肺炎支原体肺炎患儿细胞因子测定的探讨

目的：探讨肺炎支原体感染引起的小儿肺炎支原体肺炎与细胞因子的相关关系。方法：91例已确诊为肺炎支原体肺炎的患儿根据肺炎支原体IgM结果。分为重症组和轻症组；另选35例正常小儿为对照组。分别采取空腹静脉血，采用放射免疫分析法（RIA）测定血清TNF－α，IL－6的水平，并且对三组资料进行相关性分析。结果：重症组和轻症组血清TNF－α，IL－6水平明显高于正常对照组，差异有显著性（P＜0．01），重症组血清TNF－α，IL－6水平明显高于轻症组，差异有显著性（P＜0．05）。重症组和轻症组TNF－α，IL－6的资料进行直线相关分析，结果两组患儿TNF－α的相关系数为r=0.49，IL－6的相关系数为r=0.95；显示血清TNF－α，IL－6水平理肺炎支原体感染的严重程度呈正相关。结论：细胞因子TNF－α，IL－6参与肺炎支原体感染的全过程，并且血清TNF－α，IL－6水平的高低与机体感染严重程度呈正相关关系。     

粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子与α-干扰素联合治疗慢性乙型肝炎的疗效观察

目的 观察粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（GM－CSF）联合α－干扰素（α－INF）对慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒的治疗效果。方法 设GM－CSF联合α－INF治疗组和单用α－INF对照组，对比观察两组抗病毒治疗效果，同时观察两组白细胞计数，单核细胞计数和粒细胞计数。结果 治疗组近期有效率61％（11／18），远期有效率67％（12／18），而对照组分别为44％（8／18）和33％（6／18）。GM－CSF治疗后白细胞计数、单核细胞计数、粒细胞计数显著升高。结论 GM－CSF能提高α－INF对慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗效果，其机理可能与升高血液单核细胞数量提高抗原提呈能力有关。     

雷公藤抑制哮喘豚鼠模型IL-5、GM-CSF 表达以及核因子-κB的作用

目的 探讨雷公藤对哮喘豚鼠模型IL－5、GM－CSF表达的影响及其机制。方法 采用卵蛋白（OA）致敏复制哮喘豚鼠模型,用原位杂交（ISH）就雷公藤甲素（TP）对其肺组织和外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）IL－5、GM－CSF mRNA表达的影响进行检测。并通过凝胶电泳迁移试验（EMSA）检测TP对伴刀豆蛋白（ConA)或佛波脂（PMA）刺激的人T细胞核因子－κB（NF-κB）的DNA结合活性的影响。结果 哮喘豚鼠肺组织和PBMC IL－5、GM－CSF mRNA表达显著高于正常组（P＜0．01）和TP处理组（P＜0．05或0．01）。ConA或PMA刺激可使T细胞NF－κB的DNA结合活性增强,活性增强的NF－κB为多克隆抗体P65和P50的异源二聚体,TP可以降低该NF－κB的DNA结合活性。结论 雷公藤通过抑制NF－κB的DNA结合活性,进而抑制IL－5、GM－CSF mRNA的转录,可能是其治疗哮喘的机制之一。     

动态监测炎性因子在糖尿病性白内障人工晶体植入术中的意义

目的：探讨糖尿病性白内障囊外摘除（ＥＣＣＥ）后房型人工晶体（ＩＯＬ）植入术前后，血清中白细胞介素6（interleukin-6,IL-6), 肿瘤坏死因子（tumor necrosis factor-α，TNF-α）动态监测的临床意义。方法：用放射免疫法（RIA）对39例糖尿病白内障患者，39例非糖尿病白内障患者，ECCE，IOL值入术前，术后1、3、7、14、30、90天血清IL－6，TNF－α，比非糖尿病组，正常对照组显著升高（P均＜0．05）；术后除糖尿病组中增殖性糖尿病性视网膜病变组（prolifarative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)外，其余糖尿病与非糖尿病组血清IL－6，TNF－α含量变化规律一致。结论：PDR患者在ECCE及IOL植入术前后血清IL－6，TNF－α含量变化异常与术后并发症及疗效有关。     

脑梗死患者治疗前后血清GM-CSF和PGMP测定的临床意义

目的：探讨了脑梗死患者治疗前后血清GM—CSF和血小板α-颗粒膜蛋白（PGMP）水平的变化及意义。方法：应用放射免疫分析对36例脑梗死患者进行了血清GM—CSF和PGMP水平测定,并以30例正常健康人作比较。结果：在治疗前血清GM—CSF和PGMP水平均非常显著地高于正常人组（P〈0．01）,经治疗后6个月与正常人比较仍有显著差异（P〈0．05）。结论：脑梗死的发生、发展与血清GM—CSF和PGMP水平密切相关。     

