Onlay植骨技术在上颌前牙美学区种植修复中的应用

目的:评估Onlay植骨技术在上颌前牙美学区种植修复中的应用。方法:随机选取82例行种植修复术的患者,根据术前评估,给予患者合理的Onlay植骨技术及牙种植修复手术方案。观察患者植骨期间牙槽嵴骨量变化及美学指标变化情况,记录牙种植体存活率。结果:Onlay植骨术后3个月末牙槽嵴水平向骨量(7.84±0.42)mm、牙槽嵴垂直向骨量(11.65±0.85)mm和术后6个月末牙槽嵴水平向骨量(7.15±0.60)mm、牙槽嵴垂直向骨量(10.86±0.63)mm均显著高于植骨前骨量,P=0.035、0.039、0.035、0.040;牙种植修复术后3个月末PES(7.48±1.36)分、WES(7.56±1.09)分和术后6个月末PES(7.78±1.42)分、WES(7.82±1.51)分均显著高于术前评分水平,P=0.040、0.043、0.038、0.032;Onlay植骨术后,骨组织美观丰满,伤口愈合良好,未出现植骨坏死,种植体存活率高。结论:将Onlay植骨技术应用于上颌前牙美学区种植修复中,可显著改善种植区骨量不足的问题,骨愈合情况良好,种植体存活率高,值得推广使用。     

自体骨移植术中引导骨再生技术的应用研究

目的:比较单纯块状自体骨移植与自体骨 GBR技术水平骨增量效果.方法:20 例上颌前牙区牙槽嵴骨量不足的患者进行了牙槽嵴骨增量手术,其中8 例患者仅采用下颌骨颏部供骨Onlay植骨(A组),12患者采用自体骨移植 GBR技术(B组).骨增量后牙槽嵴的厚度分别在术后即刻以及术后4~6 月进行了测量.结果:2 组患者皆在术后4~6月出现了移植骨的吸收,A组患者出现的骨吸收较B组患者更为明显(P<0.01).结论:自体骨移植 GBR技术骨增量效果明显优于单纯的自体骨移植.     

骨劈开技术在上颌前牙区种植术中的应用

目的：评价骨劈开术在上颌前牙区种植术中的临床应用效果。方法：42例患者,缺失上前牙1-4颗,牙槽嵴可利用骨高度〉10mm,宽度3-5mm。采用骨劈开术形成唇侧骨瓣,在腭侧骨板与唇侧骨瓣之间植入直径3.5mmAnkyl os种植体83枚,劈开部位应用GBR技术,6个月后行二期手术和固定修复。结果：二期手术时所有种植体稳固,1例（2枚种植体）唇侧骨板部分吸收,产生2.0mm种植体颈部唇侧暴露。其余种植体被骨质完全包绕,牙槽嵴宽度增加2.8-4.1 mm,平均增宽3.5mm。83枚种植体完成固定修复,经过2年的追踪观察,无一种植体松动或脱落。结论：上颌牙槽嵴骨宽度为3-5mm时,采用骨劈开术能有效增加骨量,获得满意的临床疗效。     

上置法植骨术的临床应用

上置法植骨(Onlay Bone Graft),又称为外置式植骨或贴面式植骨,是将移植材料置于牙槽嵴受骨区表面,而增加牙槽嵴宽度或高度的骨移植技术.是骨增量的有效方法之一.     

上颌前牙区牙槽嵴骨劈开增量同期种植术的临床研究

目的 :评价骨劈开增宽上颌前牙槽嵴 ,同期植入种植体的临床效果。方法 :15例患者 ,缺失上前牙1～4颗 ,有充足的牙槽嵴高度 (>13mm) ,但牙槽嵴骨厚度仅2～3mm ,采用骨劈开术 ,形成唇侧骨瓣。在唇侧骨瓣与腭侧骨板间植入3.4～4.5mm直径的Frialit-2种植体共25枚,骨板间隙充填Bio -Oss骨粉 ,覆盖Bio -Gide胶原膜或纯钛膜 ,无张力下缝合黏骨膜瓣。术后第10天和6个月时拍X线根尖周片观察种植体骨结合状况 ,并于术后6个月时行Ⅱ期手术 ,翻开软组织瓣 ,检查骨增量效果和种植体稳固性 ,测量牙槽嵴骨的宽度和拆除钛膜。结果 :1枚种植体术后1个月脱落 ,其余种植体稳固 ,且完全被骨质包埋 ,X线根尖周片证实种植体骨结合良好 ,牙槽嵴宽度增加达3～5mm ,平均增宽4.4mm。Ⅱ期手术时种植体成活率96 %。24枚种植体完成金属烤瓷修复 ,经2年的追踪观察,无一种植体松动或脱落。结论 :当前牙区牙槽嵴骨厚度2～3mm时 ,采用骨劈开术增宽牙槽嵴 ,使植种植体获得同期植入是一种行之有效的方法。     

