Density of the cerebral cortex in computed tomography angiography source images and clinical outcomes in Grade V subarachnoid hemorrhage

Abstract

Objective:

Among patients diagnosed with Grade V subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) according to the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS), the identification of those with the possibility of recovery is not feasible, although approximately one-fifth of these patients have favorable outcomes according to a recently published series of surgical papers. We hypothesized that computed tomography angiography (CTA) source images (SIs), which have applied to the detection of acute ischemia, might be useful for selecting Grade V patients with possibilities for favorable outcomes.

Methods:

We retrospectively assessed 170 SAH patients who underwent surgery between January 2009 and February 2012 and quantitatively measured their mean cerebral cortical densities from the initial CTA-SIs.

Results:

The cortical densities of 123 patients of Grades I–IV were strongly affected by the following two CTA-SI findings that were revealed by multivariate analysis: the density of the internal carotid artery (ICA) just proximal to the petrous portion and the ratio of the subarachnoid (SA) space to intracranial volume (P < 0·05). Favorable outcomes were obtained in 9 of the 47 Grade V patients (19·1%), and the predictors of the favorable outcomes according to multivariate analysis were increased cortical densities on the CTA-SIs and female patients (P < 0·05).

Conclusion:

The outcomes of Grade V patients could be partly predicted based on the estimates of cortical density from the CTA-SIs, and this measure might be useful for the selection of Grade V patients for surgery, provided that both ICA density and SA space ratio are confirmed before the evaluation of cortical density.     

CTA点征在脑出血中的临床应用

脑出血（ICH）的发病率占脑卒中的10％～30％,ICH较缺血性卒中预后更差,致残程度重,死亡率极高,其早期血肿扩大是神经功能恶化及预后不良的重要危险因素。随着影像学的不断发展,大量研究表明cT血管造影（CTA）点征能有效预测ICH早期血肿扩大、评估临床预后。本文旨在探讨CTA点征的相关定义、原理及在脑出血中的临床应用。     

蛛网膜下腔出血脑血管造影假阴性原因分析

目的 探讨蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)脑血管造影假阴性发生的可能原因,提高SAH病因诊断的准确性.方法 回顾性分析452例SAH患者的脑血管造影结果初次阴性52例,复查造影25例,发现6例有异常病变:4例前交通动脉瘤,1例C<,2>段动脉瘤,1例脑血管畸形.结果 结合文献对这6例初次脑血管造影假阴性的原因进行分析,总结发生假阴性的原因.结论 SAH造影时应采用高分辨率的造影机;二维造影时要多角度投射,避开血管间的重叠;必要时采用三维血管重建;提高阅片医生的能力;初次阴性病例可配合CTA、MRA检查且必须强调全面细致复查造影.     

Early prediction of clinical outcomes in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage using computed tomography texture analysis

Radiological evaluation of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is often subject to interobserver variability. The aim of this study was to retrospectively detect computed tomography (CT) texture parameters in the early postictal state to predict cerebral vasospasm, delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), and functional outcome in aneurysmal SAH using quantitative CT texture analysis (CTTA) via a commercially available software program and routine CT images. 40 patients with aneurysmal SAH surgically treated at the Keio University Hospital during a four-year period were analyzed. CT texture analyses were performed using a commercially available software program (Synapse Vincent). The following texture parameters of blood clots in the subarachnoid space and cerebral edema were assessed: mean CT value, entropy, skewness, and kurtosis. The mean CT value of blood clots in the subarachnoid space was significantly associated with cerebral vasospasm, DCI, and functional outcome. The mean CT value ≥ 49.64 Hounsfield units (HU) predicted cerebral vasospasm with a sensitivity and specificity of 85.7% and 61.5%, respectively (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.758). The mean CT value ≥ 49.95 HU predicted DCI with a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 60.6%, respectively (AUC = 0.810). The mean CT value ≥ 53.00 HU predicted poor functional outcome with a sensitivity and specificity of 56.3% and 91.7%, respectively (AUC = 0.747). CTTA using a commercially available software program demonstrated that the mean CT value of clots in the subarachnoid space in the early postictal state could predict vasospasm, DCI, and clinical outcome with a high sensitivity and specificity.     

