河南省第三次死因回顾中恶性肿瘤调查结果分析

[目的]了解河南省居民2004～2005年恶性肿瘤的死亡水平.[方法]利用河南省居民2004～2005年3次死因回顾的DSP资料进行统计分析.[结果]第三次回顾河南省居民恶性肿瘤粗死亡率、标化死亡率和构成比分别为:144.41/10万,110.47/10万和23.67%;河南省居民恶性肿瘤死亡顺位前5位恶性肿瘤依次为食管癌、胃癌、肝癌、肺癌和结、直肠癌.[结论]恶性肿瘤死亡水平高于全国居民死亡水平;仍以贫穷型癌症为主.     

2006年寿光市居民肿瘤死亡情况调查

[目的]了解居民肿瘤死亡率及死亡原因,为制订卫生事业发展规划和卫生政策提供科学依据.[方法]对寿光市2006年因肿瘤死亡的居民进行调查.[结果]2006年调查1 017 023人,死亡1 452例,死亡率为142.77/10万.居民死亡率(/10万),男性为107.70,女性为96.93;0岁为29.02,1～4岁为2.64,5～9岁为3.51,以后随着年龄的增大死亡率上升.前4位死因,全部居民和女性均是肺癌、胃癌、肝癌和食管癌,男性为肺癌、肝癌、胃癌和食管癌.[结论]肺癌、胃癌、肝癌和食管癌是寿光市居民恶性肿瘤的主要死因.     

1990～2006年上海市金山区恶性肿瘤死亡资料分析

[目的]了解上海市金山居民恶性肿瘤死亡特征及其变化趋势,并为制定防治策略和措施提供科学依据.[方法]对1990～2006年金山区居民恶性肿瘤死亡资料进行分析.[结果]1990～2006年金山区居民恶性肿瘤合计死亡13 965例,年均死亡率为163.49/10万,标化死亡率为121.63/10万.恶性肿瘤死亡率随着时间的推移呈现较为明显的上升趋势.标化死亡率呈现下降趋势.除宫颈癌和乳腺癌外.其他恶性肿瘤的标化死亡率均为男性高于女性;肺癌、肝癌和胃癌是居民前3位恶性肿瘤死因.首位恶性肿瘤死因0～14岁是白血病,15～39岁是肝癌,40～64岁和65岁以上均是肺癌.居民去肿瘤寿命为79.22岁,肿瘤所致寿命损失为2.94年.[结论]金山区居民恶性肿瘤死亡率随时间的推移呈较为明显的上升趋势.肺癌、肝癌、胃癌为前3位死因.     

2009年寿光市居民恶性肿瘤死亡情况分析

[目的]了解寿光市居民恶性肿瘤死亡率及死亡原因,为制订卫生事业发展规划和卫生政策提供科学依据。[方法]对寿光市2009年因恶性肿瘤死亡的居民进行调查。[结果]2009年全市居民1 029 001人,恶性肿瘤死亡2 054例,死亡率为199.61/10万。恶性肿瘤死亡率(/10万),男性为251.14,女性为147.12(P<0.01);0岁为0.00,1～4岁为12.03,5～9岁为8.15,以后随着年龄的增大明显上升。恶性肿瘤前4位死因,全人群和男性依次为肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、食管癌,女性为肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、子宫相关肿瘤。[结论]肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、食管癌是寿光市居民恶性肿瘤的主要死因。     

2004-2005年阳城县居民恶性肿瘤死亡情况分析

[目的]了解阳城县居民恶性肿瘤死亡水平及其变化趋势。[方法]对2004-2005年阳城县居民恶性肿瘤死亡资料进行分析．[结果]2004-2005年阳城县恶性肿瘤年均死亡率为204．35110万,标化死亡率为199．21／10万。恶性肿瘤年均死亡率（／10万）．男性为236．44．女性为170．38（P〈0．01）;0～14岁为4．59,15～34岁为7．42,35～54岁为149．50．55～74岁为1181．90。75岁以上为2029．01。死亡率最高的前5位恶性肿瘤,全部居民为食管癌、胃癌、肝癌、肺癌、子宫颈癌,男性为食管癌、胃癌、肝癌、肺癌、直肠结肠癌,女性为食管癌、胃癌、肝癌、子宫颈癌、肺癌。[结论]阳城县属于恶性肿瘤高死亡率地区。恶性肿瘤的主要死因是消化系统恶性肿瘤。     

