眼跳潜伏期预测动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后迟发性脑缺血的研究

目的探讨眼跳潜伏期对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后迟发性脑缺血(DCI)的预测作用。方法回顾性选择2012年1月~2016年12月来我院接受治疗的SAH患者110例。根据患者入院后30天内有无并发迟发性脑缺血(DCI)分为并发DCI组(n=40)和未并发DCI组(n=70)。应用单因素、多因素非条件Logistic回归分析探讨影响SAH患者DCI发生的危险因素。结果眼跳频率、眼跳总时间、单次眼跳平均时间、眼跳总幅度、眼跳平均幅度、眼跳平均速度、眼跳潜伏期预测SAH后DCI发生的诊断界值分别为2.65次/s、1685.45 ms、39.03 ms、553.25°、8.05°、118.35°/s、375.42 ms。Hunt-Hess分级≥Ⅲ级、Fisher分级≥Ⅲ级、脑积水程度(中度、重度)、眼跳潜伏期≥375.42 ms会增加SAH后DCI发生风险(P0.05)。结论眼跳潜伏期可预测SAH后DCI发生。     

蛛网膜下腔出血后无迟发性脑缺血相关因素分析

目的 分析动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aSAH)后无迟发性脑缺血(DCI)的相关因素,以期为DCI病人转出重症监护病房(ICU)提供临床依据.方法 选取2001-10 2011-06确诊的动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血且入住重症监护病房患者153例,其中DCI组67例,非DCI组86例;分析蛛网膜下腔出血后无迟发性脑缺血的相关因素.结果 DCI组一般情况相比非DCI组显示:平均年龄、入院血糖＞6.1 mmol/L、后循环动脉瘤、脑室出血差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);服用他汀类药物、GCS评分、WFNS Ⅰ～Ⅲ级、改良Fisher分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级、TCD血管痉挛、血管造影血管痉挛差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001);单因素分析显示:年龄＞65岁,WFNS分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级、改良Fisher分级1～2级、无颅内血肿和后交通动脉瘤与动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后无迟发性脑缺血相关(P＜0.05);多因素分析发现年龄＞65岁,WFNS Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,改良Fisher分级1～2级是未发生DCI的独立因素.结论 年龄＞65岁,WFNSⅠ～Ⅲ级和改良Fisher分级1～2级可作为病人转出ICU病房的依据.     

早期低脑血流量和高乳酸血症预测蛛网膜下腔出血后迟发性脑缺血的临床研究

目的 探讨早期低脑血流量和高乳酸血症对蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后迟发性脑缺血(DCI)的预测作用。方法 选择2010年1月-2014年12月来本院接受治疗的SAH患者90例; 根据患者有无DCI发生分为DCI发生组(n=35)和DCI未发生组(n=55); 根据病历信息及临床检查详细记录SAH患者的年龄、性别、体质量指数(BMI)、烟酒嗜好,高血压病、糖尿病史和现状、治疗方式,责任动脉瘤位置、血肿形成、脑积水、有无高乳酸血症、Hunt-Hess分级、Fisher分级等; 应用单因素、多因素非条件Cox回归分析预测SAH后DCI发生的危险因素。结果 90例SAH患者中35例(38.89%)发生DCI,55例(61.11%)未发生DCI。2组患者在性别、Fisher分级、Hunt-Hess分级、血肿形成、脑积水、有高乳酸血症、脑血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)、平均通过时间(MTT)、达峰时间(TTP)方面差异显著(P<0.05)。其中,DCI发生组在高乳酸血症患者比例方面显著高于DCI未发生组(P<0.05),在CBF方面显著低于DCI未发生组(P<0.05)。CBF、CBV、MTT、TTP的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.88、0.70、0.89、0.73,预测DCI最佳诊断界值分别为15.95 mL·100 g^-1·min^-1、1.77 mL·100 g^-1、9.62 s、11.48 s。 单因素、多因素Cox回归分析显示,有高乳酸血症、Hunt-Hess分级≥Ⅲ级、Fisher分级≥Ⅲ级、CBF<15.95 ml/100 g/min会增加SAH后DCI发生的风险(P<0.05)。结论 早期低脑血流量和高乳酸血症可预测SAH后DCI发生。     

