风湿性心脏病并发缩窄性心包炎的外科治疗

目的:总结风湿性心脏病并发缩窄性心包炎患者施行瓣膜置换及心包剥除术外科治疗经验。方法:回顾性分析1992-06-2010-02期间对13例风湿性心脏病并发缩窄性心包炎患者施行瓣膜置换及心包剥除术的临床资料。结果:术后死亡1例,死亡原因为重度低心排血量,病死率7.69%。术后不同程度低心排血量6例,术后再次开胸止血1例。13例心包病理检查均为风湿性。随访3个月～8年,心功能Ⅰ～Ⅱ级10例,Ⅲ级2例。结论:对风湿性心脏病并发缩窄性心包炎患者,同期行瓣膜置换和心包剥除手术,积极有效的围术期处理能达到理想的治疗效果。     

The congenital bicuspid aortic valve with post-inflammatory disease--a neglected pathological diagnosis of clinical relevance

It is unusual to find surgically excised congenital bicuspidaortic valves with post-inflammatory disease. We have analysedretrospectively all surgically excised aortic valves over a6-year period for this particular diseased state in relationto relevant clinical data. There were 181 congenital bicuspid aortic valves, and the characteristicgross pathology of the tricuspid aortic valve with post-inflammatorydisease served as reference. Twelve of the 181 congenital bicuspidaortic valves were identified as post-inflammatory (6–6%);one with clinically established rheumatic disease. The meanage at operation of these 12 patients was significantly lowercompared to ‘other’ aortic valves. The study indicates that post-inflammatory involvement of acongenital bicuspid aortic valve can be identified, which isof clinical relevance since these patients have a significantlyyounger age at operation.     

巨大风湿性心脏瓣膜病瓣膜置换手术治疗体会

目的 :提高巨大风湿性心脏瓣膜病瓣膜置换术手术效果。方法 :回顾性分析 79例巨大风湿性心脏患者 ,心胸比 >0 7。根据心脏大小分为四型 :Ⅰ型为左右心房扩大及右心室扩大 11例 ;Ⅱ型全心扩大 ,左心室舒张末期直径 (LEVDd) 4 5～ 6 9mm 14例 ;Ⅲ型双心房扩大及右心室扩大 ,小左心室 ,LEVDd <4 4mm 19例 ;Ⅳ型左心房扩大或 加右心扩大及大左心室 (LVEDd≥ 70mm) 35例。术前心功能Ⅲ级 5 4例 ,Ⅳ级 2 5例。二尖瓣置换术 (MVR) +三尖瓣成形术 (TVP) 32例 ,MVR +主动脉瓣置换术 (AVR)+TVP 4 7例。结果 :早期死亡率为 5 1%。发生低心排 39例 ,心律失常 4 1例。术后随访 3个月～ 4年 ,长期生存 75例 ,心功能Ⅰ级 2 1例 ,Ⅱ级 32例 ,Ⅲ级 19例 ,Ⅳ级 3例。晚期死亡 3例。Ⅲ型术后早期低心排发生率高 (P <0 0 2 )。Ⅳ型术后心律失常发生率高 (P <0 0 0 1)。大左室远期效果较差。结论 :巨大风湿性心脏瓣膜病并非都是危重病人 ,但是小左室 (Ⅲ型 )和大左室 (Ⅳ型 )手术风险大 ,应加强术中心肌保护和置换适宜的人工瓣。术后加强正性肌力药物使用。当发生瓣膜性心肌病者 ,是否换瓣手术值得商榷。     

Aortic valve replacement in children: Options and outcomes

Several disease pathologies such as congenital heart disease and rheumatic fever can affect the aortic valve (AV) in children frequently necessitating intervention. While percutaneous or surgical AV repair is recommended as initial management strategy in children with AV disease, AV replacement (AVR) might become necessary in children with significant valve destruction and after repair or intervention failure. AVR in children is associated with distinct clinical and technical problems owing to several anatomic, social and prosthesis-related issues.In the current review, we list different AV substitutes, discuss their advantages and shortcomings, outline AVR results in children, and explore the divergence of outcomes in various age, anatomy and pathology subgroups; all in the aim to identify optimal AVR choice for each patient taking into consideration his unique anatomic and demographic characteristics.     

