广州地区健康体检人群甘油三酯水平与高血压检出率的关系

目的探讨甘油三酯(TG)增高与高血压检出率的关系.方法在参加体检的20～69岁人群中筛选出无糖尿病、肾病病史及明确高血压家族史者170 412例.按性别、年龄、TG水平进行分组,统计各组血压正常与高血压的人数;按不同收缩压和舒张压水平统计TG的均值.结果无论男女,TG增高与高血压的总体检出率显著相关(P＜0.001);按年龄分层后,TG增高与高血压的检出率依然显著相关(P＜0.01～0.001).收缩压每升高10 mm Hg,男性TG增高约0.16 mmol/L,女性TG增高约0.13 mmol/L;舒张压每升高5 mm Hg,男性TG增高约0.17 mmol/L,女性TG增高约0.12 mmol/L.结论 TG水平和高血压检出率之间具有正相关关系.     

广州地区健康体检人群甘油三酯水平与高血压检出率的关系

目的探讨甘油三酯(TG)增高与高血压检出率的关系。方法在参加体检的20~69岁人群中筛选出无糖尿病、肾病病史及明确高血压家族史者170412例。按性别、年龄、TG水平进行分组,统计各组血压正常与高血压的人数;按不同收缩压和舒张压水平统计TG的均值。结果无论男女,TG增高与高血压的总体检出率显著相关(P<0·001);按年龄分层后,TG增高与高血压的检出率依然显著相关(P<0·01~0·001)。收缩压每升高10mmHg,男性TG增高约0·16mmol/L,女性TG增高约0·13mmol/L;舒张压每升高5mmHg,男性TG增高约0·17mmol/L,女性TG增高约0·12mmol/L。结论TG水平和高血压检出率之间具有正相关关系。     

糖尿病人群空腹血糖水平与新发脑梗死事件的相关性研究

目的 探讨糖尿病人群空腹血糖水平与新发脑梗死事件的相关性.方法 采用前瞻性队列研究方法,以空腹血糖≥7.0 mmol/L或＜7.0 mmol/L但已确诊为糖尿病、正在使用降糖药物的8 306例糖尿人群作为观察队列,随访(48.01 ±3.14)个月,随访期间每半年收集一次新发脑梗死事件情况.分析糖尿病人群空腹血糖水平与新发脑梗死事件的相关性.结果 (1)随访结束时,随着基线空腹血糖水平的增高,研究对象的总胆固醇、甘油三酯的水平逐渐增高[总胆固醇:(4.93±1.15,510±1.20,5.15± 1.28,5.33±1.35) mmol/L,甘油三酯:(1.70±1.26,1.83± 1.29,2.18±1.76,2.41±2.08) mmol/L,P＜0.05];低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、收缩压、舒张压、体重指数的水平也增高(P＜0.05).(2) 7.0 mmol/L≤空腹血糖＜9.0mmol/L组累积发生脑梗死事件率最低(2.1％,P＜0.01).校正年龄、性别、收缩压、舒张压、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、体重指数、吸烟、糖尿病病程及降糖治疗因素,Cox比例风险回归分析表明,相对于7.0 mmol/L≤空腹血糖＜9.0 mmoL/L组,6.1 mmol/L≤空腹血糖＜7.0mmol/L组和空腹血糖≥9 mmol/L两组发生脑梗死事件的相对危险(RR)各分别增加1.85倍(95％CI 1.09～3.15,P＜0.05)、1.54倍(95％CI 1.16～2.05,P＜0.01).结论 糖尿病人群空腹血糖控制在7.0 ～9.0 mmol/L水平者似新发生脑梗死事件率最低.     

秦皇岛市13～15岁人群不同空腹血糖水平心血管危险因素分析

目的探讨秦皇岛市13～15岁人群不同空腹血糖(FPG)水平心血管危险因素聚集情况.方法测量1665名13～15岁青少年的身高、体重、腰嗣、臀同、血压、FPG、血甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(Tc)、高密度脂蛋白一胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(LDL-C)水平.具有超重、高血压和血脂异常中2项或以上者为心血管危险因素聚集.结果 (1)人群按FPG分为<4.4(n=176),4.4～4.9(n=740),5.0～5.5(n=650),5.6～6.0(n=91)和≥6.1 mmol/L(n=8)5组.可见心血管危险因素聚集的检出率随FPG升高逐步上升,分别为7.4%,5.9%,8.8%,15.4%和37.5%.Logistic回归分析表明,校正性别、年龄后,5.6～6.0 mmol/L组心血管危险因素聚集的检出率已明显升高,为FPG<4.4 mmol/L组的2.365倍(95%CI:1.005～5.564,P=0.049).(2)以FPG 5.6 mmol/L为切点分为FPG正常组(FPG<5.6 mmol/L,n=1566)及空腹血糖受损(IFG)组(FPG 5.6～7.0 mmol/L,n=99),IFG组体重指数[(21.4±4.2)kg/m2 υs. (20.3 4±3.9)ks/m2]、腰围[(70.4 4-10.7)cm υs.(67.0±9.6)am]、收缩压(109.4±13.8)mm Hg υs.(106.4±12.9)mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa J均高于FPG正常组,两组间比较均有统计学差异(P<0.05).结论FPG超过5.6 mmol/L的13～15岁青少年已存在心血管危险凶素聚集,应该蕈视对青少年心血管危险因素的预防.     