骨劈开技术在上颌前牙区种植的临床效果观察

目的 评价上颌前牙区牙槽骨水平宽度不足的种植牙患者应用骨劈开技术增宽牙槽嵴的临床效果。方法 选择19例上前牙缺失患者,有充足的牙槽嵴高度(≥12 mm),但牙槽嵴骨宽度仅3~5 mm,行骨劈开术同期植入种植体治疗。共植入种植体29枚,其中ITI种植体21枚,Replace种植体8枚。根据骨劈开术后间隙及唇侧骨壁厚度等不同情况选择植入或不植入人工骨粉修复手段,术后6个月暴露种植体,完成上部修复,定期随诊。结果 术后无明显并发症发生,修复完成后经过6~24个月追踪观察,种植体行使功能良好,无松动或脱落。结论 当上颌前牙区牙槽嵴宽度为3~5 mm时,通过使用骨劈开术来增加牙槽嵴的宽度,是一种使种植体能够获得同期植入的有效方法。     

膜引导骨再生术在前牙区种植术中的应用

目的：评价膜引导骨再生术（GBR）在前牙区种植中的应用价值。方法：对22例前牙缺失患者按照牙槽骨唇舌向厚度不同分为两组,A组12例,牙槽嵴唇舌向厚度〈6 mm,行GBR＋牙种植术,B组10例,唇舌侧牙槽嵴厚度〉6 mm,行牙种植术,通过临床和放射学检查对比分析种植术后半年、种植体负载1年后的牙槽骨的厚度及高度变化。结果：种植术后半年A组患者牙槽嵴唇舌向宽度较术前明显增宽（P〈0.05）,种植体负载1年后,A组患者与B组患者牙槽骨唇舌向及垂直向均有少量吸收,两组间无明显差异（P〉0.05）。结论：对前牙区牙槽骨骨量不足的患者同期行GBR和种植体植入术效果好,可很好地解决骨组织不足的问题,可拓宽前牙区种植术的适应症。     

改良式骨劈开术水平骨增量对软硬组织的影响

目的:探讨改良式骨劈开术对上下颌骨软硬组织的影响。方法:40例上下颌部分牙列缺失,且残余牙槽嵴宽度窄于4 mm的患者,选自南方医科大学口腔医院种植中心。术前行锥型束计算机断层扫描(CBCT)以评估上下颌后部无牙区牙槽嵴的宽度,并测量该区域角化牙龈的宽度。所有患者均采用改良式骨劈开术进行水平骨增量。用SPSS16.0软件分析不同治疗过程中牙槽嵴宽度和角化牙龈宽度的数据。结果:在术前、术后即刻和术后3月,患者牙槽嵴宽度分别为(2.96±0.66) mm、(6.51±0.70) mm和(6.05±0.57) mm。术后即刻较术前有明显增宽(t=55.148,P<0.001),术后3个月后较术后即刻略有降低(t=-9.190,P<0.001),但仍大于术前(t=43.799,P<0.001)。角化牙龈宽度在术前和术后3个月后分别为(2.44±0.93) mm和(5.60±0.86) mm,术后3个月后高于术前(t=21.752,P<0.001)。结论:该改良式骨劈开术能应用于上下颌的水平向骨增量,软组织和硬组织的宽度均能得到有效提高。     

前牙常规拔除同时植骨对种植体植入术的影响

目的:探讨常规前牙拔除后,牙槽窝和缺失区唇侧同时植骨对种植体植入术的影响。方法:20例26颗前牙拔除术后牙槽窝剩余骨量不足,即刻植骨术+GBR。结果:26颗前牙植骨后临床成功率100%,种植区均获得良好的骨高度及宽度,满足了种植体植入及后期美学修复的要求。结论:前牙常规拔除后牙槽窝和缺失区唇侧骨量不足而行同时植骨的方法,对提升种植体植入术和美学修复的临床效果,提供了一种治疗思路和方法且可靠而有效。     