瓣膜置换术中双极射频消融治疗风湿性心脏病合并心房颤动

目的 探讨风湿性心脏瓣膜病合并心房颤动（AF）患者同期行瓣膜替换术及双极射频消融迷宫术的近期手术效果.方法 选取风湿性心脏瓣膜病合并心房颤动患者18例（消融组）,同期行瓣膜替换术及双极射频消融迷宫术治疗心房颤动.18例配对仅行心脏瓣膜替换术而未行双极射频消融迷宫术的患者作为对照组.患者年龄36～65岁,平均53.5岁,房颤持续时间1～10年,平均5年,左心房内径为44～67 mm.比较两组患者的手术治疗结果.结果 消融组18例患者术后窦性心律16例,房颤心律1例,结性心律1例;随访8个月,15例维持窦性心律,3例阵发性房颤心律.对照组13例术中心脏复跳后即为房颤心律,5例心脏复跳后为窦性心律,术后24 h内均转为房颤心律,应用胺碘酮不能持续恢复窦性心律.两组术后左房内径均较术前显著降低（P＜0.01）,消融组术后左房内径小于对照组[（33.06±2.88）mm比（36.16±2.43）mm,P＜0.05].结论 风湿性心脏瓣膜病合并慢性心房颤动患者在行瓣膜替换术的同时行附加的双极射频消融手术疗效良好,安全简便.     

Pathology of aortic valve stenosis and pure aortic regurgitation a clinical morphologic assessment—part I

This two-part article examines the histologic and morphologic basis for stenotic and purely regurgitant aortic valves. Part I discusses stenotic aortic valves and Part II will discuss causes of purely regurgitant aortic valves. In over 95% of stenotic aortic valves, the etiology is one of three types: congenital (primarily bicuspid), degenerative, or rheumatic. Other rare causes of stenotic aortic valves include active infective endocarditis, homozygous type II hyperlipoproteinemia, and systemic lupus erythematosis. The causes of pure aortic regurgitation are multiple but can be separated into diseases affecting the valve (normal aorta) (infective endocarditis, congenital bicuspid, rheumatic, floppy), diseases affecting the walls of aorta (normal valve) (syphilis, Marfan's, dissection), disease affecting both aorta and valve (abnormal aorta, abnormal valve) (ankylosing spondylitis), and diseases affecting neither aorta nor valve (normal aorta, normal valve) (ventricular septal detect, systemic hypertension). Diseases affecting the aortic valve alone are the most common subgroup of conditions producing pure aortic valve regurgitation.     

Spontaneous echo contrast on transthoracic echocardiography and left atrial thrombus in rheumatic mitral valve disease patients: A clinicopathologic study

The association of spontaneous echo contrast and thrombus in the left atrium in patients with mitral valve disease is controversial. This study was undertaken to determine whether there is an independent association between spontaneous echo contrast on transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and intraoperative evidence of left atrial thrombus and to evaluate the clinical implications of spontaneous echo contrast in patients with symptomatic rheumatic mitral valve disease. A total of 255 patients who underwent surgery for rheumatic mitral valve disases were preoperatively evaluated by transthoracic two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. Spontaneous echo contrast in the left atrium was carefully sought. The left atrium was carefully searched for evidence of thrombus intraoperatively. The association of spontaneous echo contrast and left atrial thrombus was determined by univariate and multivariate analysis. Of the patients studied, 77 (30%) had left atrial thrombus. Left atrial thrombus was found in 47 and 21 % of patients with and without spontaneous echo contrast, respectively (p < 0.001). Spontaneous echo contrast and atrial fibrillation were found to be the only two independent predictors of left atrial thrombus (odds ratio = 2.16; 95% confidence interval 1.15-4.04 p < 0.05, and odds ratio = 6.98; 95% confidence interval 3.45-14.16, p < 0.001, respectively). It was concluded that there is an independent association between spontaneous echo con trast on TTE and left auial thrombus in patients with mitral valve disease requiring surgical correction. These patients are at high risk for left atrial thrombus and should, therefore, be con sidered for long-term anticoagulation.     

