上海市黄浦区婴儿家庭健康教育现状调查

目的了解黄浦区婴儿家庭健康教育现况以及婴儿家长对健康教育的需求,以便制定相应的健康教育策略。方法对前往黄浦区社区儿童计划免疫门诊咨询婴儿(<1周岁)健康教育知识的家长,以问卷的方式进行调查。结果婴儿的护养教育以母亲为主,母亲的喂养知识知晓率高,母亲的不同学历对喂养知识有差异,差异有显著意义。93.6%的母亲认为开展婴儿家庭健康教育有必要,并认为健康咨询有利于婴儿的生长发育。64.9%的婴儿采用纯母乳喂养,56.2%的婴儿经常喂养保健品,97.2%的婴儿重视预防免疫,能及时接种疫苗。母亲对科学喂养的需求最高(占35.7%),301名母亲需要得到医务人员的咨询,占46.9%。结论重视婴儿家庭健康教育,对文化程度较低家长进行科学喂养知识的教育,根据家长不同的需求采用不同的方法,方便婴儿家长及时获取婴儿健康知识。     

婴幼儿父母早期教育知识知晓及需求调查分析

目的了解婴幼儿父母早期教育相关知识知晓及需求状况,为更好地开展早期教育提供依据。方法对315名0~3岁婴幼儿父母采用无记名方式进行问卷调查,所有资料用SPSS12.0进行统计学分析。结果婴幼儿父母对早期教育的定义14.9%完全了解;34.3%部分了解;50.8%不了解;85.1%部分了解或不了解。父母对婴幼儿智能发育相关知识＂孩子几个月抬头稳＂知晓率排首位,达88.6%。父母早教知识得分与文化程度及家庭经济状况显著相关（P〈0.01）,与年龄无相关性（P〉0.05）。父母早期发育知识讲座的需求排首位,占82.2%;专家讲座为父母获取早教知识的首位方式,占85.1%。结论婴幼儿父母对婴幼儿智能发育的基本知识和促进方法了解不够,但对早期教育相关知识表现出很高的需求。应该明确不同家长的健康教育需求,选择适宜的健康教育方式,加强对早期教育和智力开发重要性的宣传,促进儿童早期发展。     

闵行区4家制造企业职工健康素养状况调查

摘要：[目的]了解上海市闵行区4家制造企业职工健康素养水平现状、影响因素和健康教育需求,为制定职业人群健康素养的干预策略提供依据。[方法]采用简单随机抽样方法对4家大型设备制造企业640名职工进行健康素养问卷调查。运用矿检验和趋势检验分析健康素养与相关因素的关系。[结果]企业职工总体健康素养具备率为33．1％,各维度具备率相差较大。男性、低文化程度者、低收入者和工人的健康素养较低,其中文化程度是主要的影响因素,过去的健康教育（以发放健康宣传材料和举办讲座为主）对提高总体健康素养有一定的促进作用,不同的健康教育方式对健康素养的不同维度产生影响,职工健康教育需求形式和内容丰富。[结论]职业人群总体健康素养具备情况较农村居民好,但各维度具备率相差较大,需结合健康教育需求,考虑低文化程度者的适应性,选择合适的干预方式和干预内容。     

新生儿家长儿童保健知识认知现状及健康教育需求调查

目的 了解新生儿家长对儿童保健知识的知晓情况、健康教育的需求和乐意接受的健康教育形式,有针对性地为父母进行科学育儿技能的培训提供依据.方法 采用自编问卷对99名新生儿家长进行调查.结果 新生儿家长的儿童保健知识知晓率较低(47.2%),对健康教育的需求依次为小儿生长发育是否正常(70.7%),小儿常见疾病的预防(69.7%),儿童营养与喂养(60.6%),早期教育的方法(60.6%),小儿家庭护理知识(50.5%),婴幼儿智能发育规律(48.5%),小儿意外伤害的预防(36.4%).结论 应广泛开展形式多样的健康教育,提高家长的儿童保健知识水平,引导家长认识到婴幼儿早期教育、小儿意外伤害预防的重要性.     

