中,注入腹腔。24小时后沿原切口进入,切除左。肾。肾组织用4％多聚甲醛固定24h,常规石蜡包埋切片。采用TUNEL法检测各组缺血肾小管上皮细胞凋亡。结果：与Sham组相比,IR组肾小管上皮细胞凋亡明显增加。与IR组比较,CUR组肾小管上皮细胞凋亡减少（P＜0．05）。结论：姜黄素预处理可减轻肾脏IRI的肾小管上皮细胞凋亡。     

Bcl-xL overexpression protects from apoptosis induced by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in murine tubular cells

BACKGROUND: Hyperplasia is attributed to enhanced tubular cell proliferation with unbalanced cell death. The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors induce apoptosis in a variety of cell lines, including proximal tubular cells. However, the mechanisms by which statins induce apoptosis in tubular cells have not been fully addressed. METHODS: Apoptosis induced by simvastatin was measured in murine tubular cells with and without overexpressing Bcl-xL. Expression of genes implicated in cell death was studied by Northern and Western blot. RESULTS: The treatment of proliferating murine tubular cells (MCT) with simvastatin induced apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner (0.1 to 1 micromol/L). Apoptosis was correlated with Bcl-xL mRNA and protein down-regulation. By contrast, the treatment with simvastatin did not modify the expression of the proapoptotic protein Bax. Simvastatin treatment was associated with cytochrome C release from the mitochondria to the cytosol. We also observed the presence of active caspase 9 and 3 during apoptosis induced by simvastatin. These effects were reversed by mevalonate, farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP), and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP), suggesting the involvement of protein prenylation. Simvastatin appears to alter the balance between cell-life and death-promoting genes, as reflected by the decreased Bcl-xL/Bax ratio. Supporting this hypothesis, overexpression of Bcl-xL reduced the amount of apoptosis induced by simvastatin by 80% when compared with control vector-expressing cells. The overexpression of Bcl-xL also prevented the activation of caspase 9 and 3. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that down-regulation of Bcl-xL expression mediates apoptosis induced by statins in tubular cells. These results may be relevant to the treatment of disorders characterized by altered tubular proliferation.     

Nebivolol reduces experimentally induced warm renal ischemia reperfusion injury in rats

Ischemia/reperfusion injury, which is commonly seen in the field of renal surgery or transplantation, is a major cause of acute renal failure. The objective of the present study was to examine the role of nebivolol in modulating peroxynitrite species-induced inflammation and apoptosis after renal warm ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of nebivolol on the renal warm ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats treated with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. After right nephrectomy, nebivolol was administered for 15 days. On the 16(th) day, ischemia was induced in contra lateral kidney for 45 min, followed by reperfusion for 24 hr. Renal function, inflammation, and apoptosis were estimated at the end of 24 hr reperfusion. Nebivolol improved the renal dysfunction and reduced inflammation and apoptosis after renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. In conclusion, nebivolol shows potent anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties due to its NO-releasing property. These findings may have major implications in the treatment of human ischemic acute renal failure.     

Bcl-2 protects tubular epithelial cells from ischemia reperfusion injury by inhibiting apoptosis

Ischemia followed by reperfusion leads to severe organ injury and dysfunction. Inflammation is considered to be the most important cause of graft dysfunction in kidney transplantation subjected to ischemia. The mechanism that triggers inflammation and renal injury after ischemia remains to be elucidated; however, cellular stress may induce apoptosis during the first hours and days after transplantation, which might play a crucial role in early graft dysfunction. Bcl-2 is known to inhibit apoptosis induced by the etiological factors promoting ischemia and reperfusion injury. Accordingly, we hypothesized that an augmentation of the antiapoptotic factor Bcl-2 may thus protect tubular epithelial cells by inhibiting apoptosis, thereby ameliorating the subsequent tubulointerstitial injury. We examined the effects of Bcl-2 overexpression on ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury using Bcl-2 transgenic mice (Bcl-2 TG) and their wild-type littermates (WT). To investigate the effects of I/R injury, the left renal artery and vein were clamped for 45 min, followed by reperfusion for 0-96 h. Bcl-2 TG exhibited decreased active caspase protein in the tubular cells, which led to a reduction in TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells. Consequently, interstitial fibrosis and phenotypic changes were ameliorated in Bcl-2 TG. In conclusion, Bcl-2 augmentation protected renal tubular epithelial cells from I/R, and subsequent interstitial injury by inhibiting tubular apoptosis.     

