基于TCD脑血流频谱评估颅脑损伤患者颅内压的研究进展

经颅多普勒（TCD）可以动态无创地监测和评估脑血管血流动力学变化,而颅内压（ICP）是评估颅脑损伤患者颅内病情的重要指标。临床工作中一直在探索一种准确、方便的无创ICP监测方法,由于TCD具有床旁无创、低廉快捷的优势,并且通过TCD检测脑血流频谱还可间接评估ICP变化,对临床治疗有重要的指导意义。本文综合国内外研究,结合ICP监测技术和TCD技术,并整合既往文献中基于搏动指数建立ICP评估模型的公式方法,就TCD脑血流频谱评估ICP的研究进展作一综述。     

亚低温治疗重型外伤性颅脑损伤的临床对照观察

目的 比较亚低温治疗和常温治疗重型外伤性颅脑损伤的治疗效果,方法 50例重型颅脑损伤患者随机分为常温组26例和亚低温组24例.入院后病人均持续监测颅内压7 d.对照组维持正常体温,亚低温组入院后在3～7 h内将肛温降至33℃左右,并维持3～7 d.比较2组GCS评分、颅内压、临床预后指标.结果 在伤后第7天,亚低温组和...     

重视对重型颅脑损伤后沉默的30%的研究和治疗

颅脑损伤大多数为轻型伤与中型伤。伤后过程,轻型伤无颅骨骨折者约有0.2%~0.7%的患者加重;有颅骨骨折者3.2%~10%病情转恶化。中型伤有一部分脑挫裂伤患者,数日内出现迟发性颅内血肿。这两类患者如有明显症状,宜住院观察治疗避免发生意外。重型颅脑损伤约占颅脑伤的20%,死亡率很高,是救治的重点。颅脑创伤患者的死亡率下降了50个百分点,具有明显的进步。另外一个有意思的发现是1885~1930年,颅脑创伤死亡率以每10年3个百分点的速度下降,而在1930~1970年期间死亡率无明显增减,1970~1990年出现了死亡率的迅速下降,达到了平均每10年9.2个百分点,而1990~2006年间颅脑创伤死亡率再次出现了平台期,约占病例总数的30%。可以很明显地看到脑外伤死亡率的两次明显下降之后又处在平台期。分析了这种变化趋势背后所采取的救治策略的价值,提出未来应该重视对于救治这沉默的30%颅脑创伤死亡患者的研究和治疗。     

颅脑损伤后氨基末端脑利钠肽前体的应用价值研究

目的探讨血浆氨基末端脑利钠肽前体(NT-pro-BNP)在评估颅脑创伤(TBI)严重程度及颅内压(ICP)增高中的应用价值。方法选择2009年1月到2009年12月收入我院神经外科的63例颅脑创伤患者作为研究对象。收集的资料包括患者的性别、年龄、入院时GCS评分、受伤机制、颅内压数值、总住院天数、重症监护病房(ICU)住院天数。按照患者入院时最初的GCS评分将其分为轻度颅脑创伤组(GCS 13-15,n=14),中度颅脑创伤组(GCS 9-12,n=24),重度颅脑创伤组(GCS 3-8,n=25)三组。应用电化学发光免疫分析技术测定血浆NT-pro-BNP浓度。结果重度颅脑创伤组血浆NT-pro-BNP水平显著高于轻度颅脑创伤组及中度颅脑创伤组(F=12.590,P<0.01)。同ICP控制组(n=15)249.3 pg/ml±103.8 pg/ml及未行ICP监测组(n=40)221.9 pg/ml±142.7 pg/ml相比,ICP增高组(n=5)NT-pro-BNP血浆浓度520.2 pg/ml±153.5 pg/ml可出现显著增高(P<0.01)。血浆NT-pro-BNP水平与GCS评分及ICU住院天数存在相关性。结论颅脑创伤早期血浆NT-pro-BNP水平越高,其伤后颅内压控制难度越大。血浆NT-pro-BNP水平可作为判断颅脑创伤严重程度及颅内压增高程度的一个潜在评估指标,有助于及早预判颅内压增高并及时地对其进行干预。     