Distribution of delayed ischemic neurological deficits after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and implications for regional neuromonitoring

Objectives

Many neuromonitoring devices provide data applicable to a limited region of the brain. Risk of DIND is common after aSAH and may occur near or remote from the ruptured aneurysm. The aim of this study is to determine the distribution of DIND after aneurysms rupture as it relates to the potential value of regional monitoring in detection of vasospasm.

Patients and methods

The study enrolled aSAH patients presenting to a tertiary referral center over a three year period who received treatment for an identified ruptured aneurysm and survived >10 days with subsequent DIND. Only those patients receiving routine neuroimaging were included. To account for the anticipated effect on infarct distribution, patients were divided into groups of midline and non-midline aneurysms and assessed for vasospasm and stroke with respect to vascular distribution. Comparisons of clinical characteristics were made to determine factors predisposing to remote infarction.

Results

Twenty-nine patients met criteria with 15 patients harboring non-midline aneurysms. The rarity of isolated remote DIND prohibited adequate assessment of predictive clinical characteristics. For non-midline aneurysms, DIND occurred ipsilateral to the ruptured aneurysm in 93% and within the same vascular territory in 86% of patients. Midline anterior circulation aneurysms frequently resulted in ACA infarction. A neuromonitoring device with 100% sensitivity for ischemia placed in the MCA territory ipsilateral to a non-midline ruptured aneurysm would identify 71% of DIND.

Conclusion

Vasospasm related infarction occurs most commonly ipsilateral to or in the same distribution of the ruptured aneurysm. Less anatomical correlation is seen with midline aneurysms. Rupture of posterior circulation aneurysms infrequently results in supratentorial infarction. Decisions regarding placement of regional monitors for the purpose of vasospasm detection should consider this distribution of ischemic risk.     

自发性蛛网膜下腔出血的脑血管造影时机的选择及其并发症的探讨

目的 分析自发性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)数字减影血管造影栓查的结果,探讨有关脑血管造影时机的选择及其并发症的原凶.方法 对502例SAH患者经股动脉插管进行选择性全脑血管造影检查,对所有造影结果进行分析.结果 总阳性牢为74.7%(375/502),在发病后6h内、6-24h、25-72h、73h-14d、15d-1个月和1个月后检杏阳性率分别为82.6%、72.9%、74.4%、76.4%、75%和77.3%.与造影有关的神经系统并发症共21例.结论 造影时机并不影响对脑血管病变的检出率,但选择合适的造影时机、熟练操作和应用非离子型造影剂可降低造影并发症的发生.     

Subarachnoid hemorrhage in sickle cell disease

Subarachnoid hemorrhage occurs in 1%–2% of patients with neurological complications from sickle cell disease. The authors report a case of subarachnoid hemorrhage in a 13-year-old black girl with sickle cell disease. Computed tomography of the brain demonstrated diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage in the right sylvian fissure and the right frontoparietal cortical region. Angiography revealed no evidence of aneurysm but multiple stenosis and/or occlusions of the distal branches of the anterior and middle cerebral arteries bilaterally. Rupture of leptomeningeal collateral vessels is a possible cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage in our patient.     

早期DSA检查对蛛网膜下腔出血的临床意义

蛛网膜下腔出血（subarachnoid hemorrhage，SAH）是临床发病率和死亡率均较高的急性脑血管病之一，并呈逐年增高趋势。随着神经介入影像学的发展，对急性SAH患早期（72h内1开展数字减影血管造影（digital subtraction angiography．DSA）检查，使SAH的早期病因诊断及病因治疗成为可能，患的预后也得到显改善。我院自2003年1月至2006年4月收治96例SAH患行早期DSA检查并给予相应的病因治疗．取得较好的临床疗效。现将有关资料与临床治疗总结报道如下。[第一段]     

