单次剂量吗啡复合罗比卡因用于剖宫产术后PCEA的效果评价

目的 用单次剂量吗啡复合持续剂量不同浓度罗比卡因应用于剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛（patient controlled epidural analgesia,PCEA)，与持续剂量吗啡和罗比卡因相比较，寻求一种减少吗啡用量，更适合下腹部手术的硬膜外自控镇痛方法。方法 80例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级行子宫下段剖宫产的产妇，随机分为四组，单次剂量吗啡分三组；SMR0.1组，0.1%罗比卡因；SMR0.2组，0.2%罗比卡因，SMR0.05组，0.05%罗比卡因，三组均先单次静注吗啡1mg 氟哌利多持续硬膜外给药，观察产妇24小时内VAS，镇静评分，Prine Henry评分，改良Bromage分级的变化，PONV等不良反应的发生率，记录产妇24小时内用药量。结果 VAS评分；CM组，SMR0.2组大于SMR0.1组，SM0.05组和CM组。SMR0.1组，SMR0.05组尿潴留，排气时间延长发生率明显低于SMR0.2组，CM组，结论 1mg吗啡单次给药复合维持剂量0.1%罗比卡因用于剖宫产术后PCEA能够取得良好的镇痛效果。感觉-运动阻滞分离效果好，不良反应少。     

电视辅助胸腔镜术后持续胸膜外和硬膜外镇痛效果的比较

目的比较电视辅助胸腔镜手术(VATS)术后持续胸膜外镇痛和持续硬膜外镇痛效果的差异。方法择期在VATS下行肺肿瘤切除术的患者48例,年龄18～65岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为胸膜外阻滞组和硬膜外阻滞组,在术后48h内使用罗哌卡因分别进行持续胸膜外和持续硬膜外镇痛。记录患者术后4、12、24、36和48h的静息和运动时的VAS评分,术后48h内吗啡使用量和氟比洛芬酯使用例数,并记录两组患者术后第1、2天的离床活动例数和术后住院天数。记录术后恶心、呕吐、呼吸抑制、瘙痒和尿潴留不良反应发生率。结果胸膜外阻滞组和硬膜外阻滞组在术后4、12、24、36和48h静止和运动时VAS评分差异无统计学意义,两组患者吗啡使用量和氟比洛芬酯使用例数差异无统计学意义,术后恶心、呕吐发生率,术后第1、2天离床活动例数和术后住院天数差异均无统计学意义。结论两种方法在小剂量吗啡辅助下能提供良好的镇痛效果。由于具备安全准确的优点,电视辅助胸腔镜手术后也可选择持续胸膜外镇痛方法。     

吗啡联合地佐辛用于胸科术后镇痛的临床效果

目的观察吗啡联合地佐辛用于胸科术后镇痛的临床效果。方法择期行开胸肺叶切除手术患者60例,年龄18~64岁,采用随机数字表法将患者分为三组:吗啡组(M组)、地佐辛组(D组)和吗啡+地佐辛组(MD组)。术中1.5%~2.0%七氟醚吸入维持麻醉,手术结束前给予盐酸帕洛诺司琼0.25mg。术后连接静脉镇痛泵,M组:吗啡0.5mg·kg-1·d-1;D组:地佐辛0.5mg·kg-1·d-1;MD组:吗啡0.25mg·kg-1·d-1+地佐辛0.25mg·kg-1·d-1。如VAS评分3分或口头疼痛(VRS)评分2分,则给予吗啡3mg,每次补救用药时间最少间隔10分钟,直至VAS评分4分或VRS评分3分。观察术后48h内的VAS评分、VRS评分、术后24、48h补救吗啡用量,及恶心、呕吐、头晕、瘙痒不良反应发生率。结果术后24、48hD组补救吗啡用量明显多于M组(P0.05)。术后48hMD组补救吗啡用量明显少于D组(P0.05);M组瘙痒发生率明显高于MD组和D组(P0.05);D组头晕发生率明显高于MD组(P0.05)。三组VAS评分、VRS评分差异无统计学意义。结论吗啡联合地佐辛可减少不良反应的发生,对患者术后的康复产生了积极的作用。     