CT测量视神经鞘直径与急性颅脑创伤开颅术后颅内压的相关研究

目的探讨急性重型颅脑创伤患者开颅术后视神经鞘直径(ONSD)与颅内压(ICP)的相互关系,评价ONSD推测ICP变化情况的效能。方法回顾性分析48例急性重型颅脑创伤患者数据,通过重建头部薄层CT来测量球后ONSD,采用有创ICP传感器监测颅内压等临床数据;患者数据按手术类型分类为开颅手术组和单纯ICP组,分别应用线性及Logistic回归分析ONSD与ICP相关性及ONSD的评价效能。结果 48例患者平均ONSD=6.6mm(SD 0.5 4),平均ICP=12mmHg(SD6.5),ONSD与ICP呈明显线性相关性,其中手术组的线性关系更加明显,AUC=0.964,cutoff=7.1 mm,敏感性=100%,特异性=8 9%,P0.0 0 1,ONSD用于推测ICP效能较高,有统计学意义;而ICP组两者间无明显线性相关性。结论急性重症颅脑创伤开颅术后患者ONSD与ICP线性关系明显,可通过ONSD是否大于7.1 mm来推测ICP20 mm Hg,为危急重症患者提供重要的参考意见。     

重型颅脑损伤术中持续脑灌注压监测的意义

目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤(sTBI)患者术中持续脑灌注压(CPP)监测的意义.方法 解放军第一○一医院2009年6月至2011年12月收治的63例sTBI患者根据预后情况分为较好(GOS 4～5分)及较差(GOS 1～3分)两组,对两组患者术中CPP、平均动脉压(MAP)及颅内压(ICP)的变化进行相关性分析.结果 两组间ICP、CPP总体差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而两组间MAP总体差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);各组内ICP、MAP及CPP在不同时间点变化的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组间ICP、MAP及CPP在不同时间点变化的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 术中持续CPP监测有助于术者及时判断和处理术中出现的病情变化,对改善sTBI患者的预后可能有着积极的临床意义.     

Noninvasive selective brain cooling by head and neck cooling is protective in severe traumatic brain injury

Therapeutic hypothermia is a promising treatment for patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). We present here the results of a study in which noninvasive selective brain cooling (SBC) was achieved using a head cap and neckband. Ninety patients with severe TBI were divided into a normothermia control group (n=45) and a SBC group (n=45), whose brain temperature was maintained at 33-35 degrees C for 3 days using a combination of head and neck cooling. At 24, 48 and 72h after injury, the mean intracranial pressure (ICP) values of the patients who underwent SBC were lower than those of the normothermia controls (19.14+/-2.33, 19.72+/-1.73 and 17.29+/-2.07 mmHg, versus 23.41+/-2.51, 20.97+/-1.86, and 20.13+/-1.87 mmHg, respectively, P<0.01). There was a significant difference in the neurological recovery of the two groups at the 6-month follow-up after TBI. Good neurological outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 4 to 5) rates 6 months after injury were 68.9% for the SBC group, and 46.7% for the control group (P<0.05). There were no complications resulting in severe sequelae. In conclusion, the noninvasive SBC described here is a safe method of administering therapeutic hypothermia, which can reduce ICP and improve prognosis without severe complications in patients with severe TBI.     

低频rTMS对创伤性颅脑损伤患者颅内压影响的实验研究

目的探讨低频重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)对创伤性颅脑损伤(TBI)患者颅内压(ICP)的影响。方法32例急性中重型TBI患者分为非手术组及手术组,再分别将其随机分为常规治疗组(A组)及低频rTMS治疗组(B组)。采用无创颅内压检测分析仪测定患者的IcP。结果非手术组中B组患者的IcP均低于A组(P0.05);手术组中,B组患者的IcP在第1天与A组相比差异无统计学意义(p0.05),但有下降趋势,在第3天、第7天、第9天均低于A组(P0.05)。结论低频rTMS可以降低TBI后患者的ICP,从而起到脑保护作用。     

A randomized trial of very early decompressive craniectomy in children with traumatic brain injury and sustained intracranial hypertension

