膈神经移位治疗臂丛损伤的研究进展

臂丛根性撕脱伤是临床常见的损伤,其发病率高,致残严重,给社会生产带来严重影响。臂丛损伤早期以保守治疗为主,20世纪初开始引入手术治疗,并先后经历了损伤切除直接缝合、新鲜同种神经移植和自体神经移植三个阶段,但效果欠佳。后又有人采用多功能重建手术以改善屈肘功能。70年代     

膈神经与肋间神经移位修复臂丛神经根性撕脱伤

BACKGROUND: Phrenic nerve transfer and intercostal nerve transfer are the accepted surgery strategies for the treatment of brachial plexus root avulsion injuries; however, which surgery is more suitable for the repair remains inconclusive. OBJECTIVE: To observe the treatment outcomes of brachial plexus root avulsion injuries by transferring the phrenic nerve to the anterior division of the upper trunk of brachial plexus and the intercostal nerve to the musculocutaneous nerve. METHODS: Twenty patients with brachial plexus root avulsion injuries were included. Among them, 9 were treated with phrenic nerve transfer to the anterior division of the upper trunk of brachial plexus (phrenic nerve transfer group), and 11 were treated with intercostal nerve transfer to the musculocutaneous nerve (intercostal nerve transfer group). Postoperative follow-up ranged from 15 to 36 months. Incision length, blood loss, and operation time were recorded. Muscle strength of the biceps and elbow flexion angle were evaluated. The repair outcome was evaluated by assessing the functional recovery of musculocutaneous nerve according to the criteria issued by the Branch of Hand Surgery of Chinese Medicine Association, and the excellent and good rate was calculated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The excellent and good rate was 66.7% and 63.6%, respectively, in phrenic nerve transfer group and intercostal nerve transfer group, which is not significantly different between both groups (P > 0.05). Smaller length of operation incision, reduced blood loss, and shorter operation time were found in the phrenic nerve transfer group. Two and three patients in bad recovery were in phrenic nerve transfer and intercostal nerve transfer groups, respectively. These findings suggest that the two kinds of surgery strategies for the repair of brachial plexus root avulsion injuries can obtain good results in the functional recovery of elbow flexion. Phrenic nerve transfer exerts superiorities in operation incision, blood loss and operation time. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

膈神经的解剖及临床应用研究进展

目的:为膈神经移位治疗臂丛根性撕托伤,提供应用解剖学资料.方法:查阅与膈神经移位治疗臂丛根性撕托伤相关的解剖与临床文献资料,分析其应用价值和意义.结果:提供膈神经在颈部、胸腔内和膈肌内的走行、位置、毗邻及分支分布资料.结论:膈神经移位是用来治疗臂丛根性撕托伤的主要动力神经;臂丛探索仍是诊断臂丛损伤的全标准.     

胎儿臂丛神经上干粘弹性实验研究

研究了 30具新鲜胎儿尸体臂丛神经上干的拉伸力学性质和粘弹性力学性质 ,对臂丛神经上干进行单向拉伸实验 ,得出了破坏载荷、强度极限、最大应变。对臂丛神经上干进行应力松弛、蠕变实验 ,得出了应力松弛、蠕变实验数据和曲线。对实验数据进行归一化处理 ,得出了归一化应力松弛函数、蠕变函数。以回归分析的方法处理实验数据 ,得出回归系数 ,很好地拟合了实验曲线。实验结果表明 6～ 7月龄胎儿臂丛神经上干的破坏载荷、强度极限、最大应变小于 8月龄以上的胎儿。男女胎儿臂丛神经之间拉伸力学性质差异不显著 ,低月龄胎儿臂丛神经 72 0 0S应力松弛量大于高月龄组 ,蠕变量差异不显著     

神经移位治疗早期臂丛神经根性损伤13例临床分析

目的:探讨在臂丛神经根性损伤早期及时采用神经移位治疗的临床效果.方法:回顾性分析我科13例臂丛神经根性损伤患者经颈椎CTM 诊断后1周内应用神经移位方法手术治疗的临床资料.结果:术后均获5～48个月的随访,患者不同程度地恢复了上肢大部分功能.结论:应用颈椎CTM检查可诊断臂丛神经根性损伤,指导早期手术.根据臂丛神经根损伤的程度,早期应用神经移位的方法治疗效果可靠.     