早期低脑血流量和高乳酸血症预测蛛网膜下腔出血后迟发性脑缺血的临床研究

目的 探讨早期低脑血流量和高乳酸血症对蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后迟发性脑缺血(DCI)的预测作用。方法 选择2010年1月-2014年12月来本院接受治疗的SAH患者90例; 根据患者有无DCI发生分为DCI发生组(n=35)和DCI未发生组(n=55); 根据病历信息及临床检查详细记录SAH患者的年龄、性别、体质量指数(BMI)、烟酒嗜好,高血压病、糖尿病史和现状、治疗方式,责任动脉瘤位置、血肿形成、脑积水、有无高乳酸血症、Hunt-Hess分级、Fisher分级等; 应用单因素、多因素非条件Cox回归分析预测SAH后DCI发生的危险因素。结果 90例SAH患者中35例(38.89%)发生DCI,55例(61.11%)未发生DCI。2组患者在性别、Fisher分级、Hunt-Hess分级、血肿形成、脑积水、有高乳酸血症、脑血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)、平均通过时间(MTT)、达峰时间(TTP)方面差异显著(P<0.05)。其中,DCI发生组在高乳酸血症患者比例方面显著高于DCI未发生组(P<0.05),在CBF方面显著低于DCI未发生组(P<0.05)。CBF、CBV、MTT、TTP的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.88、0.70、0.89、0.73,预测DCI最佳诊断界值分别为15.95 mL·100 g^-1·min^-1、1.77 mL·100 g^-1、9.62 s、11.48 s。 单因素、多因素Cox回归分析显示,有高乳酸血症、Hunt-Hess分级≥Ⅲ级、Fisher分级≥Ⅲ级、CBF<15.95 ml/100 g/min会增加SAH后DCI发生的风险(P<0.05)。结论 早期低脑血流量和高乳酸血症可预测SAH后DCI发生。     

蛛网膜下腔出血早期应用尼膜同治疗的临床研究

目的 观察早期应用尼膜同注射液治疗蛛网膜下腔出血的疗效。方法将85例蛛网膜下腔出血患者随机分为尼膜同治疗组(34例)和对照组(51例)。两组均给予降颅内压、止血、对症等常规治疗,治疗组同时给予尼膜同持续静脉推注,连用7d后改用尼膜同口服。结果 治疗组脑血管痉挛的发生率较对照组低(P<0.05),两组间再出血发生率无显著性差异(P>0.05) 结论 尼膜同能降低SAH的脑血管痉挛发生率,且不增加再出血的危险,在SAH治疗中有较好疗效,临床应用安全。     

Whole brain CT perfusion combined with CT angiography in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral vasospasm

Objective

To assess cerebral vasospasm (CVS) and monitor cerebral microcirculatory changes in patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) via CT angiography (CTA) combined with whole-brain CT perfusion (CTP) techniques.

Methods

Sixty patients with SAH (SAH group) and 10 patients without SAH (control group) were selected for a prospective study. CTP combined with CTA and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) studies were performed on patients with initial onset of SAH less than three days. CTA and DSA as well as the CTP parameters such as cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow (CBF), mean transit time (MTT), and time-to-peak (TTP) were acquired and analyzed. The relationship of CTA and CTP measurements was assessed in these acute SAH patients.

Results

CTP techniques were used to achieve the perfusion maps of the whole brain in patients with acute SAH. Compared to the control group, mean CBF value was significantly lower while both MTT and TTP values were significantly higher in SAH group (all p < 0.05). Further analysis revealed that mean CBF in patients with CVS, sCVS, Fisher III–IV and Hunt–Hess III–V significantly decreased when compared to patients with nCVS, asCVS, Fisher I–II and Hunt–Hess I–II (p < 0.05). Furthermore both MTT and TTP values were also significantly reduced in patient with CVS, sCVS, Fisher III–IV and Hunt–Hess III–V (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The study demonstrated that changes of microcirculation in patients with SAH could be assessed by whole-brain CTP. CTP combined with CTA could detect both macroscopic evident vasospasm on CTA and alterations of microcirculation on CTP. Mean CBF was significantly lower in patients with SAH.     