Object: The object of our study was to determine, in children with traumatic brain injury and sustained intracranial hypertension, whether very early decompressive craniectomy improves control of intracranial hypertension and long-term function and quality of life. Methods: All children were managed from admission onward according to a standardized protocol for head injury management. Children with raised intracranial pressure (ICP) were randomized to standardized management alone or standardized management plus cerebral decompression. A decompressive bitemporal craniectomy was performed at a median of 19.2 h (range 7.3–29.3 h) from the time of injury. ICP was recorded hourly via an intraventricular catheter. Compared with the ICP before randomization, the mean ICP was 3.69 mmHg lower in the 48 h after randomization in the control group, and 8.98 mmHg lower in the 48 hours after craniectomy in the decompression group (P=0.057). Outcome was assessed 6 months after injury using a modification of the Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) and the Health State Utility Index (Mark 1). Two (14%) of the 14 children in the control group were normal or had a mild disability after 6 months, compared with 7 (54%) of the 13 children in the decompression group. Our conclusion was that when children with traumatic brain injury and sustained intracranial hypertension are treated with a combination of very early decompressive craniectomy and conventional medical management, it is more likely that ICP will be reduced, fewer episodes of intracranial hypertension will occur, and functional outcome and quality of life may be better than in children treated with medical management alone (P=0.046; owing to multiple significance testing P <0.0221 is required for statistical significance). This pilot study suggests that very early decompressive craniectomy may be indicated in the treatment of traumatic brain injury. Received: 5 May 2000 Revised: 2 September 2000     

颅脑创伤患者的颅内压相关参数对预后的影响

目的探究颅内压相关参数对颅脑创伤（TBI）患者生存状况的影响。 方法回顾性分析新兴县人民医院神经外科自2016年6月至2018年6月收治的62例TBI患者的临床资料,依据出院时患者预后的GOS评分将其分为预后不良组（死亡、GOSⅠ~Ⅱ级,25例）与预后良好组（GOSⅢ~Ⅳ级,37例）。比较2组患者术后24 h内颅内压、脑组织氧分压、脑灌注压和血流动力学情况,并分析颅内压相关参数与TBI患者不良预后的相关性。 结果预后良好组患者的颅内压、脑组织氧分压水平低于预后不良组,脑灌注压、收缩期血流速度（Vs）、平均血流速度（Vm）和舒张期末血流速度（Vd）水平均高于预后不良组,差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。TBI患者的颅内压、脑组织氧分压水平与不良预后呈现正相关（r=0.618,P=0.000;r=0.514,P=0.000）,脑灌注压水平、Vs、Vm和Vd与不良预后呈负相关（r=-0.571,P=0.000;r=-0.562,P=0.000;r=-0.501,P=0.000;r=-0.575,P=0.000）。 结论颅内压、脑组织氧分压、脑灌注压和血流动力学情况与TBI患者的预后具有相关性,积极控制颅内压和脑组织氧分压升高,促进脑灌注压,密切监测血流动力血指标,可改善患者生存状况。     

Increased intracranial pressure is associated with the development of acute lung injury following severe traumatic brain injury

Objective

This study investigated the relationship among intracranial pressure (ICP), the development of acute lung injury (ALI) and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) following a severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods

Post-traumatic ICP was continuously monitored for the first week following injury in a series of consecutive patients with isolated severe TBI. The initial ICP and the duration of intracranial hypertension (ICH) were calculated. The risk factors associated with the development of ALI and SIRS were evaluated.

Results

Of the 86 patients enrolled, 22 patients developed ALI and 52 patients developed SIRS during the observation period. The patients with ALI presented with a significantly higher initial ICP (31.3 ± 7.8 mmHg vs. 23.0 ± 8.8 mmHg, p < 0.001) and a longer duration of ICH (16.8 ± 6.5 h vs. 11.9 ± 6.0 h, p = 0.002) than those without ALI. The incidence of both ALI and SIRS increased with increasing initial ICP, and the presence of SIRS was associated with a fourfold increase in the risk of developing ALI (odds ratio [OR], 4.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–13.0).

Conclusions

Increased ICP is associated with increased risks of developing ALI and SIRS following severe TBI. Future studies designed to verify the causative relationship between increased ICP and the systemic responses are warranted.     