骨劈开、牙槽嵴扩张联合GBR技术同期上颌前牙区种植的临床疗效观察

目的:评价上前牙区牙槽骨水平宽度不足的患者应用骨劈开、牙槽嵴扩张联合GBR技术同期植入种植体的的临床疗效。方法:2011年5月~2013年9月,选取来本院就诊的24例上前牙种植区剩余骨量不足患者,应用超声骨刀行前牙牙槽骨劈开术,骨扩张、同期植入30枚Ankylos种植体,辅以GBR技术。6个月后,平行投照根尖片、CBCT复查,完成修复,随访1年。结果:牙槽嵴唇腭侧术前、术后平均宽度分别为(3.2±0.12)mm和(6.4±0.16)mm,差异有统计意义(t=239.024,P<0.05),牙槽骨宽度在术后基线与半年后结果相比,差异无统计意义(t=1.795,P>0.05)。结论:骨劈开、牙槽嵴扩张联合GBR技术并同期植入种植体短期临床效果较好,远期效果有待于进一步观察。     

Clinical efficacy of autogenous dentin grafts with guided bone regeneration for horizontal ridge augmentation: a prospective observational study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of autogenous dentin grafts with guided bone regeneration (GBR) for horizontal ridge augmentation. Nineteen patients with dentition and bone defects in whom tooth/teeth extraction was indicated were recruited. Autogenous teeth were prepared, fixed on the buccal sides of the defects, and covered with bone powder and resorbable membranes before implantation. The horizontal bone mass at 0 mm (W1), 3 mm (W2), and 6 mm (W3) from the alveolar crest was recorded using cone beam computed tomography, before, immediately after, and 6 months after dentin grafting. All adverse effects were recorded. The implant stability quotient (ISQ) was measured 6 months after implantation. Twenty-eight implants were placed 6 months after dentin grafting. At this time point, the bone mass was 4.72 ± 0.72 mm (W1), 7.35 ± 1.57 mm (W2), and 8.96 ± 2.38 mm (W3), which was significantly different from that before the surgery (P < 0.05). The bone gain was 2.50 ± 0.72 mm (W1), 4.10 ± 1.42 mm (W2), and 4.56 ± 2.09 mm (W3). No soft tissue dehiscence or infection was observed. Overall, 26.3% of the patients experienced severe pain after dentin grafting. The ISQ was 78.31 ± 6.64 at 6 months after implantation. Autogenous tooth roots with GBR might be effective for horizontal ridge augmentation. This technique could be an alternative to augmentation using autogenous bone grafts.     

Clinical and histomorphometric evaluation of extraction sockets treated with an autologous bone marrow graft

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of an autologous bone marrow graft in preserving the alveolar ridges following tooth extraction. Materials: Thirteen patients requiring extractions of 30 upper anterior teeth were enrolled in this study. They were randomized into two groups: seven patients with 15 teeth to be extracted in the test group and six patients with 15 teeth to be extracted in the control group. Hematologists collected 5 ml of bone marrow from the iliac crest of the patients in the test group immediately before the extractions. Following tooth extraction and elevation of a buccal full‐thickness flap, titanium screws were positioned throughout the buccal to the lingual plate and were used as reference points for measurement purposes. The sockets were grafted with an autologous bone marrow in the test sites and nothing was grafted in the control sites. After 6 months, the sites were re‐opened and bone loss measurements for thickness and height were taken. Additionally, before implant placement, bone cores were harvested and prepared for histologic and histomorphometric evaluation. Results: The test group showed better results (P<0.05) in preserving alveolar ridges for thickness, with 1.14±0.87 mm (median 1) of bone loss, compared with the control group, which had 2.46±0.4 mm (median 2.5) of bone loss. The height of bone loss on the buccal plate was also greater in the control group than in the test group (P<0.05), 1.17±0.26 mm (median 1) and 0.62+0.51 (median 0.5), respectively. In five locations in the control group, expansion or bone grafting complementary procedures were required to install implants while these procedures were not required for any of the locations in the test group. The histomorphometric analysis showed similar amounts of mineralized bone in both the control and the test groups, 42.87±11.33% (median 43.75%) and 45.47±7.21% (median 45%), respectively. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the autologous bone marrow graft can contribute to alveolar bone repair after tooth extraction. To cite this article:
Pelegrine AA, da Costa CES, Correa MEP, Marques JFC Jr. Clinical and histomorphometric evaluation of extraction sockets treated with an autologous bone marrow graft.
Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21 , 2010; 535–542.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01891.x     

Onlay grafting with bovine bone mineral block for horizontal reconstruction of severely atrophic alveolar ridges in anterior maxillae: A 6-year prospective study

Purpose

The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the efficacy and long-term outcomes of onlay grafting with bovine bone mineral block for reconstruction of horizontal alveolar ridge defects in anterior maxillae.