环磷酸腺苷对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注细胞凋亡的影响

目的：通过观察外源性环磷酸腺苷（cAMP）对缺血／再灌注心肌梗死面积、心肌结构和细胞凋亡参数的影响，探讨cAMP抗心肌缺血／再灌注损伤的作用机制。方法：SD大鼠心脏左冠状动脉前降支缺血／再灌注动物模型，缺血30min，再灌注2h。40只SD大鼠随机分成三组：对照组（I组，n＝8），I／R组，（Ⅱ组，n=6)，cAMP治疗组（Ⅲ组，n=16）在缺血前5min静脉注射cAMP(1mg/kg) I/R组。按TCC法染色用图象分析系统计算梗死面积，原位末端TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡指数，免疫组化SP法测定Fas、Bcl-2的含量,在电镜下观察心肌细胞的超微结构。结果：与Ⅱ组比较，Ⅲ组的梗死面积明显缩小（P＜0．05），凋亡指数和Fas含量明显减少（P＜0．01）；B cl-2含量明显增多（P＜0．01）。结论:cAMP具有抗心肌缺血／ 再灌注损伤的作用，其作用机制可能是通过调节Fas和Bcl-2介导的心肌 缺血／再灌注细胞凋亡而实现。     

肾上腺髓质素对大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤中肾小管上皮细胞凋亡的影响及机制研究

目的 观察肾上腺髓质素(adrenomedullin,AM)对大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤(ischemia reperfusion injury,IRI)中肾小管上皮细胞凋亡的影响,并探讨其机制.方法 Wistar大鼠32只,随机分为4组:假手术组和IRI组各6只,转染空质粒组和转染AM质粒组各10只.大鼠右肾切除后1周,用超声微泡造影剂介导的基因转染方法将大鼠AM真核表达质粒转染大鼠肾脏,1周后采用免疫组织化学方法检测转染效率.转染成功后夹闭左肾动脉45 min制作肾IRI模型,于再灌注24 h后留取肾组织标本.TUNEL染色检测肾组织细胞凋亡,RT-PCR检测肾组织Bcl-2、Bax和Fas的mRNA表达,蛋白质印迹法检测caspase-3、caspase-8和caspase-9蛋白质表达.结果 转染AM质粒组的AM表达显著高于转染空质粒组(0.51±0.09和0.23±0.05,P＜0.05).与假手术组相比,IRI组肾组织细胞凋亡率明显增加[(38.79±7.52)%和(2.89±0.52)%,P＜0.05];肾组织Bax、Bcl-2、Fas、caspase-3、caspase-8和caspase-9表达上调,分别为0.72±0.18和0.23±0.04、0.80±0.12和0.38±0.06、1.24±0.25和0.39±0.09、0.76±0.13和0.38±0.08、0.92±0.14和0.32±0.06、0.89±0.12和0.42±0.09(P＜0.05),Bax/Bcl-2升高(0.91±0.18和0.61±0.08,P＜0.05).转染AM质粒组肾组织凋亡细胞数、Bax、Fas、caspase-3、caspase-8和caspase-9表达下调,分别为(19.36±6.78)%、0.48±0.11、0.62±0.07、0.53±0.08、0.46±0.08、0.51±0.12,与IRI组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);Bcl-2表达进一步上调为1.23±0.25,Bax/Bcl-2降低为0.44±0.12,与IRI组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).转染空质粒组和IRI组比较,上述各指标差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 AM能减轻肾IRI引起的肾小管上皮细胞凋亡,其部分机制可能是通过抑制caspase依赖的内、外源性凋亡途径实现的.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of adrenomedullin (AM) on apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cell in rats induced by renal ischemia reperfusion injury. Methods Thirty-two Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group, IRI group, empty plasmid group and AM group. One week after removing the right kidney, eukaryotic expression vector encoding rat AM gene was transfected into the left kidney using an ultrasound-microbubble mediated system. After 1 week the transfer efficiency was detected by immunohistochemical method . Renal IRI model induced by clamping left renal arteries for 45 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h. Tubular cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL assay. Bcl-2, Bax and Fas expressions were examined by RT-PCR. The expressions of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 were determined by Western bolt analysis. Results The expression of AM in the AM group was significantly higher than the empty plasmid group (0.51±0.09 vs 0.23±0.05; P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the apoptosis rate of renal tubular cell in the IRI group was significantly higher [(38.79±7.52)% vs (2.89±0.52)%; P<0.05]. The expressions of Bax, Bcl-2, Fas, caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 were also significantly increased (0.72±0.18 vs 0.23±0.04, 0.80±0.12 vs 0.38±0.06, 1.24±0.25 vs 0.39±0.09, 0.76±0.13 vs 0.38±0.08, 0.92±0.14 vs 0.32±0.06, 0.89±0.12 vs 0.42±0.09; P<0.05). Bax/Bcl-2 was also significantly increased (0.91±0.18 vs 0.61±0.08; P<0.05). Compared with the IRI group, AM pretreatment significantly decreased the apoptosis rate of renal tubular cells [(19.36±6.78)% vs (38.79±7.52)%; P<0.05]. AM inhibited the up-regulation of Bax, Fas, caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9, while promoting the up-regulation of Bcl-2 (0.48±0.11 vs 0.72±0.18, 0.62±0.07 vs 1.24±0.25, 0.53±0.08 vs 0.76±0.13, 0.46±0.08 vs 0.92±0.14, 0.51±0.12 vs 0.89±0.12, 1.23±0.25 vs 0.80±0.12; P<0.05). Bax/Bcl-2 significantly decreased (0.44±0.12 vs 0.91±0.18; P<0.05). The above parameters had no significant diffe-rence between the empty plasmid group and the IRI group (P>0.05). Conclusion AM can reduce apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cell induced by renal IRI, the mechanism of which might be achieved by inhibiting caspase-dependent intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.     