维拉帕米在硬膜外术后镇痛中对吗啡的增效作用

目的　比较硬膜外单独注射吗啡与吗啡加维拉帕米在术后镇痛方面的疗效。方法　2 70例在硬膜外麻醉下行腹部手术的患者 ,随机分为三组 ,吗啡加维拉帕米组 (MV组 )、吗啡 1mg组(M 1组 )、吗啡 2mg组 (M2组 ) ,每组 90例。MV组 :吗啡 1mg +维拉帕米 0 2 5mg +0 9%NaCl稀释到 10ml;M 1组 :吗啡 1mg +0 9%NaCl稀释到 10ml;M2组 :吗啡 2mg +0 9%NaCl稀释到10ml。均于手术结束时由硬膜外导管缓慢注入硬膜外腔。观察 15min后拔除硬膜外导管送回病房。手术后 12、2 4、4 8h记录疼痛评分 (VAS)、平均动脉压和呼吸频率、脉搏血氧饱和度 ,以及尿潴留、恶心、呕吐等不良反应情况。结果　术后 4 8h内MV组镇痛效果明显优于M 1组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,与M2组相近 (P >0 0 5 ) ,但不良反应发生率MV组明显低于M2组 (P <0 0 1)。三组的呼吸循环及脉搏血氧饱和度无显著差异。结论　维拉帕米在硬膜外术后镇痛中对吗啡有增效作用 ,可减少吗啡的用量 ,从而减少吗啡的不良反应 ,并取得良好的术后镇痛效果     

糖尿病患者术后吗啡镇痛的效果

目的 评价糖尿病患者术后吗啡镇痛的效果.方法 下腹部手术患者20例及非糖尿病患者20例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,分为糖尿病组和非糖尿病组,术后所有患者均采用静脉吗啡自控镇痛,记录两组患者的吗啡累积消耗量、镇痛评分、血糖水平和吗啡相关的不良反应.结果 术后4、8、24、48 h糖尿病组吗啡累积消耗量显著高于非糖尿病组(P＜0.05),术后4、8、24 h VAS评分糖尿病组亦显著高于非糖尿病组(P＜0.05),术后糖尿病组恶心发生率显著高于非糖尿病组(P＜0.05).结论 糖尿病患者术后吗啡镇痛的敏感性降低,有效的术后镇痛需要增加吗啡剂量.     

酒石酸布托啡诺在硬膜外术后镇痛中的应用

目的通过与吗啡作对比研究酒石酸布托啡诺在术后硬膜外镇痛中的效能和副作用。方法56例择期行在腰硬联合麻醉下行下腹部手术患者,男36例,女20例,年龄21岁～63岁,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ,随机分成二组：M组（吗啡组n=28）：0．004％吗啡＋0．12％布比卡因,B组（酒石酸布托啡诺n=28）：0．004％酒石酸布托啡诺＋0．12％布比卡因,进行硬膜外术后镇痛。手术缝皮时分别向两组病人硬膜外腔注射吗啡或酒石酸布托啡诺1mg做为负荷剂量,然后接硬膜外PCA泵,参数设定如下背景输入速度2ml／h,自控镇痛剂量0．5ml／次,锁定时间15min。用VAS评分评价镇痛效果,同时观察硬膜外术后镇痛的并发症。结果两组镇痛效果都较为满意;酒石酸布托啡诺组的VAS评分低于吗啡组,但无统计学意义。酒石酸布托啡诺组瘙痒、恶心、呕吐的发生率低于吗啡组。结论酒石酸布托啡诺硬膜外术后镇痛效果可靠,副作用少,值得在临床中推广使用。     

硫酸镁对吗啡病人自控静脉术后镇痛效果的影响

目的 评价硫酸镁对吗啡病人自控静脉术后镇痛效果的影响.方法 择期拟行上腹部手术病人印例,性别不限,年龄45～60岁,体重48～70 kg,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为吗啡组(M组)和硫酸镁复合吗啡组(MS组),每组30例.VAS评分≥3分时,术后行病人自控静脉镇痛,M组吗啡单次给药剂量为0.015 mg/kg,MS组单次给药剂量吗啡为0.015 mg/kg、硫酸镁为0.9 mg/kg.病人首次按压后4、8、16、24、48 h时记录镇痛药物用量.记录术后胃肠功能恢复时间.于麻醉前、术毕及镇痛结束时取静脉血,测定血清镁离子和钙离子浓度.结果 与M组比较,MS组镇痛药物用量减少,术后胃肠功能恢复时间缩短(P<0.05);与麻醉前比较,术毕及镇痛结束时两组血清镁离子浓度降低(P<0.05);与术毕时比较,镇痛结束时MS组血清镁离子浓度升高(P<0.05).两组各时点血清钙离子浓度比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 硫酸镁可改善吗啡病人自控静脉术后镇痛的效果.     