Clinicoradiological and therapeutic considerations in severe diffuse traumatic brain injury in children

Forty-one children with severe head injuries and diffuse brain lesions were selected from a consecutive series of 62 children in traumatic coma (21 focal mass lesions) and studied. According to the CT pattern, two main types of intracranial lesions were considered: diffuse axonal injury (DAI) and diffuse brain swelling (DBS). High mortality, due to secondary increases of intracranial pressure (ICP), correlated well with the patterns of severe DBS, absence of perimesencephalic cisterns, and obliteration of the ventricles. However, children with normal CTs, and/or obvious shearing injuries indicative of DAI, had favorable outcomes; there was no mortality if increased ICP was not present. We conclude that although there does not seem to be any routine indications for ICP monitoring in children with pure DAI, early ICP monitoring and aggressive management of increasing ICP should be considered in comatose children with DBS, especially when associated with subarachnoid hemorrage and respiratory or circulatory failure.Presented at the 11th Meeting of the European Society for Paediatric Neurosurgery, Naples 1988     

脑室内颅内压持续监测和阶梯式治疗重型颅脑外伤

目的探讨脑室内颅内压持续监测对重型颅脑损伤后颅内压增高治疗的指导意义及阶梯式干预治疗的效果。方法对上海市神经外科急救中心2004年11月至2006年1月间收治128例重型颅脑损伤患者,其中GCS 3～5分55例,6～8分73例全部行脑室内颅内压监测术,116例行Codman脑室探头置入颅内压监测术,12例行Camino脑室探头颅内压监测术。根据颅内压变化予以相应的阶梯式治疗,以达到理想的颅内压控制及维持脑灌注压。结果预后良好72例(56.3%);中残12例(9.4%);重残23例(18.0%);植物状态10例(7.8%);死亡11例(8.6%)。结论脑室内颅内压监测下通过阶梯式治疗能有效控制颅内压,维持脑灌注压,降低重型颅脑外伤的病残率和死亡率。     

Double function of noninvasive intracranial pressure monitoring based on flash visual evoked potentials in unconscious patients with traumatic brain injury

Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring based on flash visual evoked potentials (F-VEP) is a noninvasive method of monitoring ICP. The early diagnosis of traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) in unconscious patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a challenge. The aim of this study was to evaluate the function of F-VEP ICP monitoring in predicting TON and detecting contusion enlargement (CE) in unconscious TBI patients using a modified approach. A series of F-VEP ICP-monitored unconscious TBI patients were included in the study. The interocular differences in N2 wave latency (DL) and amplitude (DA) were obtained through monocular flash stimulation. The increases in ICP (dxP) and interchannel difference (dxDC) across various time points were obtained through binocular flash stimulation. The predictive power of DL and DA on TON, as well as of dxP and dxDC on CE, was assessed by logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Patients with TON had a longer DL and a higher DA than those without TON. The dxP and dxDC of patients with CE were both higher than those of patients without CE. The differences were statistically significant. The logistic regression showed that both DL and DA were predictors of TON, whereas only dxDC was a predictor of CE. However, the ROC curve analysis showed that DL had greater predictive power for TON, and dxDC had greater predictive power for CE. An F-VEP ICP monitoring system with a modified approach is beneficial for early diagnosis of TON and prediction of CE in unconscious TBI patients.     

单纯颅脑损伤病人凝血功能异常的相关因素

目的 探讨单纯颅脑损伤（TBI）病人凝血功能异常的影响因素。方法 回顾性分析2012年1月至2015年12月收治的136例单纯TBI的临床资料,采用多因素Logistic回归分析检验并发凝血病的影响因素。结果 136例中,并发凝血病51例,其中纤维蛋白原异常率最高（29.4%）,其次是国际标准化比值（19.1%）。GCS评分≤8分、血糖水平≥20.1 mmol/L、中线移位、硬膜下血肿、脑室内出血是单纯TBI发生凝血病的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 TBI入院后建议密切监测凝血功能、血糖,及时完善CT、MRI等检查,对于Fib和INR异常、血糖升高、中线移位、硬膜下血肿、脑室内出血的TBI病人,应注意防治TBI相关性凝血病。     