下颌骨取骨onlay植骨改善种植骨量不足的临床研究

目的:评价应用下颌骨取骨onlay植骨改善种植术前重度萎缩牙槽嵴的手术方法及疗效。方法:18例患者接受了下颌骨来源的onlay植骨术,手术同期或术后4～6个月共植入22颗种植体,并于术后4～6个月暴露种植体,最终完成烤瓷冠修复。结果:植骨术后无并发症发生,2例骨吸收较明显,其余均顺利植入种植体,二期手术时骨吸收平均20%。所有病例均最终完成种植修复,观察6～28个月,无种植体脱落。结论:下颌骨取骨onlay植骨修复重度萎缩的牙槽嵴操作简便,效果可靠。     

Use of a modified shell technique for three-dimensional bone grafting: description of a technique

Background: Defects of the alveolar crest often lead to three‐dimensional bone loss after tooth extraction. Therefore, hard tissue grafting is required prior to implant placement. Different techniques have been described in the literature. Methods: In this case report three‐dimensional hard tissue grafting was performed with a modified shell technique and autogenous bone harvested from the mandibular ramus. The shells were trimmed to a thickness of 1 mm and placed to recontour the ideal shape of the alveolar ridge. The shells were then fixed with micro titanium screws, and the gap between the shells and the alveolar ridge was filled with autogenous bone chips. Results: Wound healing was uneventful. Consolidation of the bone graft showed almost no resorption and the implant was placed into vital bone. Conclusions: The described shell technique for rebuilding three‐dimensional alveolar defects showed promising results and could be an alternative treatment to other hard tissue grafting techniques.     

Ridge Preservation With Acellular Dermal Matrix and Anorganic Bone Matrix Cell‐Binding Peptide P‐15 After Tooth Extraction in Humans

Background: Preventing ridge collapse with the extraction of maxillary anterior teeth is vital to an esthetic restorative result. Several regenerative techniques are available and are used for socket preservation. The aim of this study is to analyze by clinical parameters the use of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) and anorganic bovine bone matrix (ABM) with synthetic cell‐binding peptide P‐15 to preserve alveolar bone after tooth extraction. Methods: Eighteen patients in need of extraction of maxillary anterior teeth were selected and randomly assigned to the test group (ADM plus ABM/P‐15) or the control group (ADM only). Clinical measurements were recorded initially and at 6 months after ridge‐preservation procedures. Results: In the clinical measurements (external vertical palatal measurement [EVPM], external vertical buccal measurement [EVBM], and alveolar horizontal measurement [AHM]) the statistical analysis showed no difference between test and control groups initially and at 6 months. The intragroup analysis, after 6 months, showed a statistically significant reduction in the measurements for both groups. In the comparison between the two groups, the differences in the test group were as follows: EVPM = 0.83 ± 1.53 mm; EVBM = 1.20 ± 2.02 mm; and AHM = 2.53 ± 1.81 mm. The differences in the control group were as follows: EVPM = 0.87 ± 1.13 mm; EVBM = 1.50 ± 1.15 mm; and AHM = 3.40 ± 1.39 mm. The differences in EVPM and EVBM were not statistically significant; however, in horizontal measurement (AHM), there was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study show that ADM used as membrane associated with ABM/P‐15 can be used to reduce buccal‐palatal dimensions compared to ADM alone for preservation of the alveolar ridge after extraction of anterior maxillary teeth.     