Pathologic analysis of restenosis following percutaneous transluminal mitral commissurotomy.

To clarify mechanisms of restenosis following percutaneous transluminal mitral commissurotomy (PTMC), we studied 253 patients (25% male) with PTMC using an Inoue balloon. Initial success (defined as either a mitral valve area >or= 1.5 cm(2) or more than twice the pre-PTMC valve area) was achieved in 95% of patients. During a mean follow-up period of 8 +/- 3 years, 12 patients underwent mitral valve replacement due to mitral valve restenosis. Visual inspection of the 12 resected valves with restenosis did not reveal fusion of the commissures. Histologically, all the resected mitral valves had evidence of end-stage rheumatic valvular disease, such as severe fibrosis and calcification. Deterioration of Wilkins echo score supported rheumatic disease progression in the leaflets and subvalvular region. Therefore, restenosis is not due to recurrence of fusion in commissures in these Japanese patients. Histologic and echocardiographic findings suggest that restenosis is based on end-stage valvular disease.     

Association between blood group antigens and rheumatic valve involvement and severity ın endemic areas

BackgroundRheumatic valve disease is an important public health problem in developing countries. We sought to evaluate the possible role of blood antigens as a risk factor for severe rheumatic valve disease.MethodsTwo hundred and fifty-four patients with severe rheumatic mitral and/or aortic valve disease with the surgical indication were enrolled to the study. Control group was composed of age and gender matched 2668 healthy volunteers.ResultsThere were 216 patients with aortic valve involvement and 249 patients with mitral valve involvement. One hundred and seventy-five patients had mitral stenosis, 96 patients had severe mitral regurgitation and 61 patients had severe aortic regurgitation. The distribution of blood groups among patients was as follows: Group A=42.9%, Group B=19.2%, Group AB=8.6%, and Group O=29.1%. The distribution of blood groups in the control group was Group A=40.8%, Group B=16.4%, Group AB=7.6%, and Group O=35.1%. There was no significant difference between blood groups of patients and controls (p=0.141).ConclusionBlood group does not seem to be a risk factor for rheumatic valve involvement or severity of the disease.     

Increased levels of high sensitive C-reactive protein in patients with chronic rheumatic valve disease: evidence of ongoing inflammation

The precise pathogenetic mechanism(s) of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease have never been defined. C-reactive protein (CRP) is increased in patients with acute rheumatic fever, but it is not known whether plasma levels increase in patients with chronic rheumatic valve disease. The aim of this study was to determine the role of inflammation detected by high sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) levels in the progression of chronic rheumatic valve disease. A total of 113 patients with chronic rheumatic valve disease (81 women, 32 men; mean age 40+/-14 years, range 13-70), 51 patients with prosthetic valve(s) (31 women, 20 men; mean age 48+/-13 years, range 21-71) and 102 healthy subjects (68 women, 34 men, mean age 41+/-12 years, range 25-73), as a control group, were assessed. Patients with acute rheumatic fever, acute infection, inflammatory disease, malignancy, acute myocardial infarction and trauma were excluded. hs-CRP was determined using latex-enhanced immunonephelometric assays on a BN II analyzer (Behring). Transthoracic echocardiography was performed in all patients in order to evaluate valvular disease. Levels of hs-CRP were significantly higher in patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease than in patients with prosthetic valve(s) and healthy subjects (0.62+/-0.64 vs. 0.35+/-0.41 vs. 0.24+/-0.18 mg/l, P<0.01 and P<0.001 respectively). No correlation was observed between CRP and age, sex or functional capacity. We found that hs-CRP is increased in chronic rheumatic heart disease; this may indicate that inflammatory response still persists in the chronic phase.     