空腹血糖受损患者糖耐量异常及影响因素分析

目的了解空腹血糖受损(IFG)患者糖耐量异常(IGT)情况及其影响因素。方法纳入空腹血糖为5.6~6.1 mmol/L的IFG患者337例,检测患者口服75克葡萄糖后2小时血糖等资料,分析患者IGT情况及其影响因素。结果纳入的337例IFG患者中46.6%(157/337)伴有IGT。口服葡萄糖耐量异常和正常组超重和肥胖率分别为75.0%和63.1%(P0.05);口服葡萄糖耐量异常组甘油三酯水平显著高于正常组,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平低于正常组,均有统计学差异(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、体重指数、甘油三酯水平是IFG患者葡萄糖耐量异常的影响因素,相对危险分别为:1.06(95%CI:1.03~1.08);1.11(95%CI:1.05~119);1.58(95%CI:1.23~2.09)。进一步对体重正常者发生糖耐量异常的影响因素进行分析,除年龄外,甘油三酯水平是空腹血糖受损患者糖耐量异常的影响因素,相对危险为2.10(95%CI:1.29~3.43)。结论空腹血糖受损患者约半数伴有糖耐量异常,体重指数和甘油三酯水平是空腹血糖受损患者糖耐量异常的影响因素。     

上海市程桥社区高血压患者空腹血糖受损患病率的调查及相关因素分析

目的 探讨上海市程桥社区35岁以上原发性高血压患者空腹血糖受损患病率及影响因素.方法 选取上海市程桥社区35岁以上居民所有已患原发性高血压患者2 596例,其中男1 390例,女1 206例,年龄35～89岁,平均52.5±12.6岁,进行病史调查,测量血压、体重、身高、腰围、臀围、空腹血糖及血脂等指标,并进行统计学分析.结果 在2 596例高血压受试者中空腹血糖<5.6 mmol/L为1 561例,空腹血糖介于5.6～6.9 mmol/L为817例,空腹血糖>6.9 mmol/L为218例.高血压患者中血糖总异常率达39.9%,其中空腹血糖受损的忠病率为31.5%.高血压患者中血糖正常组与空腹血糖受损组的性别构成比、收缩压、体质指数、腰臀比、血糖、总胆固醇及甘油三酯水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).多因素Logistic回归显示,性别(β=0.068,P<0.001)、糖尿病家族史(β=0.468,P<0.05)、总胆固醇(β=0.248,P<0.001)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(β=-0.06,P<0.001)与空腹血糖受损有相关性.结论 上海市程桥社区35岁以上高血压患者空腹血糖受损患病率高于健康人群,且可能与性别、糖尿病家族史及血脂代谢异常有关.     

从心血管危险因素看空腹血糖受损切点下调

目的在不同空腹血糖水平下分析心血管危险因素的聚集情况,探讨我国成人空腹血糖受损(IFG)切点下调的合理性.方法对1994年全国25岁以上22.4万人群糖尿病普查中15 564例经口服75克葡萄糖耐量试验检查的人群资料进行分析.结果 (1)将人群按空腹血糖(FPG)0.56 mmol/L间隔分组,BMI≥25 kg/m2、高甘油三酯、高血压及代谢综合征的比率随FPG逐渐上升,FPG 5.0～5.6 mmol/L组超重比率出现明显升高(P=0.001),FPG 5.6～6.1 mmol/L组其余各组分及代谢综合征比率均有明显升高(P＜0.001).(2) 餐后2 h血糖＜7.8 mmol/L时,FPG 5.6～6.1 mmol/L组与FPG＜5.6 mmol/L组比较,BMI≥25 kg/m2、高血压、代谢综合征患病率分别升高25%,15%,46%;糖尿病家族史阳性率增高.(3) 按照1999年WHO诊断分型标准及2003年ADA专家委员会建议将非糖尿病人群分为正常糖耐量(NGT),单纯IFG,单纯糖耐量受损(IGT)及IFG合并IGT(IFG+IGT)组.IFG诊断切点下调至5.6 mmol/L后,糖调节受损各组仍具有FPG 6.1 mmol/L为切点时临床特点.IFG+IGT组代谢异常较单纯IFG及单纯IGT为重.单纯IFG与单纯IGT组比较IFG组年轻、糖尿病家族史阳性多,相对肥胖,总代谢综合征比率高;IGT组收缩压、甘油三酯、餐后胰岛素水平高,女性比例高.结论 (1)糖尿病前心血管危险因素已开始随空腹血糖水平增高而增加,自FPG 5.6 mmol/L组以上代谢综合征及单组分比率均有显著升高.(2)以FPG≥5.6mmol/L为切点划分的新IFG人群表现为年轻,糖尿病家族史阳性率高,代谢综合征比率高于NGT及单纯IGT人群.FPG可能对年轻者更有诊断价值.     