不同麻醉方式下胃癌根治术后患者疼痛程度的比较

目的 比较不同麻醉方式下胃癌根治术后患者的疼痛程度.方法 择期拟行胃癌根治术患者102例,性别不限,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄50～75岁,体重45～70 ks,采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为3组(n=34):单纯全麻组(GA组)、全麻联合肋缘下腹横肌平面阻滞组(CGTA组)和全麻联合硬膜外阻滞组(CGEA组).术后拔除气管导管后送至麻醉后恢复室(CPACU),患者入室时记录VAS评分.PACU期间评价疼痛程度,VAS评分＞3分的患者接受静脉吗啡滴定,VAS评分≤3分时停止吗啡滴定,接静脉自控镇痛泵和/或硬膜外镇痛泵.滴定结束时记录吗啡总用量,观察不良反应的发生情况.结果 与GA组和CGTA组比较,CGEA组术后中重度痛发生率降低(P＜0.01);GA组、CGTA组和CGEA组患者术后重度痛发生率、入室时VAS评分及吗啡总用量依次降低(P＜0.01);CGEA组镇静发生率低于GA组(P＜0.01),三组其余不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 全麻、全麻联合肋缘下腹横肌平面阻滞和全麻联合硬膜外阻滞下胃癌根治术后患者的疼痛程度依次降低.     

不同稀释容量的吗啡对术后镇痛的影响

目的　探讨不同稀释容量的吗啡对剖宫产患者术后镇痛的影响。方法　 80例行剖宫产术患者 ,随机分成四组 ,每组 2 0例。A组 :吗啡 1 5mg稀释到 2ml;B组 :吗啡 1 5mg稀释到 5ml;C组 :吗啡 1 5mg稀释到 10ml;D组 :吗啡 1 5mg稀释到 2 0ml;分别在手术结束时注入硬膜外腔。术后6 ,12和 2 4小时用视觉模拟评分法 (VAS)评定镇痛效果并观察恶心、呕吐、瘙痒和呼吸抑制等并发症。结果　四组病人 2 4小时内VAS评分在任何时间均无明显差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,仅D组恶心、呕吐、瘙痒发生率大于A、B和C组。结论　不同稀释容量的吗啡对术后镇痛无明显影响     

不同术后镇痛方式对手术患者恢复期心肌缺血的影响

目的研究硬膜外镇痛与静脉镇痛对手术患者恢复期心肌缺血的影响。方法39例行择期腹部手术的患者随机分成两组:硬膜外镇痛组(R组),16例,术中全麻复合硬膜外麻醉,术后硬膜外镇痛;静脉镇痛组(M组),23例,术中全麻,术后静脉吗啡镇痛。维持两组Price-Henry疼痛评分≤3分。所有患者接受24 h动态心电图监测48 h。两组患者在入手术室安静平卧10 min、入SICU后2 h、术后第1天晨、术后第2天晨采集静脉血测定皮质醇浓度。结果术后48 h内,R组心肌缺血发生率比M组低(P<0.05),在术后各时点,R组的皮质醇浓度低于M组(P<0.05)。结论与静脉镇痛相比较,硬膜外镇痛明显减轻应激反应,减少术后心肌缺血发生率。     

布托啡诺与吗啡用于腹部手术后硬膜外镇痛效果的比较

目的 研究不同剂量布托啡诺用于腹部手术患者术后硬膜外镇痛的效果及副作用,并与吗啡硬膜外镇痛进行比较. 方法 择期腹部手术ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级患者75例,按术后镇痛用药不同随机分为3组(n=25):M组(吗啡12 mg+0.1%罗哌卡因共150ml),B1组(布托啡诺9mg+0.1%罗哌卡因共150 ml),B2组(布托啡诺12mg+0-1%罗哌卡因共150ml).负荷量为0.25%罗哌卡因5 ml加吗啡2 mg或布托啡诺2 mg,持续背景输注剂量均为1-5 ml/h,按压追加药量均为2 ml/次,按压锁定时间20 min.观察记录3组患者术中芬太尼的总药量;术后1、4、8、12、18、24、36、48 h各时间点的疼痛视觉模拟评分(pain visual analogue scores,VAS);术后1、4、8、12 h的警觉镇静评分(observer's assessment ofalertness/sedation scores,OAA/S);术后48 h内按压总次数及总药量;肛门排气时间;术后镇痛副作用(头痛头晕、嗜睡、呼吸抑制、搔痒、恶心、呕吐、腹胀)的发生情况.结果 术后4 h时间点B1组VAS评分为2.8±1.0,高于M组的2.0±0.7及B2组的2.0±0.9(P<0-05),其余时间点3组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).M组的头痛头晕、恶心、呕吐,腹胀,搔痒发生例数分别为3、11、7、4、5例,而B1组仅有1例头痛头晕,B2组有2例头痛头晕,1例恶心,发生率均低于M组(P<0.05).3组患者术中芬太尼的总药量、48 h内按压总次数及总药量、术后不同时间点OAA/S评分及肛门排气时间的比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05). 结论 每天3 mg～4 mg布托啡诺应用于腹部手术后硬膜外镇痛,镇痛效果确切,且其副作用发生率较吗啡明显降低.     