角袋注射技术对锁骨上臂丛神经阻滞后膈肌麻痹的影响

目的 分析角袋注射技术的临床疗效及对锁骨上臂丛神经阻滞后膈肌麻痹的影响。方法 选择2020年1月至2021年12月于沧州市人民医院诊治的需在臂丛神经阻滞麻醉下行手术患者80例,其中男性52例,女性28例;年龄20～40岁,平均年龄30.46岁;身体质量指数(BMI)17.42～28.01 kg/m²,平均BMI 22.51 kg/m²;美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ级24例,Ⅱ级40例,Ⅲ级16例;手术部位,肘部24例,前臂21例,手腕27例,手8例。随机分为试验组(n=40例)及对照组(n=40例)。对照组予传统神经丛周围阻滞麻醉,试验组则采用超声引导角袋注射技术进行麻醉。对两组患者麻醉前和麻醉后30 min平静呼吸膈肌移动度及肺功能指标进行比较。比较两组患者膈肌麻痹发生率及并发症;以患者阻滞后30 min是否出现膈肌麻痹为终点,对两组患者阻滞后30 min用力呼吸膈肌移动度与膈肌麻痹发生风险进行比较。结果试验组麻醉效果为优良率的患者明显高于对照组[92.5%(37/40) vs 70%(28/40)。P <0.05]。感觉及运动阻...     

臂丛上干穿过前斜角肌变异1例

笔者在处理一成年男性尸体标本时发现其右侧臂丛上干穿过前斜角肌,现报道如下:     

臂丛神经损伤患者膈神经移植肌皮神经的电生理观察

目的：评估膈神经功能测定在臂丛神经损伤神经移植前的应用价值,术后电生理观察神经移植恢复状况。方法：对50例臂丛神经损伤患者术前进行了膈神经功能测定,对其中10例膈神经功能正常者,行同侧膈神经移植肌皮神经手术,术后神经电生理随访观察肱二头肌肌电图及肌皮神经运动传导功能状况。结果：臂丛神经损伤患者约28％伴膈神经损伤,损伤的膈神经不能选择为移植动力神经。隔神经移植肌皮神经后,最早3个月出现再生电位,6个月后出现运动单位电位,12个月后运动单位电位明显增多。术后肱二头肌肌力18个月后恢复优良占80％。7例术后12个月肌皮神经引出运动神经传导电位。结论：膈神经功能测定在臂丛神经损伤患者术前可评估选择移植神经,术后电生理可随访观察神经功能恢复状况,对臂丛神经损伤患者的手术治疗有一定指导作用。     

胸腔镜下切取膈神经的应用解剖

目的对胸段膈神经的解剖关系进行了研究。为电视胸腔镜下切取全长膈神经进行移位治疗臂丛损伤奠定解剖学基础。方法选用新鲜尸体6具12侧,对膈神经及其周围器官进行解剖观察。结果胸腔内覆盖膈神经的胸膜较疏松,易于分离;膈神经从锁骨下缘到入肌点的长度为右侧(16.50±2.17)cm,左侧(23.00±2.50)cm;膈神经的血供主要来源于心包膈动脉,心包膈动脉的直径为(1.30±0.15)mm;在胸廓入口处膈神经、心包膈动脉及胸廓内动脉之间的解剖关系不恒定。结论膈神经在胸腔内的解剖特点适合进行电视胸腔镜下的全长游离。但在胸廓入口处,膈神经、胸廓内动脉及由胸廓内动脉发出的心包膈动脉解剖位置不恒定。在临床操作时,该区域的处理是整个手术的关键。     

A novel extradural nerve transfer technique by coaptation of C4 to C5 and C7 to C6 for treating isolated upper trunk avulsion of the brachial plexus

The study aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of an extradural nerve anastomosis technique for the restoration of a C5 and C6 avulsion of the brachial plexus. Nine fresh frozen human cadavers were used. The diameters, sizes, and locations of the extradural spinal nerve roots were observed. The lengths of the extradural spinal nerve roots and the distance between the neighboring nerve root outlets were measured and compared in the cervical segments. In the spinal canal, the ventral and dorsal roots were separated by the dura and arachnoid. The ventral and dorsal roots of C7 had sufficient lengths to anastomose those of C6. The ventral and dorsal of C4 had enough length to be transferred to those of C5, respectively. The feasibility of this extradural nerve anastomosis technique for restoring C5 and C6 avulsion of the brachial plexus in human cadavers was demonstrated in our anatomical study     

超声引导技术在肌间沟臂丛神经两点阻滞中的应用

目的比较超声引导定位法与神经刺激器引导定位法用于肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的效果。方法拟行上肢手术的患者90例随机分为3组(n=30),对照组:神经刺激器定位单点阻滞组;US组:超声引导与神经刺激器确认相结合定位单点阻滞组;UD组:超声引导与神经刺激器确认相结合定位两点阻滞组。各组均给予0.5%的罗哌卡因30 mL,其中UD组被阻滞的两支目标神经各给予15 mL。结果UD组阻滞平均起效的时间明显短于US组和对照组。UD组感觉神经阻滞完善率明显高于US组和对照组。结论超声引导下行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞起效快,并发症少;超声引导下两点阻滞法可明显改善阻滞效果。     