NGAL对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤时肾小管上皮细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的探讨中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白（neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin,NGAL）对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤肾小管上皮细胞凋亡及凋亡蛋白fas,bcl-2表达的影响。方法建立大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤模型,用HE染色观察肾组织病理变化情况;TUNEL法检测肾小管上皮细胞凋亡;免疫组织化学方法检测fas,bcl-2蛋白表达,并利用图像分析系统测量阳性表达率进行定量分析。结果①缺血再灌注模型组肾小管上皮细胞凋亡数为（20．8±3．7）个／高倍视野,NGAL组为（8．6±3．4）个／高倍视野,2组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。②NGAL组较缺血再灌注模型组fas阳性表达率下降,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;bcl-2阳性表达率增强,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论NGAL对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤的肾小管上皮细胞有保护作用,其作用可能与减少细胞凋亡、改变凋亡蛋白的表达有关系。     

Lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus reduces renal ischemia/reperfusion injury

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate whether in vivo administration of a low, sub-lethal dose of lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a bacterial wall-fragment derived from the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, protects the kidney against the renal dysfunction and injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). METHODS: Male Wistar rats were administered LTA from S. aureus (1 mg/kg, IP). After 24 hours, rats were subjected to bilateral renal ischemia (45 min) followed by reperfusion (6 h). Serum and urinary markers were measured for the assessment of renal function, tubular and reperfusion-injury. Renal sections were used for histological grading of renal injury and for immunohistochemical localization of P-selectin, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitrotyrosine (indicative of peroxynitrite formation). Kidney myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured for assessment of polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell infiltration and lipid peroxidation, respectively. Nitric oxide (NO) production was determined by measurement of plasma nitrite/nitrate levels. RESULTS: LTA pretreatment significantly reduced renal dysfunction, tubular and reperfusion-injury caused by I/R of the kidney as well as histological evidence of renal injury. LTA also reduced the expression of P-selectin and kidney MPO activity associated with renal I/R. MDA levels were significantly reduced by LTA pretreatment suggesting a reduction in the lipid peroxidation and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). LTA pretreatment also markedly reduced both the expression of iNOS and the formation of nitrotyrosine associated with renal I/R. Although LTA significantly reduced plasma nitrite/nitrate levels associated with I/R, nitrite/nitrate levels remained at levels significantly higher than that measured from the plasma obtained from Sham-operated animals. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest, to our knowledge for the first time, that LTA pretreatment for 24 hours significantly reduces renal I/R injury. We propose that the mechanism of the protective effect involves reduction of the production of NO, ROS and peroxynitrite subsequent to reduced P-selectin and iNOS expression and PMN recruitment. However, although LTA pretreatment resulted in a reduction of iNOS expression and NO production, we hypothesize that the remaining significant levels of NO contribute to the beneficial actions provided by LTA.     

Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase reduces renal ischemia/reperfusion injury

BACKGROUND: The role of nitric oxide (NO) production because of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the pathogenesis of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is unclear. In this study the roles of both iNOS and NO were characterized in a rat model of renal I/R injury. In addition, the effect of iNOS inhibition on renal function was evaluated. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 45 min of left renal ischemia and contralateral nephrectomy followed by various periods of reperfusion and renal function analysis [plasma creatinine, fractional excretion of sodium (FENa), creatinine clearance (CrCl), and measurement of plasma and urine NO levels]. In addition, the effect of treatment with 1400W, a highly selective iNOS inhibitor, was evaluated. RESULTS: Renal dysfunction peaked at 48 h after reperfusion and immunohistochemistry studies revealed iNOS expression in the vasculature (3 h) and renal tubules (48 h) after reperfusion. Renal function improved significantly in treated animals compared to controls [creatinine of 1.1 v. 1.9 mg/dl (P < 0.05) and CrCl of 0.54 v. 0.31 ml/min (P < 0.05), respectively]. In addition, FENa was decreased by 50%, plasma NO levels were significantly lower (32.7 v. 45.7 micromol/L, P < 0.01), and deposition of nitrotyosine in the tubules of treated rats was less than in control animals. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the hypothesis that iNOS and NO are involved in the pathogenesis of renal I/R injury and suggests that use of iNOS inhibitors may be a valuable therapeutic strategy clinical situations where renal I/R may be prevalent.     

垂体中叶素对肾脏缺血再灌注大鼠肾小管上皮细胞凋亡的影响及其机制

目的 探讨垂体中叶素（IMD）对肾脏缺血再灌注（I/R）大鼠肾小管上皮细胞凋亡的影响及相关机制。 方法 健康雄性Wistar大鼠24只随机分为假手术组、I/R组、空质粒组、IMD质粒组。动物右肾切除后,采用超声微泡法,将空质粒或IMD质粒转染入左肾,1周后制作肾脏I/R模型。TUNEL法测定细胞凋亡;半定量RT-PCR检测Bax、Bcl-2、Fas的mRNA表达水平;比色法检测caspase-8、-9的活性;Western印迹法检测caspase-3蛋白的表达水平。 结果 与假手术组相比,I/R组细胞凋亡率增高,Bax、Fas mRNA表达增加,bcl-2 mRNA表达下降,caspase-8、-9活性增强,caspase-3蛋白表达增加（均P < 0.05）。与I/R组相比,IMD转染组细胞凋亡率明显降低,Bax、Fas的mRNA表达下降,bcl-2的mRNA表达增加,caspase-8、-9活性减弱,caspase-3蛋白表达减少（均P < 0.05）。转空质粒组与I/R组比较,各指标差异均无统计学意义。 结论 IMD能上调bcl-2表达,降低bax、Fas的表达,降低caspase-8、-9活性,从而抑制肾脏I/R损伤所诱导的凋亡。     

Effect of apigenin on apoptosis induced by renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo and in vitro

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effects and molecular mechanisms of apigenin (ApI) on renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in vivo and in vitro.

Methods: In vivo, the left renal artery was clamped for 45?min and the right kidney was removed to study renal I/R injury on Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. ApI was injected at 60?min before renal ischemia. In vitro, renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) were pretreated with or without ApI (20 uM) for 60?min and then treated with hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). Renal function, histology, cells apoptosis, and cell viability were tested. Furthermore, the potential molecular mechanisms were assessed.

Results: ApI pretreatment could significantly alleviated the renal function and the pathological damage as well as cells apoptosis after I/R injury. Meanwhile, ApI treatment protects H/R induced HK-2 cell apoptosis in vitro. The results of Western blot showed that ApI significantly increased the expressions of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and phosphor-AKt (p-AKt), Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), while down-regulated the expressions of Caspase3 and Bax induced by H/R injury.

Conclusions: ApI pretreatment can protect renal function against I/R injury and prevent renal tubular cells from apoptosis in vivo and in vitro which might through PI3K/Akt mediated mitochondria-dependent apoptosis signaling pathway.