Risk Factors for Midterm Cardiac Function Deterioration After Valve Replacement Surgery in Patients With Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis

BackgroundA symptomatic reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is the main reason for postoperative heart failure after valve replacement surgery. However, postoperative heart failure occurs in patients with normal preoperative LVEF. Therefore, we examined clinical and echocardiographic data of patients with rheumatic heart disease to determine additional risk factors for low LVEF in the postoperative period.Methods and ResultsNinety-seven patients with rheumatic heart disease (RHD) who underwent mitral valve replacement for severe mitral valve stenosis were included retrospectively in this study. All patients had normal LVEF before surgery. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on postoperative LVEF 6 months after surgery. Groups A had normal postoperative LVEF (82 cases, 84.5%), and group B had low postoperative LVEF (15 cases, 15.5%). Clinical and electrocardiographic data were collected to determine risk factors for deterioration in cardiac function.Multivariate analysis revealed that preoperative low systolic peak velocities at the lateral tricuspid annulus (St) and no or mild aortic stenosis were independent risk factors for cardiac deterioration in patients with normal preoperative LVEF. Individuals with preoperative St ≤4.8 cm/s were more likely to develop lower LVEF at follow-up (χ² = 7.54; P = .006; odds ratio 5.03, 95% confidence interval 1.31–20.82). All 15 patients who had normal preoperative LVEF but abnormal postoperative LVEF had no or only mild aortic valve stenosis.ConclusionsDecreased right ventricular function and no or mild aortic stenosis were independent risk factors for low LVEF at follow-up in patients with RHD who had normal preoperative LVEF. The velocity of the tricuspid valve ring should be included in preoperative evaluations to improve the accuracy of postsurgical prognosis and clinical decision making.     

经食管二维与实时三维超声结合在风湿性二尖瓣病变成形术中的应用

目的:研究经食管二维与实时三维超声结合在风湿性二尖瓣病变成形术中的作用。方法:26例临床诊断为风湿性二尖瓣病变拟行二尖瓣成形术患者,术前联合应用经食管二维超声与实时三维超声,对二尖瓣功能不全进行分类,详细定位病变部位,测量二尖瓣前后叶厚度、长度及瓣环径。术后即刻评价疗效。结果:术前超声诊断单纯风湿性二尖瓣关闭不全10例(38.5%),单纯二尖瓣狭窄4例(15.4%),二尖瓣关闭不全重度伴狭窄轻度9例(34.6%),二尖瓣关闭不全重度伴狭窄中度3例(11.5%);瓣膜功能不全Ⅱ型4例(15.4%),ⅡAⅢa-P型18例(69.2%),Ⅲa-AⅢa-P型4例(15.4%)。术后即刻超声评价疗效,3例在超声指导下2次成形,其中2例最终选择瓣膜置换术。结论:经食管二维和实时三维超声心动图结合,在风湿性二尖瓣病变成形术前对瓣膜功能不全进行分类诊断,能准确评估二尖瓣叶厚度和长度,指导术式和人工瓣环的选择。术后即刻评价疗效,在风湿性二尖瓣成形术中有重要的应用价值。     

两种麻醉方法在风湿性心脏病患者二尖瓣置换术中的应用比较

目的对比七氟醚全程吸入麻醉与丙泊酚全程靶控输注麻醉在风湿性心脏病患者二尖瓣置换术中的应用效果。 方法选取2015年3月至2018年4月胶州市人民医院行风湿性心脏病患者116例,均行二尖瓣置换术,依照麻醉方式不同分为七氟醚组(58例)与丙泊酚组(58例)。丙泊酚组接受丙泊酚全程靶控输注麻醉,七氟醚组接受七氟醚全程吸入麻醉。观察对比两组意识消失时间、拔管时间及不同时点心肌酶[肌酸激酶同工酶(CK－MB)、心肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(cTnⅠ)]水平。 结果麻醉后七氟醚组意识消失及拔管时间短于丙泊酚组(P<0.05);T₁～T₃七氟醚组血清cTnⅠ水平低于丙泊酚组(P<0.05);T₃七氟醚组血清CK－MB水平低于丙泊酚组(P<0.05)。 结论与丙泊酚全程靶控输注麻醉相比,七氟醚全程吸入麻醉应用于风湿性心脏病患者二尖瓣置换术中可有效缩短意识消失及拔管时间,减轻心肌损伤。     

