肺上皮样血管内皮瘤临床病理观察

目的 探讨肺上皮样血管内皮瘤的临床病理特点。方法 4例肺上皮样血管内皮瘤,3例女性,1例男性,年龄28～40岁,无自觉症状或有轻度咳嗽、气短。肺活检或手术切除标本经甲醛固定,石蜡包埋,常规HE及免疫组织化学(Envision法)染色。所用抗体包括CD31、CD34、细胞角蛋白(AEl／AE3)、TTF-1、波形蛋白和上皮膜抗原。结果 本组肺上皮样血管内皮瘤病例女性多于男性,胸部CT显示双肺多发弥漫性小结节影。病理形态特点为结节周边上皮样肿瘤细胞呈花冠状充填于肺泡腔,病变中心为黏液透明样变间质,肺泡壁结构保留,肿瘤细胞胞质内有空泡形成,空泡内偶见红细胞,肿瘤细胞异型性不明显,核分裂和坏死均少见,免疫组织化学染色示CD31、CD34阳性,AE1／AE3偶见灶状阳性,其他抗体呈阴性。结论 肺上皮样血管内皮瘤是一种具有独特临床病理特点的低度恶性血管来源肿瘤。     

肺上皮样血管内皮细胞瘤2例临床病理分析

目的 探讨肺上皮样血管内皮细胞瘤(pulmonary epithlioid haemangioendothelioma,PEH)的临床病理特征并文献复习.方法 对2例在我院诊治的肺上皮样血管内皮细胞瘤的病例进行临床症状、影像学、病理形态及免疫组化进行详细的观察.结果 肺上皮样血管内皮细胞瘤无特征性的临床表现,影像学上常常表现为双肺多发小结节,病理学改变有特征性的中心硬化、细胞稀疏区和外周的细胞丰富区,免疫组化均表达vimentin,表达CD31、CD34、FⅧRAg等血管内皮标记物中的一项或多项.结论 肺上皮样血管内皮细胞瘤是一种罕见的肺肿瘤,无明确临床症状,影像学常常误诊,需要做活检才能诊断.     

多部位发生的上皮样血管内皮瘤2例报道及文献复习

目的 探讨多部位发生的上皮样血管内皮瘤(EHE)的临床病理学特征.方法 回顾性复习2例多部位发生的血管内皮瘤的临床资料、组织学形态和免疫学表型,并复习文献.结果 2例均为女性,年龄分别为24和37岁,CT示双肺及肝弥漫结节影.病理学检查发现肝和肺结节的镜下形态相同,即在黏液样的间质背景中可见条索样、小巢状或单个散在分布的上皮样瘤细胞,瘤细胞有明显异型性,伴胞质内管腔形成,腔内偶见红细胞.免疫组织化学染色显示:瘤细胞表达内皮标记(CD34、CD31和F8),不表达CK、CD68、ER、PR.结论 上皮样血管内皮瘤是一种少见的低度恶性血管肿瘤,多部位同时发生者容易被误诊.上皮样血管内皮瘤的临床表现和生物学行为因其发生部位不同而有较大的差异.     

伴淋巴样间质微结节型胸腺瘤6例临床病理分析

目的探讨伴淋巴样间质微结节型胸腺瘤的临床病理学特征。方法回顾性分析6例伴淋巴样间质微结节型胸腺瘤的临床病理学形态及免疫表型特征,并复习相关文献。结果 6例患者中男性4例,女性2例;平均年龄65岁;所有病例均不伴重症肌无力,胸部CT诊断为胸腺肿瘤。病理组织学:6例中4例合并其他类型肿瘤,包括B1型胸腺瘤(1例)、A型胸腺瘤(2例)和肺腺癌(1例)。伴淋巴样间质微结节型胸腺瘤病理组织形态相似,均表现为上皮样肿瘤细胞呈微结节状或融合成片状生长,分布于富淋巴细胞的间质中。免疫表型显示肿瘤细胞表达CKpan、CK5/6、p63;淋巴细胞表达TdT、CD3、CD5、CD20;其中2例EBER原位杂交检测阴性。5例随访,未见复发或转移。结论伴淋巴样间质微结节型胸腺瘤是一种少见的肿瘤,好发于前纵隔,可发生于异位颈部,该肿瘤与其他类型胸腺瘤相似,肿瘤细胞呈微结节状散在分布于富淋巴细胞的间质为其特征,淋巴细胞除表达Td T以外,也有CD20表达;此外,该肿瘤可伴发A型/B1型胸腺瘤、甚至肺腺癌。病理诊断时需与微小胸腺瘤、A型/AB型胸腺瘤及淋巴上皮癌鉴别。     

上皮样胃肠道间质瘤12例临床病理分析

目的探讨上皮样细胞型胃肠道间质瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumors,GIST)的病理形态、免疫表型特征及鉴别诊断。方法对12例上皮样GIST进行形态观察,免疫组化标记,并结合相关文献进行讨论。结果本组上皮样GIST男女之比为2∶1,平均年龄53.5岁。发生部位包括胃3例,小肠3例,肠系膜2例,网膜3例,腹膜后GIST侵犯肾脏1例。除3例活检小标本外,其余9例肿瘤均完整切除。上皮样GIST镜下形态以圆形、卵圆形或短梭形上皮样细胞为主,瘤细胞中等大小,胞质略嗜酸,细颗粒状。核圆或卵圆形,多为单核,偶见多核细胞。多数病例还可见多少不等的空泡样细胞或核偏位呈印戒样细胞。肿瘤细胞呈器官样构型(4例)、大的片块状构型(3例)、富细胞性构型(4例)及假乳头状构型(1例)。免疫组织化学标记显示绝大多数上皮样GIST表达CD117、CD34或Dog-1,而不表达CK、Syn、Melan-A等。结论上皮样GIST因其细胞形态和组织结构具有上皮性肿瘤的特点而可能与之混淆,CD117和CK免疫标记可明确诊断。     