The efficacy of end-to-end and end-to-side nerve repair (neurorrhaphy) in the rat brachial plexus

Proximal nerve injury often requires nerve transfer to restore function. Here we evaluated the efficacy of end-to-end and end-to-side neurorrhaphy of rat musculocutaneous nerve, the recipient, to ulnar nerve, the donor. The donor was transected for end-to-end, while an epineurial window was exposed for end-to-side neurorrhaphy. Retrograde tracing showed that 70% donor motor and sensory neurons grew into the recipient 3 months following end-to-end neurorrhaphy compared to 40–50% at 6 months following end-to-side neurorrhaphy. In end-to-end neurorrhaphy, regenerating axons appeared as thick fibers which regained diameters comparable to those of controls in 3–4 months. However, end-to-side neurorrhaphy induced slow sprouting fibers of mostly thin collaterals that barely approached control diameters by 6 months. The motor end plates regained their control density at 4 months following end-to-end but remained low 6 months following end-to-side neurorrhaphy. The short-latency compound muscle action potential, typical of that of control, was readily restored following end-to-end neurorrhaphy. End-to-side neurorrhaphy had low amplitude and wide-ranging latency at 4 months and failed to regain control sizes by 6 months. Grooming test recovered successfully at 3 and 6 months following end-to-end and end-to-side neurorrhaphy, respectively, suggesting that powerful muscle was not required. In short, both neurorrhaphies resulted in functional recovery but end-to-end neurorrhaphy was quicker and better, albeit at the expense of donor function. End-to-side neurorrhaphy supplemented with factors to overcome the slow collateral sprouting and weak motor recovery may warrant further exploration.     

臂丛神经上干撕脱伤的一种手术疗法

我们对1例臂丛神经上干撕脱伤的患者应用了胸背血管肩胛骨支为蒂的肩胛骨瓣移位行肩关节融合,同时将胸背神经移位与肌皮神经缝接。在一次手术中完成了肩、肘两关节的功能重建,获得满意疗效.     

Microanatomical study on the functional origin and direction of the thoracodorsal nerve from the trunks of brachial plexus

Ipsilateral C7 nerve root transfer or neurotization has been used for the repair of brachial plexus avulsions. In this procedure, the ipsilateral C7 nerve root is used as a donor nerve and is implanted into the damaged nerve of the brachial plexus in order to reinnervate distal muscles. However, this procedure may result in unintended injury to the thoracodorsal nerve, which receives motor fascicles form the cervical nerves of C6, C7, and C8, but mainly from C7. Damage to the thoracodorsal nerve ultimately results in weakness or paralysis of the latissimus dorsi muscle, which it innervates. In the present study, 20 adult cadaveric brachial plexus specimens and 3 fresh specimens were dissected using microscopy. The origin and direction of motor fascicles from the three trunks of the brachial plexus to the thoracodorsal nerve were investigated. Motor fiber counts of C7 and the thoracodorsal nerve were also performed. Several observations can be made: (1) The origin of the thoracodorsal nerve can be divided into three types: Type A, the thoracodorsal nerve originated from the superior and middle trunks; Type B, the thoracodorsal nerve originated from the inferior and middle trunks; and Type C, the thoracodorsal nerve originated from all three trunks. (2) More than 52% of the motor fibers in the thoracodorsal nerve originated in the C7 nerve root. (3) Motor fascicles from C7 to the thoracodorsal nerve were mostly localized in the posterior-internal part of C7 at the trunk-division boundary. In conclusion, we suggest that: (1) Because of variation in the origin of the thoracodorsal nerve, electromyography should be routinely performed intraoperatively during C7 nerve root transfer to determine the origin type and avoid thoracodorsal fascicle injury. (2) Preservation of the posterior-internal part of C7 (selective C7 transfer) can protect thoracodorsal nerve fascicles from damage and prevent postoperative dysfunction of the latissimus dorsi muscle.     

Morphological study of the ansa cervicalis and the phrenic nerve

Morphological features of ansa cervicalis and phrenic nerve were studied in 106 cadavers. Ansa cervicalis was located medial to the internal jugular vein in 63% (medial type) and lateral to the vein in 33.7% (lateral type). Ansa cervicalis was derived from a combination of C1-C4 spinal segments, with C1-C3 being the most frequent pattern (87.5%). In >60% the ansa was bilaterally symmetrical. The distribution of medial and lateral types was equal on left and right sides of the body. The segmental composition of the inferior root was higher in the medial type and also on the left side of the body. In the lateral type the branches that formed the inferior root frequently (75%) formed a common trunk before joining the superior root, but in 74.8% of the medial type they joined the superior root independently. The phrenic nerve was derived from C4 and C5 in 52%. The C4 segment was present in the phrenic nerve in all cases except one. Additional phrenic components that pass anterior to the subclavian vein were defined as accessory phrenic nerves and found in 28.7%, while those passing posterior to the same vein were defined as secondary phrenic nerves (19.8%). Most of the accessory phrenic nerves contained a C5 segment and the nerve to subclavius was the commonest source. Various relationships between the ansa cervicalis and the phrenic nerve are investigated and, based on these findings, two separate classifications for the two nerves are suggested.     