重型颅脑损伤术中急性脑膨出治疗体会

目的探讨影响重型颅脑损伤开颅术中急性脑膨出的原因及有效防止措施。方法回顾分析我院2009-01—2010-12收治的12例重型颅脑损伤术中急性脑膨出采取新处理方法的病例资料作为研究组,同时选择2007-01—2008-12收治的9例重型颅脑损伤术中急性脑膨出病例资料作为对照组,分析2组的疗效。结果研究组恢复较好5例,重残5例,死亡2例;对照组恢复较好1例,重残3例,死亡5例。2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论重型颅脑损伤术中发生急性脑膨出,要排除迟发颅内血肿后采取控制降压、过度换气、脑室引流、切除颞叶脑组织等综合措施,能够明显提高治疗效果,降低致残率和病死率。     

经颅多普勒超声在重型颅脑创伤救治中的临床应用

重型颅脑创伤（sTBI）的临床监测手段多以体格检查、影像学检查为主,而这些手段无法迅速有效地诊断、监测sTBI病理生理过程。经颅多普勒超声（TCD）可以无创、实时地测量大脑大动脉的血流状态,获得脑血流动力学信息,通过分析脑血流速度及方向、血管自身调节功能、远端血管阻力变化来监测脑血管狭窄、痉挛程度并评估颅内压、识别脑死亡。本文围绕TCD在sTBI救治中的临床应用综述如下。     

重型颅脑损伤合并骨折52例漏诊分析

目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤患者合并骨折的漏诊原因及预防对策. 方法 对1995年1月至2009年12月广东省佛冈县人民医院救治的339例重型颅脑损伤合并骨折患者中的52例骨折漏诊患者进行回顾性分析,分别对接诊医师资历与骨折漏诊的关系,以及重型颅脑损伤合并四肢骨折漏诊与未漏诊的患者疗效差异进行统计学比较,分析漏诊原因及提出预防对策. 结果52例患者中有56处骨折漏诊,其中脊柱骨折18例,骨盆骨折11例,四肢骨折23例.接诊医师资历与骨折漏诊率有关,接诊医师为住院医师的漏诊率明显高于主治医师,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);四肢骨折患者漏诊后的疗效明显低于未漏诊患者,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 严格规范的体格检查,及时行X线摄片或CT检查,尽早做出正确的病情诊断,合理选择骨折的手术时机,可有效地降低患者的病残率.     

综合护理在脑外伤患者急诊救治中的应用价值分析

目的探讨综合护理在颅脑外伤患者急诊救治中的应用价值。方法 167例急诊科收治的颅脑外伤患者,随机分为对照组(A组)及综合护理组(B组),其中A组予以急诊常规护理,B组在急诊常规护理的基础上再给予综合护理,如严密观察患者血压、脉搏、呼吸等生命体征以及意识、瞳孔等变化;保持呼吸道通畅;有效建立静脉通道以及转运过程中等护理,详细观察患者的病情变化、并发症发生情况及护理效果并进行比较。结果综合护理组的肺部感染及尿路感染发生人数明显少于对照组(P0.05);下肢深静脉血栓发生情况及死亡人数2组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);综合护理组临床疗效显著好于对照组(P0.05)。结论综合护理能有效降低颅脑外伤患者肺部感染以及尿路感染的发生率,显著提高临床疗效,值得临床在急诊救治颅脑外伤时推广应用。     

颅内压初始值对颅脑损伤后顽固性颅内压增高的预测价值

目的探讨颅内压（ICP）初始值（在手术室放置ICP监护探头后初次测得的ICP数值）对颅脑损伤（TBI）后顽固性颅内压增高（RICP,ICP持续维持在30mmHg以上超过15min,各种非手术治疗无效）的预测价值。方法对118例行ICP监测的TBI患者展开前瞻性观察研究,分析ICP初始值对RICP的预判价值。结果本组发生RICP43例,发生率为3．4％。Logistic回归分析显示ICP初始值是TBI患者发生RICP的独立危险因素（优势比为1．152;95％可信区间为1．078～1．232;P〈0．001）。受试者工作特征曲线分析结果显示初始ICP的最佳临界值为19．5mmHg,此时灵敏度为97．7％,特异度为64．7％;当初始ICP≥19．5mmHg时,RICP的发生率高达82．7％。结论TBI患者的ICP初始值≥19．5mmHg对发生RICP有很好的预测价值。