三尖瓣替换术及其早期死亡原因探讨

三尖瓣替换术，由于其手术死亡率高，一般只有在三尖瓣成形术无法成功的情况下才予施行。我院自１９８６年１月至１９９４年１０月，连续进行了７００例心脏瓣膜替换术，其中１７例（２．４３％）患者接受了三尖瓣替换术。１７例中１２例为风湿性心脏病患者，４例为Ｅｂｓｔｅｉｎ畸形，余１例为右房恶性间皮瘤。本组术后早期死亡５例（２９．４％），死亡原因主要是术后广泛渗血、严重低心输出量综合征、急性肾功能衰竭和恶性心律失常。     

经食管实时三维超声检测风湿性心脏病患者二尖瓣对合指数的研究

目的:应用经食管实时三维超声心动图检测风湿性心脏病(RHD)患者二尖瓣对合指数,探讨其定量二尖瓣对合程度的可行性及临床价值。方法:选取合并有二尖瓣反流的RHD患者16例作为RHD组,无瓣膜病变且无瓣膜反流的志愿者16例作为对照组。①2组均行经食管实时三维超声心动图检查,应用二尖瓣定量分析程序对三维原始图像进行脱机分析,对相同时相的二尖瓣瓣叶及瓣环进行逐帧描记,分别获取2组在收缩末期及舒张早期的二尖瓣瓣叶面积、瓣环三维周长、瓣环二维投影面积。计算出2组的二尖瓣对合面积及对合指数。②2组均行常规超声心动图检查,测量2组舒张末期左室内径、收缩末期左室内径、左房内径及左室射血分数,并测量RHD组二尖瓣反流面积。结果:RHD组与对照组均能成功得到二尖瓣对合面积并可以计算出二尖瓣对合指数,且RHD组的对合指数明显小于对照组[(10.4±2.8)%:(28.1±3.8)%,P<0.001]。2组的前瓣叶对合指数均小于后瓣叶(RHD组P=0.03,对照组P=0.075)。RHD组的二尖瓣瓣叶面积、左房内径、瓣环三维周长、瓣环二维投影面积均大于对照组(均P<0.01)。结论:应用经食管实时三维超声心动图技术及相关二尖瓣定量分析程序可得到二尖瓣对合指数。合并有二尖瓣反流的RHD患者二尖瓣对合指数明显小于正常人。因此该参数可作为定量评估RHD患者二尖瓣对合程度的形态学指标。     

成人主动脉瓣疾病冠状动脉造影分析

目的 调查成人主动脉瓣疾病合并冠状动脉硬化性心脏病的情况。方法 成人主动脉瓣疾病需行手术治疗病人211例,根据病情均在术前行冠状动脉造影,分析临床资料及造影结果。结果 211例成人主动脉瓣疾病病人有58例合并冠心病。其中,钙化退行性主动脉瓣组病人合并冠心病显著高于风湿性、先天性及感染性主动脉瓣组。结论 退行性主动脉瓣病常合并冠心病,成人主动脉瓣疾病有心绞痛症状行手术治疗术前应常规行冠状动脉脉造影检查,无心绞痛症状的病人行此检查的年龄应适当放宽。     

Percutaneous transvenous tricuspid commissurotomy in a patient with congenitally corrected transposition of great arteries