Continuous epidural infusion of morphine for treatment of pain after thoracic surgery: a new technique

We evaluated postoperative pain relief and the incidence of side effects of three methods of thoracic epidural analgesia. Ninety patients, divided into three equal groups, received postoperative analgesia after thoracic surgery either as intermittent epidural injections of bupivacaine (25 mg/5 ml, 0.5% solution) as needed, or, intermittent epidural injections of morphine (5 mg/5 ml of normal saline, 0.1% solution) as needed, or continuous epidural infusion of morphine (0.1 mg, in 1 ml of normal saline) per hour supplemented with intravenous morphine (2 mg) upon request. Pain relief was evaluated by each patient on a pain scale visual analogue and by pain relief questionnaire for a period of 72 hr. Postoperative pain relief was achieved equally with these three methods of epidural analgesia in all patients with no significant difference between groups. Intermittent epidural injection of bupivacaine relieved pain for 4.9 +/- 1.9 (SD) hr/injection and was associated with urinary retention in all patients, with numbness and weakness of the hands in 12 patients, and with severe hypotension in 7 patients. Intermittent epidural injection of morphine relieved pain for 5.8 +/- 2.3 hr/injection and was associated with urinary retention in all patients, with pruritus in 12 patients, and with central narcosis and respiratory depression in 8 patients. Continuous epidural infusion of morphine with occasional intravenous morphine (2 mg) supplementation also effectively relieved postoperative pain and was associated with minimal systemic side effects. One patient complained of pruritus, and two patients developed urinary retention.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Morphine and hydromorphone epidural analgesia. A prospective, randomized comparison.

Because evidence from uncontrolled, unblinded studies suggested fewer side effects from epidural hydromorphone than from epidural morphine, we employed a randomized, blinded study design to compare the side effects of lumbar epidural morphine and hydromorphone in 55 adult, non-obstetric patients undergoing major surgical procedures. A bolus dose of epidural study drug was given at least 1 h prior to the conclusion of surgery, followed by a continuous infusion of the same drug for two postoperative days. Infusions were titrated to patient comfort. Visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores, VAS sedation scores, and subjective ratings of nausea and pruritus were assessed twice daily. The two treatments provided equivalent analgesia. Sedation scores and prevalence of nausea did not differ significantly between groups. Prevalence of pruritus, however, differed significantly on postoperative day 1, with moderate to severe pruritus reported by 44.4% of patients in the morphine group versus 11.5% in the hydromorphone group (P < .01). On post-operative day 2, reports of pruritus by patients receiving morphine remained higher than those among the hydromorphone-treated subjects, although this difference was no longer statistically significant (32% vs. 16.7%, P = .18). We conclude that lumbar epidural morphine and hydromorphone afford comparable analgesia, but the occurrence of moderate to severe pruritus on the first postoperative day is reduced by the use of hydromorphone.     

Epidural morphine provides postoperative pain relief in peripheral vascular and orthopedic surgical patients: a dose-response study

A randomized double-blind study compared the dose-response relationship of epidural morphine for postoperative pain relief in two groups of patients whose surgical procedures would result in either moderate (femoral-popliteal bypass) or severe (total knee replacement) postoperative pain. Preservative-free morphine sulphate in doses of 0, 2, 5, or 10 mg in a volume of 10 ml saline were administered via lumbar epidural catheters. The epidural morphine was administered 1 hr after the last dose of intraoperative local epidural anesthetic in an effort to achieve a pain-free postoperative course. A significant relationship existed between the dose of epidural morphine and both time to first required pain medication and 24-hr weighted pain score. Five mg epidural morphine provided significant improvement in postoperative analgesia compared with the control in both groups. Further enhancement of analgesia occurred with 10 mg; however, late respiratory depression, demonstrated by an increased resting PaCO2 10 hr after administration, was seen only with the 10-mg dose in both surgical groups. Minor complications such as nausea, vomiting, pruritus, and urinary retention were uncommon and did not appear to be related to dose. We found that 5 mg epidural morphine provided long-lasting postoperative analgesia without serious adverse effects after peripheral vascular and orthopedic surgery.     