CT灌注成像预测及诊断蛛网膜下腔出血后迟发性脑缺血的Meta分析

目的 系统评价CT灌注成像（CTP）对蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）后迟发性脑缺血（DCI）的诊断及预测价值。方法 计算机检索PubMed、Cochrane Database、Embase、CNKI及中国生物医学文献库中有关CTP与DCI关系的研究。使用Rev Man 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入10篇文献,包括519例SAH。Meta分析结果显示,SAH早期CTP的CBF、CBV、MTT、TTP与DCI无明显相关性（P>0.05）。高发时间窗内CTP的CBF降低、MTT增高与DCI有关（P<0.05）,而CBV、TTP与DCI无显著相关性（P>0.05）。对DCI的诊断界值,CBF在25~36.3 ml/100g/min范围内变化,而MTT则在5.0~6.5 s范围内变化。结论 CTP可用于诊断而不能用于早期预测SAH后DCI,但仍需标准化CTP测量方法及确定DCI的最佳诊断界值。     

早期脑血流量检测在预测蛛网膜下腔出血迟发性脑缺血患者预后的作用研究

目的探讨早期脑血流量检测对蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)迟发性脑缺血(DCI)患者预后的预测作用。方法选择2008年1月～2012年11月来我院接受治疗的SAH后DCI患者150例。根据5年后患者临床结局分为存活组(n=96)和死亡组(n=54)。比较两组患者在临床特征方面的差异。绘制ROC曲线,计算曲线下面积评估各参数的预测效力。应用单因素、多因素非条件Cox回归分析预测SAH后DCI患者预后的危险因素。采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制累积生存曲线,采用Log-Rank法比较生存率差异。结果 150例患者术后5年96例(64%)存活,54例(36%)死亡。单因素、多因素Cox回归分析结果显示,脑血流量(CBF)15.82ml/100g/min、PAASH分级≥4级、Fisher分级≥III级不利于患者预后(P0.05)。随访5年后,CBF15.82 ml/100 g/min的患者累积生存率为18%(9/50),显著低于CBF≥15.82 ml/100 g/min患者的累积生存率45%(45/100)(P0.05)。结论入院时CBF可作为预测SAH后DCI患者预后的重要指标。     

脑灌注压对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后迟发性脑缺血的预测价值

目的探讨脑灌注压(CPP)对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aSAH)后迟发性脑缺血(DCI)发生的预测价值。方法纳入2016年1月至12月在我院就诊并进行CPP检测的50例aSAH患者,其中19例发生DCI。统计所有患者低于各CPP阈值的时间总比例,通过ROC曲线及二元logisctic回归分析比较CPP与DCI的相关性。结果 CPP低于50 mmHg、55 mmHg、60 mmHg、65 mmHg的时间比例对DCI的预测阈值分别为0.28%(AUC=0.778)、3.0%(AUC=0.756)、10.8%(AUC=0.749)、16.1%(AUC=0.718),经二元logistic回归分析显示均与DCI的发生相关(P0.05)。而CPP低于70 mmHg、75 mmHg、80 mmHg的时间比例对DCI的预测阈值分别为24.8%(AUC=0.697)、49.6%(AUC=0.686)、55.9%(AUC=0.672),经二元logistic回归分析显示均与DCI无相关性(P0.05)。结论 aSAH患者发生DCI的风险与CPP降低有关,而维持CPP在70 mmHg以上可能有助于预防DCI发生。     

脑灌注压对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后迟发性脑缺血的预测价值

目的 探讨脑灌注压（CPP）对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血（aSAH）后迟发性脑缺血（DCI）发生的预测价值。方法 纳入2016年1月至12月在我院就诊并进行CPP检测的50例aSAH患者，其中19例发生DCI。统计所有患者低于各CPP阈值的时间总比例，通过ROC曲线及二元logisctic回归分析比较CPP与DCI的相关性。结果 CPP低于50 mmHg、55 mmHg、60 mmHg、65 mmHg的时间比例对DCI的预测阈值分别为0.28%（AUC=0.778）、3.0%（AUC=0.756）、10.8%（AUC=0.749）、16.1%（AUC=0.718），经二元logistic回归分析显示均与DCI的发生相关（P<0.05）。而CPP低于70 mmHg、75 mmHg、80 mmHg的时间比例对DCI的预测阈值分别为24.8%（AUC=0.697）、49.6%（AUC=0.686）、55.9%（AUC=0.672），经二元logistic回归分析显示均与DCI无相关性（P>0.05）。结论 aSAH患者发生DCI的风险与CPP降低有关，而维持CPP在70 mmHg以上可能有助于预防DCI发生。     