支气管哮喘患儿治疗前后血清TNF-α、GM-CSF测定的临床意义

目的：探讨了支气管哮喘患儿治疗前后血清TNF-α、GM—CSF水平测定的临床意义。方法：应用放射免疫分析对32例支气管哮喘患儿进行了治疗前后血清TNF-α、GM—CSF含量测定,井与30名正常儿童作比较。结果：在治疗前血清TNF-α、GM—CSF水平非常显著地高于正常人组（P〈0.01）,经治疗10d后与正常人比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论：检测支气管哮喘患儿血清中TNF-α、GM—CSF水平的变化对临床观察预后有重要的临床价值。     

慢性肝病患者血清sICAM—1与TGF—β1水平及临床意义

目的：为探讨慢性肝病患者血清可溶性粘附分子（sICAM-1),转化生长因子β1（TGF－β1）水平与病毒复制及临床关系。方法：采用ELISA法对慢性乙型肝炎病毒性肝病患者血清 ICAM-1,TGF-β1与炎症相关性细胞因子白细胞介素－1（IL－1）,白细胞介素－8（IL－8）及肿瘤坏死因子（TNFα）水平进行了平行测定。结果：慢性肝病患者血清sICAM-1,TGF-β1,IL-1,IL-8及TNFα水平明显高于健康对照组,慢性乙型肝炎HBV－DNA和HBeAg阳性患者明显高于HBV－DNA或HBeAg阴性患者,且与血清总胆红素含量呈正相关,结论：sICAM-1,TGF-β1及炎症相关性细胞因子水平与慢性肝病患者病情及携带HBV的活跃程度相关。     

中风中脏腑痰热内闭心窍证型与细胞免疫因子变化的关系研究

目的：探讨中风中脏腑痰热内闭心窍证型与血清细胞因子及血高凝状态变化的关系,从宏观与微观辩证阐明该证型的病理病机。方法：用放射免疫法（RIA）测定26例中风中脏腑痰热内闭心窍证型及33例非痰热内闭心窍证型患者肿瘤细胞坏死因子（TNF－α）、白细胞介素－6（IL－6）水平的变化,并与正常体检者进行对照。结果：中脏腑痰热内闭心窍证型组TNF－α、IL－6均显著高于非中脏腑热内闭心窍证型及正常人对照组（P＜0．01－0．001）。结论：中风中脏腑痰热内闭心窍证型与TNF－α、ＩＬ－６水平关系密切,高TNF－α,IL－6含量变化,可能是其重要的病因病机基础。     

应激对大鼠血清皮质醇及白细胞介素2、6、8水平的影响

目的：探讨心理应激时，大鼠血清皮质醇及IL－2、IL－6、IL－8水平的改变。方法：雄性SD大鼠18只，随机分为对照组8只，实验组10只；制造心理社会应激动物模型，于应激后1h取大鼠血清，用放射免疫法检测血清IL－2、IL－6、IL－8及皮质醇水平。结果：应激后1h，皮质醇水平显著升高（P＜0．01）；IL－2、IL－6和IL－8水平皆显著降低（P＜0．05），结论：心理应激后，大鼠免疫功能受到抑制。     

α—干扰素治疗慢性病毒性肝炎前后细胞因子的变化

目的：观察α－干扰素治疗慢性病毒性肝炎前后免疫细胞因子的变化,探讨α－干扰素与细胞因子之间的关系,为干扰素治疗选择合适的适应症。方法：用双抗体夹心ELISA法对82例慢性病毒性肝炎患者α－干扰素治疗前后IL－2、γ-IFN、IL-10进行了检测,同时观察了T细胞亚群的变化。结果：82例乙丙肝患者,用α－干扰素治疗后,治疗有效40 例,有效率48．78％,随访1-2年,10．98％复发。干扰素治疗前：慢性病毒性肝炎患者CD4^ /CD8^ 比值、血清IL－2、γ－INF水平降低,而IL-10水平明显升高。治疗有效组IL－10显著低于治疗无效组。治疗后：有效组CD4^ /CD8^ 比值、血清IL－2、γ－INF水平治疗前显著升高,IL－10明显下降（P＜0．05）,而治疗无效组,治疗后仅IL－2较治疗前增高,CD4^ /CD8^ 比值、血清IL－10、γ－INF较治疗前无明显变化。结论：用干扰素治疗慢性病毒性肝炎可以明显提高CD4^ /CD8^ 比值,使T细胞活化,促进Th1因子的产生,抑制Th2细胞因子。干扰素治疗无效组治疗前IL－10水平显著高于治疗有效组,可能是部分慢性病毒性肝炎干扰素疗效差的原因之一。T细胞亚群、Th1/Th2细胞因子的检测可用于干扰素抗病毒治疗适应症的选择和疗效监测。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.