臂丛损伤脊髓运动神经元与神经根GAP-43 mRNA表达

目的：探讨臂丛根性撕脱伤后脊髓腹角运动神经元胞体及其神经根GAP-43 mRNA的表达变化及其影响因素,为臂丛损伤的修复治疗提供理论依据.方法：本实验创立三种臂丛根性撕脱伤模型：C7前根撕脱（Ⅰ组）;C7前根撕脱＋切断同侧C5～T1后根（Ⅱ组）;C7前根撕脱＋C5和C6之间作同侧脊髓半横断（Ⅲ组）.术后2周按CBS评分标准检查动物神经缺失症状,用SYBR Green荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测脊髓腹角运动神经元胞体及其神经根GAP-43 mRNA的表达改变.结果：根据CBS评分标准,对照组计为0分,Ⅰ组计分较低、Ⅲ组计分最高.对照组C7神经元胞体和C7神经根中GAP-43 mRNA表达量相近,但三种损伤组术后2周神经元胞体内GAP-43 mRNA表达均上调,而神经根内表达却下调.结论：（1）臂丛根性撕脱伤后脊髓腹角运动神经元胞体GAP-43 mRNA表达受突触前机制的调控;（2）臂丛损伤2周时神经元胞体内GAP-43 mRNA表达呈现高峰期,此时进行神经移位术将显著提高神经修复的效果.     

Anatomical feasibility of transferring the obturator and genitofemoral nerves to repair lumbosacral plexus nerve root avulsion injuries

Nerve transfer is a valid surgical procedure for restoring lower‐extremity function after lumbosacral plexus nerve root avulsion. We determined the anatomical feasibility of transferring the obturator and genitofemoral nerves for this purpose. The obturator, genitofemoral and femoral nerves, and the S1 and S2 nerve roots on both sides were exposed in 10 cadaver specimens. We traced all nerves to their origins. The lengths of the obturator and genitofemoral nerves were measured from their origins to their exits from the abdominal cavity. The transverse and longitudinal diameters of all nerves were measured. Specimens were obtained to determine the total number of myelinated fibers in each nerve. The proximal part of the left obturator nerve was anastomosed with the distal part of the right femoral nerve, between the vertebrae and the peritoneum, with an overlap of 2–3 cm. Similarly, the proximal parts of the right obturator and genitofemoral nerves were anastomosed with the ipsilateral S1 and S2 nerve roots, respectively, with an overlap of 2–4 cm. The obturator nerve contained approximately one‐third of the number of fibers (4,300–7,800) presenting in the femoral nerve (13,500–21,000). Similarly, the number of fibers found in the S1 nerve root was in the range 5,200–8,900. The genitofemoral nerve contained approximately half the number of fibers (3,000–4,500) presenting in the S2 nerve root (4,600–8,400). The obturator and genitofemoral nerves could be suitable donor nerves for repairing lumbosacral plexus nerve root avulsion. Clin. Anat. 27:783–788, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

椎管内臂丛前后根的显微解剖及其临床意义

目的:研究臂丛椎管内前后根的显微解剖,为臂丛撕脱伤的诊治提供解剖学基础。方法:在15例防腐灌注红色乳胶的成人尸体的颈胸段标本上,对椎管内臂丛前后根的位置、形态和血供进行观察和测量。结果:臂丛前后根之间有齿状韧带相间隔;前根起始处与脊髓中线的距离从上至下由C5的2.2mm逐渐增大到T1的3.1mm,后根则从C5的4.2mm逐渐减小到T1的2.7mm;前后根与脊髓纵轴的夹角从C5的51.4°、54.8°逐渐减小到T1的21.7°、19.9°;前后根的长度从C5的14.9mm、13.9mm逐渐增大到T1的21.1mm、19.0mm;前后根的直径均以C6最为粗大,分别为2.1mm、3.3mm,后根比相应前根粗;前后根的血供来自椎动脉、颈深动脉和颈升动脉发出的节段性动脉。结论:熟悉臂丛椎管内前后根的显微解剖有助于临床臂丛根性撕脱伤的诊治。