血脂水平与动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后迟发性脑缺血的相关性

目的 探讨血脂水平与动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aSAH)后迟发性脑缺血（DCI）的相关性。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月至2015年12月收治的74例aSAH的临床资料,采用多因素Logistic回归分析检验性别、年龄、动脉瘤位置、动脉瘤大小、世界神经外科医师联盟（WFNS）分级、改良Fisher分级、Hunt-Hess分级、治疗方式、总甘油三脂、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、脂蛋白(a)、载脂蛋白A、载脂蛋白B等因素与DCI的关系。结果 74例中,65例入院后检测血脂,20例出现DCI,45例未出现DCI,aSAH后DCI的发生率为30.8%。多因素Logistic回归分析显示高甘油三酯及改良Fisher分级是aSAH后DCI发生的独立危险因素。结论 及时检测aSAH患者的血脂水平和对患者进行改良Fisher分级对DCI的诊断治疗均有参考价值。     

Quantitative continuous EEG for detecting delayed cerebral ischemia in patients with poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage

OBJECTIVE: Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) due to vasospasm is often undetected by clinical exam in patients with poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The purpose of this study was to identify quantitative EEG (qEEG) parameters that are most sensitive and specific for the detection of DCI in stuporous or comatose SAH patients. METHODS: Of 78 consecutive Hunt-Hess grade 4 or 5 SAH patients admitted to our Neuro-ICU over a 2-year period, 48 were eligible for participation and 34 were enrolled. Continuous EEG monitoring was performed from post-operative day 2 to post-SAH day 14. In each patient, 20 artifact-free, 1 min EEG-clips following an alerting stimulus were analyzed: 10 clips were obtained on monitoring day 1 (baseline), and 10 on days 4-6 (follow-up). In DCI patients, follow-up clips were obtained after the onset of deterioration and before infarction had occurred. Twelve qEEG parameters were calculated using fast Fourier transformation; generalized estimating equations were used to compare ratios of change in qEEG parameters in patients with and without DCI. RESULTS: Nine of 34 patients (26%) developed DCI. The alpha/delta ratio (alpha power/delta power; ADR) demonstrated the strongest association with DCI. The median decrease of ADR for patients with DCI was 24%, compared to an increase of 3% for patients without DCI (Z=4.0, P<0.0001). Clinically useful cut-offs included 6 consecutive recordings with a >10% decrease in ADR from baseline (sensitivity 100%, specificity 76%) and any single measurement with a >50% decrease (sensitivity 89%, specificity 84%). CONCLUSIONS: A decrease in the ADR may be a sensitive method of detecting DCI, with reasonable specificity. This post-stimulation qEEG parameter may supplement the clinical exam in poor-grade SAH patients and may prove useful for the detection of DCI. SIGNIFICANCE: Following ADRs may allow earlier detection of DCI and initiation of interventions at a reversible stage, thus preventing infarction and neurological morbidity.     

Epileptiform abnormalities predict delayed cerebral ischemia in subarachnoid hemorrhage

Objective

To identify whether abnormal neural activity, in the form of epileptiform discharges and rhythmic or periodic activity, which we term here ictal-interictal continuum abnormalities (IICAs), are associated with delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI).

缺血修饰白蛋白评估动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者迟发性脑缺血研究

目的探讨缺血修饰白蛋白(IMA)评估动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(a SAH)患者迟发性脑缺血(DCI)的价值及其与患者预后的关系。方法选取198例a SAH患者,根据有无DCI把患者分为DCI组和无DCI组,测定血清IMA,同时使用经颅多普勒(TCD)监测大脑中动脉的平均血流速度(VMCA),比较两组脑血管痉挛发生率和血清IMA。结果在7～10天时间段VMCA和血清IMA达到峰值,然后逐渐下降;在1～6天、7～10天、11～14天时间段,VMCA比较、血清IMA比较,差异均有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。DCI组的CVS发生率高于无DCI组,并且DCI组的血清IMA水平高于无DCI组,差异均有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。预后不良组的血清IMA[(64. 28±5. 94) U/ml]高于预后良好组[(45. 46±5. 72) U/ml],差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论血清IMA水平与脑血管痉挛及预后密切相关,它可在一定程度上反应a SAH后脑缺血情况,对血管痉挛相关的DCI评估有重要价值,并且有助于判断预后。     

Serum biomarkers and cerebral autoregulation as early warnings of delayed cerebral ischemia risk in patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage

BackgroundIdentifying patients at risk of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH) remains challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the concentration of serum biomarkers along with cerebral autoregulation impairment on DCI.Methods55 patients suffering from aSAH were enrolled in the study. Serum S100 protein B (S100B) was tested both on the day of admission and over three consecutive days following the occurrence of aSAH. Cerebral autoregulation was assessed using a tissue oxygenation index (TOxa) based on near-infrared spectroscopy.ResultsChanges in serum S100B levels interacted with DCI status (presence vs. absence): F = 3.84, p = 0.016. Patients with DCI had higher S100B concentration level on day 3 than those without DCI (3.54 ± 0.50 ng/ml vs. 0.58 ± 0.43 ng/ml, p = 0.001). S100B concentration on day 3 following aSAH predicted DCI (AUC = 0.77, p = 0.006). Raised level of serum S100B on day 3 was related with higher TOxa, thus with impaired cerebral autoregulation (r_S = 0.52, p = 0.031). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that impaired cerebral autoregulation and elevated S100B concentration on day 3 increase the likelihood of DCI.ConclusionsTracking changes in the serum biomarkers concentration along with monitoring of cerebral autoregulation, may play a role in early detection of patients at risk of DCI after aSAH. These results need to be validated in larger prospective cohorts.     

Temporal profile of plasma adiponectin level and delayed cerebral ischemia in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage

Adiponectin affects nitric oxide production, and low plasma adiponectin levels are associated with impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. However, adiponectin pathophysiology in the acute phase after stroke, especially subarachnoid hemorrhage, is not well understood. The present study evaluated the changes in plasma adiponectin concentrations in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and investigated the relationship between plasma adiponectin and delayed cerebral ischemia. Serial plasma samples from 27 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage were obtained on day 0 or 1 after hemorrhage, and days 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21. As a control, plasma samples were obtained from 26 healthy volunteers. Differences between patients with and without delayed cerebral ischemia were assessed to investigate the relationship between plasma adiponectin concentrations and the occurrence of delayed cerebral ischemia. There were no significant differences in the clinical characteristics of patients with and without delayed cerebral ischemia. The plasma adiponectin concentrations were significantly lower in patients on days 3 and 7 compared with controls. Plasma adiponectin concentrations in patients with delayed cerebral ischemia were significantly lower than in those without delayed cerebral ischemia on days 3, 7, 10, and 14. The present results indicate that low plasma adiponectin concentrations from day 3 to day 14 might be associated with the development of delayed cerebral ischemia.     

PVI、CPP与动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后患者迟发性脑缺血的关系

目的 探讨血小板体积指数(PVI)、脑灌注压(CPP)与动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aSAH)后患者迟发性脑缺血(DCI)的关系.方法 选择2016年1月至2018年2月枣庄市立医院诊治的198例aSAH患者,根据是否发生DCI将患者分为DCI组(61例)和NDCI组(137例).检测PVI和CPP,分析其对aSAH后DC...     

CT perfusion and delayed cerebral ischemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is at presentation a diagnosis per exclusionem, and can only be confirmed with follow-up imaging. For treatment of DCI a diagnostic tool is needed. We performed a systematic review to evaluate the value of CT perfusion (CTP) in the prediction and diagnosis of DCI. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases to identify studies on the relationship between CTP and DCI. Eleven studies totaling 570 patients were included. On admission, cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV), mean transit time (MTT), and time-to-peak (TTP) did not differ between patients who did and did not develop DCI. In the DCI time-window (4 to 14 days after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)), DCI was associated with a decreased CBF (pooled mean difference −11.9 mL/100 g per minute (95% confidence interval (CI): −15.2 to −8.6)) and an increased MTT (pooled mean difference 1.5 seconds (0.9–2.2)). Cerebral blood volume did not differ and TTP was rarely reported. Perfusion thresholds reported in studies were comparable, although the corresponding test characteristics were moderate and differed between studies. We conclude that CTP can be used in the diagnosis but not in the prediction of DCI. A need exists to standardize the method for measuring perfusion with CTP after SAH, and optimize and validate perfusion thresholds.     

钙拮抗剂防治蛛网膜下腔出血后的迟发性脑血管痉挛的观察

目的 :观察钙拮抗剂对蛛网膜下腔出血后迟发性脑血管痉挛 (DCVS)的疗效。方法 :对 66例蛛网膜下腔出血 (SAH)患者将其分为钙拮抗剂治疗组 ( 32例 )和常规治疗对照组 ( 34例 )。结果 :32例治疗组中发生DCVS的 5例 ,34例对照组中发生DCVS2 1例 (P <0 0 5) ;死亡人数治疗组 4例 ,对照组 7例 ,无显著差异 (P >0 0 5)。结论 :钙拮抗剂在DCVS的防治中有显著疗效。     