Percutaneous balloon tricuspid valvotomy was successfully performed in a 45‐year‐old female with congenitally corrected transposition of great arteries with severe rheumatic left atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve stenosis. Technical modifications in the standard procedure were made keeping in mind the left‐handed ventricular loop, left and anterior aorta, wedged pulmonary valve between the interatrial septum and the mitral valve with deviation of the atrial septum away from the ventricular septum, side‐by‐side positioned ventricles with an added superoinferior obliquity produced by excessive tilting, and an abnormal orientation of ventricular mass in relation to the thorax, with the apex pointing slightly rightwards. A final valve area of 1.4 cm² and a fall in the peak/mean left atrial pressures from 37/32 mm Hg to 13/10 mm Hg were achieved without complications. This case of percutaneous transvenous commissurotomy is unique in view of the rarity of the combination of this congenital heart disease and rheumatic heart disease and successful commissurotomy in such an unusual cardiac anatomy using the Inoue technique.© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The importance of tricuspid valve structure and function in the surgical treatment of rheumatic mitral and aortic disease.

A significant proportion of individuals with rheumatic disease have tricuspid valve involvement which may be clinically important and alter the medical or surgical approach to treatment. Therefore 50 patients with rheumatic left-sided valvular lesions who were referred for operative treatment were studied. Thirty patients had angiographically significant tricuspid regurgitation (group I) and 20 had a competent tricuspid valve (group II). Pre-operative cardiac assessment included Doppler echocardiography and contrast ventriculography. Patients with tricuspid regurgitation more commonly had mitral valve disease or combined mitral and aortic valve lesions, (P less than 0.001) and were more likely to have atrial fibrillation than those without tricuspid regurgitation (P less than 0.001). Pulmonary arterial systolic and mean right atrial pressures were higher in group I (both P less than 0.01). A close relationship was found between the angiographic and Doppler assessment of the degree of tricuspid regurgitation (P less than 0.01). Doppler-derived measurement of the right ventricular-right atrial systolic pressure difference correlated well with the systolic trans-tricuspid pressure difference measured at cardiac catheterization (y = 0.7x + 22, r = 0.67, P less than 0.001) and the pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (y = 0.8x + 27, r = 0.71, P less than 0.001). Rheumatic involvement of the tricuspid valve identified by pre-operative echocardiography was confirmed in five patients at surgery. Of the 13 patients with functional tricuspid regurgitation at operation, only two had been diagnosed as having organic disease by echocardiography. Furthermore, in all 18 cases where Doppler suggested grade 3 or 4+ tricuspid regurgitation, surgical repair or replacement of the valve was performed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty in mirror-image dextrocardia and rheumatic mitral stenosis

A 28-year-old woman with mirror-image dextrocardia and severe rheumatic mitral stenosis underwent successful percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV). Standard technique was altered to include transseptal catheterization via the left femoral vein and inter-atrial septal puncture with the transseptal needle rotated to a 7 o'clock position. The predilatation transmitral gradient (mean) of 16 mmHg decreased to 5 mmHg following PBMV. The valve area improved from 1.0 cm² to 2.6 cm². There were no complications. This case illustrates that transseptal catheterization can be accomplished safely in patients with unusual cardiac anatomy and mitral valvuloplasty can be performed in patients with mirror-image dextrocardia and rheumatic mitral stenosis. © 1993 Wiiey-Liss, Inc.     

Study of Coronary Artery Disease in Single Aortic Valvular Disease

Objectives To analyze the results of coronary angiographies (CAG) in patients with single aortic valvular heart disease; To study the relationship between aortic valve diseases and coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods 105 patients with single aortic valvular heart disease before surgery underwent angiography. The data of clinical characteristics and angiographies were analyzed. Results 51 patients had symptoms of angina pectoris among 105 patients with single aortic valvular heart disease. Seven of them were confirmed coronary artery disease by angiographies. Although the incidence of angina in aortic valve stenosis group was significantly higher than that in aortic valve regurgitation, the probability of combination of CAD in aortic valve stenosis group was similar to the later. However, the probability of combination of CAD in degenerative aortic valve group was significantly higher than the groups of rheumatic, congenitally bicuspid aortic valves, and other causes (p < 0.01 ). Conclusions Angina pe