中脑周围池非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血的脑血管造影静脉期静脉变异的前瞻性研究

目的 研究中脑周围池非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(PNSH)患者的DSA静脉期,比较PNSH患者与动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(ASAH)患者在深部大脑静脉引流形式有无解剖性变异及其变异类型.方法 在收治的自发性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)患者中筛选符合PNSH的患者,均行DSA检查并在静脉期详细阅片,以PNSH患者为病例组,选择同期收治的ASAH患者为对照组,对比两组患者的DSA静脉期,观察PNSH患者深部大脑静脉引流形式有无解剖性变异及其变异类型.结果 两组患者DSA静脉期分别发现三种类型的静脉回流类型.经过x2检验(x2 =21.73 P＜0.05)可初步认为PNSH组和ASAH组深部大脑静脉三种回流形式构成比之间的差异有统计学意义.结论 PNSH患者深部大脑静脉回流变异较大并有一定的规律,其回流多为Ⅱ型及Ⅲ型变异回流形式;ASAH患者中脑周围静脉回流多为Ⅰ型较为普遍的回流形式,因此可以推测其出血原因可能与其静脉变异关系密切.     

Spontaneous disappearance and reappearance of a ruptured cerebral aneurysm: One case found in a group of 33 consecutive patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage who underwent repeat angiography

Abstract

The spontaneous disappearance and reappearance of a ruptured cerebral aneurysm is generally assumed to be a rare phenomenon although the actual Incidence Is unknown. Among 39 consecutive cases of acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), 33 were studied by three-dimensional computed tomographic angiography (CTA) within 6 h after the onset of SAH, followed by digital subtraction angiography (DSA) within 24 h after the ictus. Of those patients, one, a 58-year-old woman, had a saccular aneurysm at the distal anterior cerebral artery; the aneurysm was clearly demonstrated by CTA 2.5 h after the SAH onset, but was not shown by a subsequent DSA performed 8.5 h after the ictus. A follow-up DSA detected the neck of aneurysm on day 11, and the whole aneurysm was visualized on day 19. The observations in this particular case suggest that the spontaneous disappearance of a ruptured cerebral aneurysm may occur during the ultra-early stage of SAH and that reappearance may follow during the next few weeks. The patient did not suffer complications such as vasospasm or systemic hypotension nor was she treated with antifibrinolytic agents. The aneurysmal shape and the surrounding clot are considered as putative factors possibly related to the intermittent appearance of the aneurysm. [Neurol Res 2000; 22: 583-587]     

早期脑血流量检测在预测蛛网膜下腔出血迟发性脑缺血患者预后的作用研究

目的探讨早期脑血流量检测对蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)迟发性脑缺血(DCI)患者预后的预测作用。方法选择2008年1月～2012年11月来我院接受治疗的SAH后DCI患者150例。根据5年后患者临床结局分为存活组(n=96)和死亡组(n=54)。比较两组患者在临床特征方面的差异。绘制ROC曲线,计算曲线下面积评估各参数的预测效力。应用单因素、多因素非条件Cox回归分析预测SAH后DCI患者预后的危险因素。采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制累积生存曲线,采用Log-Rank法比较生存率差异。结果 150例患者术后5年96例(64%)存活,54例(36%)死亡。单因素、多因素Cox回归分析结果显示,脑血流量(CBF)15.82ml/100g/min、PAASH分级≥4级、Fisher分级≥III级不利于患者预后(P0.05)。随访5年后,CBF15.82 ml/100 g/min的患者累积生存率为18%(9/50),显著低于CBF≥15.82 ml/100 g/min患者的累积生存率45%(45/100)(P0.05)。结论入院时CBF可作为预测SAH后DCI患者预后的重要指标。     

Repeated neurovascular imaging in subarachnoid hemorrhage when initial studies are negative

Approximately 15% of patients with non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage have no causative lesion identified on their initial angiogram. We present two patients with non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage with negative initial angiograms who were subsequently found to have small basilar perforator aneurysms on delayed neurovascular imaging. We discuss the possible mechanisms for false negative diagnostic cerebral angiograms. These patients support the current standard of care with repeat angiography in cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage when no causative lesion can be identified on initial neurovascular imaging.     