Genetic determinants of cerebral vasospasm, delayed cerebral ischemia, and outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Despite extensive effort to elucidate the cellular and molecular bases for delayed cerebral injury after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), the pathophysiology of these events remains poorly understood. Recently, much work has focused on evaluating the genetic underpinnings of various diseases in an effort to delineate the contribution of specific molecular pathways as well as to uncover novel mechanisms. The majority of subarachnoid hemorrhage genetic research has focused on gene expression and linkage studies of these markers as they relate to the development of intracranial aneurysms and their subsequent rupture. Far less work has centered on the genetic determinants of cerebral vasospasm, the predisposition to delayed cerebral injury, and the determinants of ensuing functional outcome after aSAH. The suspected genes are diverse and encompass multiple functional systems including fibrinolysis, inflammation, vascular reactivity, and neuronal repair. To this end, we present a systematic review of 21 studies suggesting a genetic basis for clinical outcome after aSAH, with a special emphasis on the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia. In addition, we highlight potential pitfalls in the interpretation of genetic association studies, and call for uniformity of design of larger multicenter studies in the future.     

蛛网膜下腔出血患者迟发性脑血管痉挛相关因素的临床分析

目的 探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)患者迟发性脑血管痉挛(DCVs)的临床影响因素. 方法 回顾性分析南方医科大学珠江医院神经外科自2005年1月至2008年12月收治的74例动脉瘤性SAH患者的临床资料,判定DCVS,统计分析其影响因素. 结果年龄、出血次数、吸烟史、Hunt-Hess分级、Fisher分级、白细胞计数峰值与DCVS的发生具有明显相关性,其中年龄、出血次数、Hunt-Hess分级、Fisher分级是DCVS发生的独立影响因素. 结论 低年龄、出血2次以上及Hunt-Hess分级或Fisher分级Ⅲ级以上患者更易发生DCVS,临床上对此类患者应加强监测、及早发现和处理.     

Hemostasis and fibrinolysis in delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review

Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) has been associated with microthrombosis, which can result from activated hemostasis, inhibited fibrinolysis, or both. We systematically searched the PUBMED and EMBASE databases to identify hemostatic or fibrinolytic parameters that can be used for the prediction or diagnosis of DCI, or that inform on the pathogenesis of DCI and may serve as treatment targets. We included 24 studies that fulfilled predefined criteria and described 39 biomarkers. Only one study fulfilled predefined criteria for high quality. Since no parameter on admission was associated with DCI and in none of the included studies blood was drawn at the time of clinical deterioration, none of the studied parameters can presently be used for the prediction or diagnosis of DCI. Regarding the pathogenesis of DCI, it was shown that compared with patients without DCI those with DCI had higher levels of von Willebrand factor and platelet activating factor in plasma 5 to 9 days after aSAH, membrane tissue factor in cerebrospinal fluid 5 to 9 days after aSAH, and D-dimer in plasma 11 to 14 days after aSAH. Confirmation in high-quality studies is needed to investigate whether these parameters can serve as targets for new intervention studies.     

Alpha power decrease in quantitative EEG detects development of cerebral infarction after subarachnoid hemorrhage early

ObjectiveIn subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), transcranial Doppler/color-coded-duplex sonography (TCD/TCCS) is used to detect delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). In previous studies, quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) also predicted imminent DCI. This study aimed to compare and analyse the ability of qEEG and TCD/TCCS to early identify patients who will develop later manifest cerebral infarction.MethodsWe analysed cohorts of two previous qEEG studies. Continuous six-channel-EEG with artefact rejection and a detrending procedure was applied. Alpha power decline of ≥ 40% for ≥ 5 hours compared to a 6-hour-baseline was defined as significant EEG event. Median reduction and duration of alpha power decrease in each channel was determined. Vasospasm was diagnosed by TCD/TCCS, identifying the maximum frequency and days of vasospasm in each territory.Results34 patients were included (17 male, mean age 56 ± 11 years, Hunt and Hess grade: I–V, cerebral infarction: 9). Maximum frequencies in TCD/TCCS and alpha power reduction in qEEG were correlated (r = 0.43; p = 0.015). Patients with and without infarction significantly differed in qEEG parameters (maximum alpha power decrease: 78% vs 64%, p = 0.019; summed hours of alpha power decline: 236 hours vs 39 hours, p = 0.006) but showed no significant differences in TCD/TCCS parameters.ConclusionsThere was a moderate correlation of TCD/TCCS frequencies and qEEG alpha power reduction but only qEEG differentiated between patients with and without cerebral infarction.SignificanceqEEG represents a non-invasive, continuous tool to identify patients at risk of cerebral infarction.