Influence of residual alveolar bone height on implant stability in the maxilla: an experimental animal study

Aims/Background: Empirically, for implant placement associated with sinus floor augmentation, a minimum of five mm of residual crestal bone height has been recommended in order to achieve sufficient initial implant stability. It has been the aim of the study to test this assumption in an experimental animal trial. Material and methods: In eight mini pigs, three premolars and two molars were removed on one side of the maxilla. Three months later the animals were assigned to four groups of two animals each. A cavity was created at the base of the alveolar process so that the residual bone height was reduced to 2, 4, 6 and 8 mm, respectively. The coronal part of the alveolar crest remained unchanged. An inlay augmentation procedure was carried out using a particulated autogenous bone graft from the iliac crest, and six implants (Xive, diameter 3.8 mm, length 13 mm) were placed. Implant stability was assessed by resonance frequency analysis at the time of implant placement (T0), after 6 months of unloaded healing (T1) and after 6 months of functional loading (T2). Results: During follow‐up, two implants were lost in sites with a residual alveolar bone height of 2 mm. At the time of implant placement, resonance frequencies were 6754.4±268, 6500.3±281.5, 6890.3±255.4 and 7877.9±233.7 Hz for residual bone heights of 2, 4, 6 and 8 mm, respectively. At stage‐two surgery and after 6 months of functional loading, resonance frequencies were 6431.7±290.8, 6351.8±437.6, 6213.4±376.2 and 6826.8±458.9 Hz vs. 6171±437.4, 6047±572.4, 6156.7±272.6 and 6412.8±283.5 Hz. Statistical analysis revealed an association of residual alveolar height and implant stability at T0 and T1 only (P<0.01), while bone height was not found to influence implant survival. Conclusion: The results of the present trial demonstrate an association of alveolar bone height and implant stability at the time of implant placement and stage‐two surgery. Yet the assumption that 5 mm of residual crestal bone height is a relevant threshold for simultaneous implant placement and sinus floor augmentation is not supported from an experimental point of view.     

Pedicled segmental rotation techniques for posterior mandible augmentation: a preliminary study

Rehabilitation of the atrophic posterior mandible is a challenge in dental practice. Conventional treatments include the segmental sandwich osteotomy or inlay bone grafting (IBG), onlay bone grafting (OBG), short implants, distraction osteogenesis, and inferior alveolar nerve transposition (IANT), each with its downsides. This case series is reported to introduce a modification of IBG – pedicled segmental rotation (PSR) for the reconstruction of co-existing vertical and horizontal defects in the posterior mandible. Ten healthy patients with vertical–horizontal defects (no vertical bone walls and basal bone width <5 mm) were included. Posterior mandibular defects were treated with PSR, PSR + IANT, or PSR + OBG. In PSR, a pedicle-preserved segment is up-fractured superiorly and then flipped 90° to a vertical position. The segment is then supported with inorganic bovine bone and autogenous bone particulates. Cone beam computed tomography was performed preoperatively and at the 4-month follow-up, in addition to clinical examinations. Soft tissue healing was uneventful. Radiomorphometric analysis showed a mean new bone volume of 647.79 ± 81.31 mm³ (ΔH = 7.13 mm), 836.99 ± 119.14 mm³ (ΔH = 7.8 mm), and 640.20 ± 50.13 mm³ (ΔH = 6.59) in the PSR, PSR + OBG, and PSR + IANT groups, respectively. The proposed PSR technique used in this case series showed promising results for vertical and horizontal augmentation of the atrophic posterior mandible before placement of dental implants.     

The thickness of facial alveolar bone overlying healthy maxillary anterior teeth

Background: A facial bone (<2 mm) overlying maxillary anterior teeth may be prone to resorptive processes after extraction and immediate implant placement. A thin bone contributes to risk of bone fenestration, dehiscence, and soft‐tissue recession. This study measures the distance between the cemento‐enamel junction (CEJ) and alveolar bone crest and the thickness of facial alveolar bone at points 1 to 5 mm from the bone crest for the six maxillary anterior teeth. Methods : Sixty‐six tomographic scans (31 males and 35 females; aged 17 to 69 years; mean age: 39.9 years) of intact anterior maxilla were randomly selected and evaluated by two calibrated and independent examiners (MG and TP). Results: A high variation of CEJ–bone crest (0.8 to 7.2 mm) was detected. A significantly larger CEJ–bone crest was measured in smokers (P <0.05) and patients who were ≥50 years old (P <0.05). The average bone thickness at 3 mm from the CEJ for the maxillary right central incisor was 1.41 mm and for the maxillary left central incisor was 1.45 mm. For the maxillary right and left lateral incisors, the crestal bone thickness averaged 1.73 and 1.59 mm, respectively. For the maxillary right and left canines, the crestal bone thickness averaged 1.47 and 1.60 mm, respectively. Conclusions : The present study supports the finding of a predominantly thin facial bone overlying the six maxillary anterior teeth. Therefore, it is essential to make informed treatment decisions based on thorough site evaluation before immediate implant placement.