Association between acute sympathetic response,early onset vasospasm,and delayed vasospasm following spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is accompanied by a marked acute sympathetic response, and evidence exists for sympathetic participation in the development of cerebral vasospasm (VS). The purpose of this observational investigation was to assess the association between acute central catecholaminergic activity, early VS and delayed VS following SAH. SAH grade 3–5 patients who received ventriculostomy, and in whom bilateral temporal transcranial insonation was performed, were enrolled. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was sampled (<48 hours) and assayed for catecholamines, which were correlated to measures of early and delayed sonographic anterior circulation VS. Clinical independent predictors of early VS included age (odds ratio .946 [95% confidence interval .902–.991]), CT scan score (4.27 [1.30–14.0]) and neurogenic cardiomyopathy (6.5 [1.24–34.1]). Age (.925 [.859–.996]) and CT scan score (8.30 [1.33–5.17]) also independently predicted delayed VS. Any early VS independently predicted conventionally defined delayed VS (10.9 [2.64–45.0]), and severe delayed VS was independently predicted by any early VS (9.87 [2.45–39.7]) and by conventionally defined early VS (12.3 [2.80–54.1]). The norepinephrine:3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol ratio (NE/DHPG) independently predicted severe delayed VS (3.38 [1.01–11.35]), for which DHPG was a negative predictor (.356 [.151–.839]). Epinephrine was a negative predictor of any early VS (.574 [.357–.921]), any delayed VS (.372 [.158–.875]), and delayed conventional VS (.402 [.200–.807]). Early and delayed VS appear to be related processes that are generally unrelated to the acute central sympathetic response following SAH. The one exception may be severe delayed VS which may be associated with noradrenergic activation.     

三维CT血管造影在脑动静脉畸形诊治中的初步应用经验

目的 评估三维CT血管造影（3D－CTA）在脑动静脉畸形诊断及术前评估中的应用。方法 对我科收治的25例脑动静脉畸形患者采用3D－CTA检查，并同期行脑数字减影血管造影（DSA），比较两种检查的结果。结果 3D－CAT显示了24例动静脉畸形，3D－CTA在显示畸形血管闭、供血动脉和引流静脉的三维构造以及空间关系上优于DSA，并能显示三者与颅骨的关系。3D－CTA虽未能发现1例小型小脑动静脉畸形，但其显示了一个位于小脑后下动脉（PICA）远端的供血动脉动脉瘤，并确定了出血系动脉瘤而非动静脉畸形。3D－CTA可以模拟手术入路时可观察到的血管构造，有助于正确判断动静脉畸形的各种成分，提高手术的安全性。结论 3D－CTA对脑动静脉畸形的诊断及其术前评估有其独特的价值。尤其适合于大型脑动静脉畸形、动静脉畸形合并动脉瘤以及颅内巨大血肿怀疑系动静脉畸形破裂者。它与DSA可互补，但尚无法取代DSA。     

3D-CTA在颅内动脉瘤破裂开颅手术中的应用价值

目的探讨三维血管CT造影（3D-CTA）在颅内动脉瘤破裂开颅手术中的应用价值。方法经手术证实的颅内动脉瘤破裂导致蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）或颅内血肿患者65例,术前均行3D-CTA检查并进行动脉瘤手术模拟,部分患者术前行DSA检查。将患者术前3D-CTA、术前DSA、术中所见进行比较,分析3D-CTA的临床应用价值。结果 65例患者共有动脉瘤68枚,3D-CTA发现65枚,诊断阳性率为95.59%,特异性为100%。3D-CTA可清晰显示动脉瘤位置、大小、形态、瘤顶指向、瘤颈宽窄、载瘤动脉、动脉瘤与周围血管及骨结构关系,且与术中所见基本一致。结论 3D-CTA是一种准确、快捷、微创的诊断颅内动脉瘤方法,能够提供足够信息指导动脉瘤的外科手术治疗。     

螺旋CT脑血管造影在急性脑血管疾病中的应用

目的探讨螺旋CT脑血管造影(CTA)在脑血管性疾病,尤其是自发性脑出血性疾病中的诊断价值。方法对28例自发性脑出血患者行CT脑血管造影3维重建技术。28例患者中发现脑动静脉畸形(AVM)16例,动脉瘤3例,动脉瘤伴AVM 1例,脑胶质瘤1例,无阳性发现者7例。结果CTA能清楚显示AVM和动脉瘤的部位、形态、供血动脉及其与周围结构的关系,对指导手术治疗具有重要参考价值。结论CTA是一种简便、快速、灵活、安全的检查方法,对寻找病灶、指导手术提供了一种客观、实用、可靠的影像资料。