正常空腹血糖水平与青年人2型糖尿病

目的:研究正常偏高的空腹血糖能否独立预测青年人2型糖尿病的发病。方法:采集年龄在26～45岁以色列士兵的血样,并收集健康状况、生活方式等相关信息。结果:对13163例基础空腹血糖<5.55mmol/L的对象进行74309人年的随访(1992～2004),共发现208例2型糖尿病。采用多元模型分析,去除年龄、家族史、体重指数、体力活动水平、吸烟、血清甘油三酯的影响后发现,与空腹血糖<4.5mmol/L相比,空腹血糖>4.83mmol/L的人群糖尿病的患病风险明显增加;与甘油三酯<1.69mmol/L并且空腹血糖<4.83mmol/L相比,甘油三酯>1.69mmol/L并且空腹血糖在5.05～5.50mmol/…     

中老年正常糖耐量人群胰岛β细胞功能分析

目的 分析中老年正常糖耐量人群血糖水平与胰岛B细胞分泌功能的关系.方法 选择上海市部分社区流行病学调研2095例居民,根据口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)、空腹血糖(FPG)和餐后2 h血糖(2 hPG)结果,将受检者分为正常糖耐量、糖耐量减低(IGT)、空腹血糖受损(IFG)、糖耐量减低合并空腹血糖受损(IFG/IGT)及糖尿病组.再将正常糖耐量者按年龄及空腹血糖值进行分组,观察稳态胰岛β细胞功能指数(HBCI),并对各组年龄、血糖与胰岛β细胞分泌功能指标进行统计学分析.结果 (1)随着年龄的增长,FPG逐渐升高,40～49岁、50～59岁及60～69岁组分别为(5.00±0.47)mmol/L、(5.09±0.44)mmol/L及(5.17±0.48)mmol/L,50～59岁组与40～49岁组比较(t=2.727,P<0.01)、60～69岁组与50～59岁组比较(t=2.303,P<0.05),均差异有统计学意义,但空腹胰岛素(FINS)值变化无明显规律;(2)随着年龄的增长,HBCI值呈下降趋势(F=33.75,P<0.05);(3)FPG≥5.0 mmol/L组较<5.0 mmol/L组HBCI值下降,分别为4.39±0.58和4.22±0.70,差异有统计学意义(t=2.974,P<0.05).结论 中老年正常糖耐量者随着年龄增长,空腹血糖增高;当空腹血糖≥5.0 mmol/L时,可能存在胰岛β细胞分泌功能异常.     

老年高血压患者动脉硬化的危险因素分析

目的探讨老年高血压患者动脉硬化的危险因素,为早期预防心脑血管疾病提供临床依据。方法选择老年高血压患者88例,进行无创性动脉硬化监测和血压、血生化指标测定,分别按臂踝脉搏波传导速度(brachialankle pulse wave velocity,baPWV)和踝臂指数(ankle-brachial index,ABI)分为2组:baPWV增高组46例和baPWV正常组42例,ABI低值组38例和ABI正常组50例。结果与baPWV正常组比较,baPWV增高组收缩压[(154.78±18.56)mm Hg vs(146.29±17.64)mm Hg,1mm Hg=0.133kPa]、TG[(1.99±0.42)mmol/L vs(1.77±0.34)mmol/L]、LDL-C[(3.07±0.52)mmol/L vs(2.51±0.44)mmol/L]、空腹血糖[(6.58±2.39)mmol/L vs(5.38±2.25)mmol/L]明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。ABI低值组高血压病程、收缩压、TG、LDL-C、空腹血糖明显高于ABI正常组(P<0.01)。多元逐步回归分析表明,高血压病程、收缩压、LDL-C、空腹血糖是老年高血压患者动脉硬化指标baPWV、ABI异常的独立危险因素。结论长病程、高血压、高胆固醇血症、高血糖与baPWV、ABI密切相关,促进老年高血压患者动脉硬化的发生、发展。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.