2009～2010年寿光市城区居民死亡监测分析

[目的]了解寿光市城区居民死亡率及死亡原因,为制订卫生事业发展规划和卫生政策提供科学依据。[方法]对2009～2010年寿光市城区居民死亡监测数据进行分析。[结果]2009～2010年累计监测221 144人次,报告死亡330例,年均死亡率为149.22/10万。其中,2009年死亡率为139.28/10万,2010年死亡率为159.17/10万。2009～2010年年均死亡率(/10万),男性为210.78,女性为85.55;<1岁为452.08,1～4岁为10.86,5～14岁为8.66,15～19岁为6.80,以后随着年龄的增大死亡率明显上升。前3位死因,全部居民、男性均是恶性肿瘤、心血管疾病、伤害,女性为恶性肿瘤、心血管疾病、伤害。[结论]恶性肿瘤、心血管疾病、伤害是寿光市城区居民的主要死因。     

2006年寿光市居民死亡情况调查

[目的]了解居民死亡率及死亡原因,为制订卫生事业发展规划和卫生政策提供科学依据.[方法]对寿光市2006年死亡的居民进行调查.[结果]2006年寿光市有居民1 017 023人,死亡6 060例,死亡率为595.84/10万.居民死亡率(/10万),男性为680.11,女性为509.89;0岁为636.70,1～4岁为60.12,5～9岁为21.64,以后随着年龄的增大死亡率上升.前4位死因,全部居民和男性均是循环系统疾病、恶性肿瘤、呼吸系统疾病、损伤和中毒外部原因,女性为循环系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病、恶性肿瘤、损伤和中毒外部原因.居民平均期望寿命为77.97岁,男性为74.22岁,女性为81.83岁.[结论]循环系统疾病、恶性肿瘤、呼吸系统疾病、损伤和中毒外部原因是寿光市居民的主要死因.     

2010年寿光市侯镇居民死亡资料分析

[目的]了解居民死亡率及死亡原因,为制订卫生事业发展规划和卫生政策提供科学依据。[方法]对2010年寿光市侯镇居民死亡监测资料进行分析。[结果]2010年调查居民96853人,死亡751例,死亡率为775．40／10万。居民死亡率（／10万）,男性为857．13,女性为692111;〈1岁为229．27,1～4岁为26．60,5～9岁为64．29,10～14岁为53．81,15～19岁为58．97,以后随着年龄的增大死亡率上升,50岁以后迅速上升。前4位死因,全部居民、男性与女性均是恶性肿瘤、心血管疾病、脑血管疾病、呼吸系统疾病。[结论]侯镇居民死亡率较高,恶性肿瘤、心血管疾病、脑血管疾病、呼吸系统疾病是主要死因。     

2005～2009年青岛市城阳区居民死亡资料分析

[目的]了解青岛市城阳区居民的死亡水平、死亡原因,为确定当地疾病控制重点和制定防治策略提供参考。[方法]对2005～2009年城阳区居民死亡资料进行分析。[结果]2005～2009年城阳区累计死亡14 991人,年均粗死亡率为615.29/10万,标化死亡率为418.73/10万。年均标化死亡率,男性为487.32/10万,女性为355.87/10万。年均死亡率,0～14岁为43.05/10万,15～34岁为49.11/10万,35～54岁为266.34/10万,55～64岁为844.93/10万,≥65岁为4 318.41/10万。2005～2009年合计,男性、女性和男女合计的前3位死因均为循环系统疾病、肿瘤、损伤与中毒。全部居民与男性、女性减寿率的前3位死因均依次为肿瘤、损伤和中毒、循环系统疾病。[结论]慢性病是影响城阳区居民死亡的主要原因。     

贵州省2004～2005年死因回顾调查点居民恶性肿瘤死亡情况分析

[目的]了解贵州省居民恶性肿瘤死亡分布情况。[方法]根据贵州省全国第三次死因回顾调查资料,分析贵州省主要恶性肿瘤死亡情况。[结果]2004~2005年贵州省6个死因回顾调查区(县)居民恶性肿瘤2年年均死亡率为75.63/10万,标化死亡率为95.10/10万,在被调查地区居民病伤死因中居第4位。肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、肠癌、宫颈癌依次居恶性肿瘤死亡率的前5位。男女性恶性肿瘤死亡率及死亡顺位存在差异,死亡率男性高于女性。各调查点居民恶性肿瘤死亡率存在差别,恶性肿瘤死亡率随着年龄的上升而上升,75~80岁组死亡率最高。[结论]贵州省恶性肿瘤死亡率随年龄增长有上升趋势,已成为严重危害我省居民生命和健康的常见病和多发病。主要恶性肿瘤为肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、肠癌、宫颈癌。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.