肝上皮样血管内皮瘤2例临床病理分析

目的 探讨肝上皮样血管内皮瘤(hepatic epithelioid haemangioendothelioma,HEH)的临床病理特点及诊断和鉴别诊断.方法 回顾分析2例HEH的临床病理和免疫组化特征.结果 2例均为女性,年龄分别为51、55岁.临床均表现为右上腹疼痛不适,均为单发,位于肝右叶,大小分别为5 cm×4 cm×3 cm、5 cm×4 cm×4 cm.例2伴肝门淋巴结转移.光镜下肿瘤细胞呈上皮样或梭形,伴胞质内管腔,腔内可见红细胞,间质黏液透明变,瘤细胞浸润周围肝组织,例1伴钙化,脉管腔内见乳头状生长瘤细胞,似瘤栓样结构;例2淋巴结转移瘤细胞异型明显,伴局灶坏死,除淋巴结转移瘤细胞仅CD31阳性外,2例瘤组织CD31、CD34、FⅧRAg因子均为阳性,其中例2表达部分上皮标记如CK8和LCK.结论 HEH少见,易误诊为转移癌.在遇到胞质内管腔含红细胞、间质黏液玻璃样变性时应考虑HEH.     

骨上皮样血管内皮瘤4例及文献复习

目的探讨4例骨上皮样血管内皮瘤(epithelioid hemangioendothelioma,EHE)的临床病理特点、诊断和鉴别诊断。方法对4例原发于骨的EHE临床资料、组织学、免疫组化进行观察分析并随访,结合文献讨论。结果 4例骨EHE中男性和女性各2例,中位年龄24岁,发生部位包括右肩胛骨、腰4～5椎体、胫骨下段和左足。临床症状主要为疼痛,影像学资料提示溶骨性改变;镜下示上皮样的肿瘤细胞呈巢状、索状或小梁状排列,肿瘤细胞呈圆形、多边形间或梭形,常见明显的胞质内空泡并伴有周围间质的玻璃样或黏液样变性。免疫表型:瘤细胞CD31、CD34、α-SMA均阳性(100%),CKpan有1例阳性(25%),EMA均阴性(100%),肿瘤增殖标记Ki-67呈低表达。结论原发于骨的EHE是一种少见的低度恶性的血管源性肿瘤,它的诊断要结合临床和影像学资料,依据其病理学特征及相关的免疫组化特点综合判断,需与骨转移性癌、上皮样血管瘤、上皮样血管肉瘤(epithelioid angiosarcoma,EAS)等鉴别。     

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of bone: a study of 4 cases and review of literature

目的 探讨4例骨上皮样血管内皮瘤(epithelioid hemangioendothelioma,EHE)的临床病理特点、诊断和鉴别诊断.方法 对4例原发于骨的EHE临床资料、组织学、免疫组化进行观察分析并随访,结合文献讨论.结果 4例骨EHE中男性和女性各2例,中位年龄24岁,发生部位包括右肩胛骨、腰4～5椎体、胫骨下段和左足.临床症状主要为疼痛,影像学资料提示溶骨性改变;镜下示上皮样的肿瘤细胞呈巢状、索状或小梁状排列,肿瘤细胞呈圆形、多边形间或梭形,常见明显的胞质内空泡并伴有周围间质的玻璃样或黏液样变性.免疫表型:瘤细胞CD31、CD34、α-SMA均阳性(100%),CKpan有1例阳性(25%),EMA均阴性(100%),肿瘤增殖标记Ki-67呈低表达.结论 原发于骨的EHE是一种少见的低度恶性的血管源性肿瘤,它的诊断要结合临床和影像学资料,依据其病理学特征及相关的免疫组化特点综合判断,需与骨转移性癌、上皮样血管瘤、上皮样血管肉瘤(epithelioid angiosarcoma,EAS)等鉴别.     

77例胃肠道间质肿瘤的病理形态学及免疫组化研究

目的：研究胃肠道间质瘤（GIST）的病理形态及免疫组化特点,方法：应用光镜观察77例GIST的形态特征,用免疫组化S－P法检测c-kit(CD117),CD34,vimentin,SMA及S－100蛋白在GIST中的表达情况。结果：GIST的瘤细胞较经典的平滑肌瘤更丰富,胞质嗜酸较弱,瘤细胞为酸形或上皮样,或酸形与上皮样细胞混合存在,胞质内常见空泡形成;排列成交织刺状、弥散片状、栅栏状或轮辐状、较为特征的是细胞团巢形成。常见间质或见管壁玻变。原发于肠系膜者恶性潜力较高。CD117和CD34的阳性率分别为90％和92％,结论：胃肠道间质肿瘤有较为特独的组织学形态,CD117和CD34联合使用可协助鉴别诊断。     

假肌源性血管内皮瘤3例临床病理观察并文献复习

目的探讨假肌源性血管内皮瘤(pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma,PHE)的临床病理特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析3例PHE的临床病理特征、免疫表型、诊断及鉴别诊断、预后等,并复习相关文献。结果 3例患者,年龄38～70岁,中位年龄56岁,肿块平均直径4 cm,边界不清,浸润性生长。镜下见肿瘤细胞结节状生长,瘤细胞上皮样,卵圆形或梭形,大而肥胖,胞质嗜酸性,核仁小,核分裂罕见。免疫表型:肿瘤细胞表达CD31、Fli-1、CK(AE1/AE3),不表达S-100、desmin、SMA。结论 PHE是一种少见的软组织肿瘤,需与上皮样肉瘤、上皮样血管内皮瘤、上皮样血管肉瘤等肿瘤鉴别。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.