盐酸戊乙奎醚联合氟哌利多降低吗啡硬膜外术后镇痛的不良反应

目的观察盐酸戊乙奎醚联合氟哌利多对吗啡用于硬膜外术后镇痛不良反应发病率的影响。方法连续硬膜外麻醉行子宫下段剖宫产手术的患者96例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为单纯吗啡组(A组)、吗啡 氟哌利多组(B组)、吗啡 盐酸戊乙奎醚组(C组)及吗啡 盐酸戊乙奎醚 氟哌利多组(D组),每组24例。术毕5min分别将各组吗啡混合液各自注入硬膜外腔后拔出硬膜外导管回病房,记录术后镇痛效果及术后恶心呕吐(PONV)、皮肤瘙痒、尿潴留、口干等不良反应。结果D组的镇痛效果明显优于A、B、C组(P<0.01),且PONV、皮肤瘙痒等不良反应发病率明显低于A、B、C组(P<0.05)。结论盐酸戊乙奎醚联合氟哌利多可明显降低吗啡用于硬膜外术后镇痛不良反应的发病率。     

Continuous epidural butorphanol relieves pruritus associated with epidural morphine infusions in children

We examined the efficacy of epidural butorphanol to either prevent or relieve pruritus associated with epidural morphine infusion in children. Forty-six children were randomized to receive either epidural morphine (M) or epidural M with butorphanol (B) for postoperative analgesia. They received bupivacaine and either M 50 microg.kg-1 or the same dose of M plus B 10 microg.kg-1. Following surgery, a continuous infusion of 0.1% bupivacaine with either M 20 microg.ml-1 or M 20 microg.ml-1 + B 4 microg.ml-1 was given at a rate of 0.3 ml.kg-1.h-1. Pain scores and pruritus scores were recorded every 4 h during epidural infusion. Subjects with a pruritus score=2 received diphenhydramine 0.5 mg.kg-1 i.v. and were switched to an alternate epidural infusion; subjects receiving M (group M) were switched to M+B while subjects receiving M+B (group B) were switched to hydromorphone (H) 4 microg.ml-1. There was no difference in the initial incidence of pruritus (group M 11/18; group B 13/28). No subject in group M required a second change of epidural infusion because of continued pruritus after being switched to M+B; five of 13 subjects in group B continued to experience pruritus after being switched to H and required a second change of epidural infusion or an alternate analgesic modality (P=0.038). The median pruritus score in the first 24 h after changing epidural infusions was 0 in subjects in group MDelta (changed from M to M+B) and 1 in subjects in group BDelta (changed from M+B to H; P=0.012). While the median sedation score in the first 24 h was 1 in both groups, there was a greater incidence of sedation scores of 2 in group B than group M (28% vs 12.3%; P=0.021). B 10 microg.kg-1 was not effective in preventing pruritus associated with bolus epidural administration of M 50 microg.kg-1 in children. B 1.2 microg.kg-1. h-1 was effective in relieving pruritus associated with continuous epidural infusion of M 6 microg.kg-1.h-1.     

Comparison of epidural morphine, hydromorphone and fentanyl for postoperative pain control in children undergoing orthopaedic surgery

The safety and side-effects profile of epidural administration of a hydrophilic (morphine), highly lipophilic (fentanyl) and a drug with intermediate hydrophilic and lipophilic activity (hydromorphone) were compared in 90 children undergoing orthopaedic procedures. Ninety patients were randomly assigned (30 in each group) to receive epidural morphine, hydromorphone, or fentanyl for postoperative analgesia. Respiratory effects, nausea, somnolence, urinary retention, pruritus and visual pain scales were evaluated and compared during a 30-h period following surgery. In the morphine group, 25% showed respiratory depression with oxygen saturation below 90% but there was no incidence of respiratory depression in the fentanyl or hydromorphone groups. Somnolence was prominent in some of the patients in all the groups, but was more prolonged in the morphine group. Statistically, there was no significant difference in nausea between the groups, but pruritus was more severe and frequent in the morphine group. The incidence of urinary retention in the morphine group was higher compared with the fentanyl and hydromorphone groups. In conclusion, epidural hydromorphone, demonstrating less side-effects, is preferable to morphine and fentanyl for epidural analgesia in children.     

低剂量吗啡硬膜外单次注射联合布托啡诺鼻喷剂用于腹式子宫切除术后镇痛的有效性和安全性

目的 比较术后单次硬膜外注射吗啡-布托啡诺鼻喷剂联合镇痛与否对腹式子宫切除术后镇痛的有效性与安全性.方法 单盲、完全随机、安慰剂对照研究择期ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级行腹式子宫切除术的患者50例,分为A、B两组(n=25):均在L2-3硬膜外麻醉下进行手术,关腹前A组接受单次硬膜外注射吗啡0.5 mg(4 ml),鼻喷与B组等剂...