幼儿家长对儿童保健门诊健康教育需求的调查分析

目的：探讨幼儿家长对儿童保健门诊健康教育的需求。方法选取自2010年1月至2011年1月来我院儿童保健门诊进行健康教育咨询的80例幼儿家长,通过无记名选择型问卷方式进行调查。结果不同性别、文化程度、职业的幼儿家长对儿童健康知识的知晓程度存在有较大的差异,且幼儿家长对儿童保健门诊健康教育的需求主要为小儿营养知识、常见病特点及防止、早期教育内容及方法。结论明确幼儿家长对儿童保健门诊健康教育的需求,从而制定针对性的教育方式,是提高儿童保健门诊服务质量的关键。     

南宁市中小学生及其家长结核病健康教育即时效果评价

目的了解中小学生及其家长对结核病防治知识的掌握情况,探索结核病健康教育的新途径并评价其效果.方法通过问卷形式对南宁市中、小学生及其家长进行结核病防治知识调查,并以主题班会形式进行结核病健康教育,再用问卷评价健康教育的效果.结果教育前只有0.89%的学生和24.37%的家长得分在80分以上;教育后得分在80分以上的学生和家长的比率分别为52.10%和64.70%.家长得分高低与文化程度和职业有关,学生和家长对结核病防治知识的掌握程度都较教育前有了很大的提高.但对耐药结核病的后果等问题,仍有一定的错答率.结论南宁市中小学生及其家长结核病防治知识的掌握程度较低,采用主题班会形式进行健康教育效果明显,对文化程度较低的家长则需通过多种途径和形式加强教育力度.     

住院青光眼患者健康教育需求调查

目的了解青光眼患者对健康指导内容、形式的需求,使健康指导更具针对性、实效性。方法对96例住院青光眼患者进行健康教育内容、形式的需求调查及文化程度、职业对健康教育需求影响的调查。结果患者在住院、围手术、出院等不同时期对病情及预后、手术方式及效果、用药及复诊等内容需求强烈,获取健康知识的最佳方式是与医护人员直接交流,不同文化程度、职业对健康教育内容和形式需求间存在显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论住院青光眼患者对健康教育内容和形式的需求具有阶段性、个性化特点。     

住院病人输血知识健康教育需求情况调查

[目的] 了解住院病人对输血知识健康教育的需求情况,以便制订合理的健康教育对策. [方法] 自行设计调查问卷,随机抽取住院病人 240名进行调查,不同文化程度、不同科室病人比较并行统计学分析.[结果] 对输血健康教育的需求不同文化程度病人间比较差异有统计学意义,不同科室病人比较差异无统计学意义.[结论] 对住院病人行输血知识的健康教育很有必要,应针对不同文化程度的病人采取不同形式的健康教育,医务人员的输血知识有待提高.     

新生儿42 d回访家长早期教育知识问卷调查

[目的]了解家长对婴幼儿早期教育知识掌握情况.[方法]对新生儿42 d回访的306名家长采用自制问卷进行答卷调查.[结果]多数家长对早期教育知识了解不全面.相比较,26～30岁组母亲优于其他组(P＜0.05);低社会阶层、低文化程度的家长得分较低(P＜0.05).[结论]儿科医生及儿保门诊应加强对新生儿家长早期教育知识的宣传,及时抓住早期教育时机,以促进婴幼儿健康成长,提高我国人口素质.     

儿童家长对儿童保健知识知晓情况及对健康教育需求与行为态度调查分析

目的:总结儿童家长对于儿童保健知识知晓情况和对健康教育需求和行为态度的调查情况。方法:回顾性分析100例儿童家长对于儿童保健知识知晓情况和对健康教育的需求和行为情况,采取自制问卷形式展开调查。结果:根据调查结果显示,儿童家长对于儿童保健知识的知晓率为48.0%,此结果和儿童家长文化程度密切相关,对于健康教育的需求包括希望健康教育工作能够进入社区,保健医生可以上门服务,儿童比较常见疾病的预防,包括眼保健与口腔保健等,儿童早期教育,儿童营养知识需求,儿童家庭护理措施,包括佝偻病、腹泻以及贫血。结论:对儿童家长积极实施健康教育宣传工作,使其对于健康教育的意识得到提升,规范家长教育行为,为儿童健康打下坚实的基础。     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.